The new model helps grape cultivation and doubles production!
Gong Yingzhen and others
In the face of the current situation of the grape industry in Hebei Province and the new situation it is facing, the research and development of advanced technology and new models must start from the actual production to solve the actual needs of the grape industry.
First, the old garden lifting frame mode
(i) Table grape trellis model. For traditional old garden grapes such as milk and longan, it has been transformed and upgraded to a 6-meter horizontal trellis to achieve production control and quality improvement. The height is 1.7 meters, the shelf surface is 6 meters, the plant spacing is 0.8 meters, 138 plants are planted per mu, the yield per mu is controlled at about 1500 kg, the longan glucose degree is 18%, and the milk glucose degree is 15%.
Schematic diagram of the standard frame of the horizontal scaffolding
(ii) Wine grape trellis. The factory-shaped fence pattern is adopted, the dry height is 0.80~1.20 meters, and the plant row spacing is 1×2.5~2.8 meters, forming a three-belt "factory" shaped tree shape of ventilation belt + fruiting belt + growth belt. The yield per mu of red wine varieties is less than 500 kg, and the yield of liquor varieties per mu is less than 400 kg.
Schematic diagram of the factory-shaped fence frame
Second, open ground, facilities rack mode
(1) Open-field grape trellis mode. In order to achieve early fruiting, early yield, and early benefit, the research group developed a new frame for open-field viticulture, that is, an improved Y-shaped frame, which obtained a national patent and was popularized and applied in Huailai County and the whole province. The improved Y-shaped frame is a frame type formed by adding two extension arms on the basis of the Y-shaped frame, and its structure is composed of the main trunk, the single-arm main vine, the V-shaped growth belt, the scaffolding surface, the drooping frame surface, and the middle cross arm. This frame type has formed a scientific tree structure, which has achieved the organic combination of ventilation, fruiting and growth, and the layout is reasonable. The standards for each part are: (1) trunk height: 80~120 cm; (2) single-arm main vine length: 100 cm; (3) V-shaped growth height: 60~100 cm, including two parts, fruiting zone and growth zone, which grow upward in a V-shape along both sides; (4) V-shaped upper mouth width: 80~100 cm; (5) trellis surface length: 30~50 cm. The row spacing of the plants is 1~2×3 meters, and 111~222 plants are planted per mu.
Schematic diagram of the improved V-shaped frame structure
(ii) Facility trellis mode. Facility grape inverted L, T-shaped trellis type in the year of planting to cultivate the trunk and main vine, H-shaped trellis in two years to complete shaping, dry height of 1.65~1.85 meters, H-shaped trellis row spacing of more than 5 meters, need to be in the second year to complete the cultivation of the trellis type. In facility viticulture, through the introduction of integration and innovation, an advanced frame model suitable for northwest Hebei has been formed, that is, a conjoined greenhouse planting mode of dense first and then thin, L-shaped and then T-shaped, with a dry height of 1.65~1.85 meters. The initial planting is 1.25 meters× 4 ~ 6 meters of plant row spacing, according to the temporary plant, fixed plant planting, the main vine can climb the shelf surface that year, the second year mu yield more than 1,000 catties, to achieve the purpose of premature birth. Three years later, when the main vines on both sides of the fixed plant are covered with the shelf surface, the temporary plants are removed to form a row spacing of 2.5 meters × 4~6 meters, and 67 or 45 plants are planted per mu, which constructs an advanced T-shaped new model of large crown sparse planting.
L-shaped trellises
T-shaped trellises
In order to adapt to the rapid filling of the corridor in the facility, the H-shaped shaping technology is integrated, and the H-shaped scaffolding row spacing of more than 5 meters needs to be completely cultivated in the second year, and the 4 meters × 12 meters of shelf surface can be formed in three years and covered with all the branches.
H-shaped trellises
3. Water and fertilizer management mode of the new garden
(1) Integrated model of water and fertilizer. The integration of water and fertilizer, also known as irrigation and fertilization, is a new technology developed with the help of water and fertilizer integration equipment, and its process flow is: fertilizer → dissolved→ pressurized→ transported → irrigation.
The research group in Huailai County Chengtou Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. uses the integrated technology model of irrigation with fertilizer and water, which has the advantages of simultaneous application of water and fertilizer, precise fertilization, fertilizer and water saving, intelligent and controllable. It has achieved the purpose of water-saving, fertilizer-saving, timely and precise irrigation and fertilization. The process analysis is shown in the figure below.
