The twists and turns and compromises before and after the signing of the "Sun-Wen-Yuefei Joint Declaration".
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This article is an original article on China's national history
Article source: "National History of China" three issues of three picks
Since 1923
year
1
moon
26
Japan's Joint Declaration of Sun Wen Yue Fei
(hereinafter referred to as the Declaration)
It has been 100 years since it was signed. Looking back now, we can find that the issuance of the "Declaration" was not only Sun Yat-sen's implementation of the alliance with Russia, the Communist Party, and the support of peasants and workers
“
Three major policies
”
The beginning of the Kuomintang laid a hidden danger for the division within the Kuomintang after his death. Therefore, this article will briefly sort out the twists and turns and compromises before and after the signing of the Declaration, and further explore the deep-seated reasons why Sun Yat-sen was willing to make major concessions and compromises to the Soviet Union, so as to commemorate the centenary of the issuance of the Declaration.
"United States" and "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations": A dramatic change in the mutual understanding of Sun Yat-sen and Soviet Russia
1917
year
7
month, in order to uphold the Provisional Covenant
，
Overthrowing the dictatorial Beiyang government, Sun Yat-sen set off a movement to protect the law in Guangzhou and established the military government of the Republic of China. As a result, a situation of confrontation between the north and the south has formed on the land of China.
Fig.1 Sun Yat-sen returned to Shanghai from Hong Kong and took a group photo on board (the first on the left is the Japanese revolutionary Junzaburo Yamada, author's note) (collection of the National History Museum in Hebei)
In order to win international solidarity and fight against the Beiyang government, Sun Yat-sen has always longed for recognition from the international community, especially the United States, which he has always admired. As he has always emphasized the goal of the revolution - "
Construction——
A country owned by the people, governed by the people, and enjoyed by the people"
In that way, he had a very high enthusiasm for the American political system and democratic ideas, so much so that after the completion of the "National Founding Strategy", Sun Yat-sen sent a copy to the United States government, which shows that he was interested in
America's yearning.
Figure 2: Sun Wen's "Founding Strategy"
As for the emerging Soviet power, Sun Yat-sen, out of the sympathy of the revolutionaries, bravely sent a congratulatory message to Lenin when the international community was vigorously attacking Soviet Russia, saying: "
May the Chinese and Russian parties unite and work together in struggle. ”
Lenin was greatly moved when he received this telegram and regarded it as the light of the East. However, due to its own capitalist nature, Sun Yat-sen was not interested in the socialist ideology and system of Soviet Russia: "
Revolutionary doctrine is different from country to country, and those who can do it can do it, and those who are not able to do it are not able to do it, so the communist system is practiced in Soviet Russia, but in China it is absolutely not. ”
Due to the Beiyang government's order to block the Sino-Russian border in the north, Sun Yat-sen's contact with Soviet Russia came to a standstill, and it was difficult to know the specific situation of the Soviet Russian government. Against the backdrop of widespread international opposition to Soviet Russia, if it chose to improve relations with the Soviet Union at this time, it would inevitably offend a number of Western powers, which was unbearable for the southern government at that time. So in 1920
In the year of Soviet Russia, Sun Yat-sen proposed "
Trade relations between our two countries should be restored immediately. No opportunity should be missed"
, but was rejected by Sun Yat-sen. It can be seen that in the early days of Sun