(2) Advanced model of three-dimensional irrigation. High-quality high-end grape production gardens must be laid with three-dimensional irrigation equipment to achieve the purpose of reducing the temperature of the facilities and increasing the humidity. The three-dimensional irrigation is composed of PVC main pipe, PE material sub-pipe, 4mm PVC nozzle connecting pipe and ABS material nozzle.
The sprinkler head is erected below the fruit ear, the density is laid with the planting row, the spacing is 3 meters, and the pressure is set at 2.5~3 kg. Before 10 a.m. and after 4 p.m., spray water according to the specific temperature and humidity conditions in the shed for 10~20 minutes each time.
Fourth, the new garden cultivation model
(1) Cultivation mode of controlled root limit. The root control cultivation model originated in Japan, and Professor Wang Shiping of Shanghai Jiaotong University introduced it to the mainland to improve digestion and absorption, and popularized and applied it in a large area in the south. On this basis, the research group has improved, improved, integrated and innovated, and formed two modes of semi-underground and semi-aboveground disc root control and strip root control suitable for Hebei.
Disc control root mode
Schematic diagram of the disc root control pattern
Strip root control mode
(2) Ridge cultivation mode. According to the characteristics of the north, it is suitable to use the ridge with a bottom width of about 2 meters and a height of about 40 cm. First, apply sufficient amount of fully decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer to the soil, more than 10 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu, 10 cubic meters of organic matter (straw, rice husk, bagasse, fungus sticks, etc.), and then apply 150 kg of 18% superphosphate, evenly sprinkle on the orchard ground, and plough 15~20 cm. Then draw a planting line, in the case of a row spacing of 4~6 meters, the topsoil and fertilizer between the rows are ridged together to form a ridge with a height of 40 cm, a bottom width of 200 cm, and a width of 160 cm at the top, and make furrows on the ridge for irrigation, fertilization and tillage.
(3) Deep furrow cultivation mode
Grapes in the dominant grape producing areas in northwest Hebei must be buried in the soil to prevent cold in winter. The use of deep furrows below the ground can deepen the distribution of grape roots and reduce or avoid root frost damage.
Grape seedlings are planted at a depth of 30~40 cm from the ground in the planting ditch, and then with the growth of the plant, the ditch is gradually filled with fertilization and buried soil every year to form a deep ditch 20 cm from the ground. In the winter, only a few roots close to the surface of the ground will be frost damaged, but most of the roots distributed in the deep soil will be preserved, and the effect on the growth and fruiting of the aboveground part of the plant is not great.
Fifth, the new model of facility planting
(1) A new model of solar greenhouse planting
According to the light and latitude conditions, the research group put forward the specific conditions for the construction of greenhouses in the northwest Hebei production area: the orientation is extended from east to west in the north and south, the orientation is 5 ° ~ 7 ° to the west, the distance between the front and back of the greenhouse is 2.5 times the highest point of the shed, the width of the shed is 8.0~10 meters, the height of the shed is 3.8~4.5 meters (0.5 meters underground), and the length of the shed is 50~80 meters.
Under the conditions of this facility, the early planting of South Taihu Lake on May 2, 2021 was realized, and through breaking, warming and other treatments, the single fruit weight was 12.12 grams on June 12, 2022, with a sugar content of 18%, which has reached the maturity standard, with a yield of more than 1,000 catties per mu and a benefit of 30,000 yuan, creating a new record of planting mode from planting to harvesting 13 months and 10 days.
(2) A new model of conjoined greenhouse planting
Combined with the structural characteristics of the southern conjoined greenhouse, starting from the requirements of windproof, hailproof, birdproof, snowproof and cold-proof, the conjoined greenhouse suitable for the northwest Hebei production area was designed. Greenhouse structure: longitudinal extension of the north-south direction, length of 45 meters, single arch span of 6.0 ~ 8.0 meters, shed height can be appropriately adjusted according to production needs, shoulder height of 2.5 ~ 3.0 meters, ridge height of 1.5 ~ 1.8 meters, 10 spans of a building, a single building area of about 4 acres, each building interval of 5 meters.
According to this standard, the South Taihu Lake Extra-early, Hongyang Rose, Sunshine Rose and other varieties planted in the base of Huailai Chengtou Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. have a plant spacing of 1.25 meters, a row spacing of 4 meters, an L-shaped frame, and normal fertilizer and water management, all of which have reached the second year to climb the full shelf, and the third year has a yield of more than 1,000 kg per mu, achieving the production target of more than 60,000 yuan in output value.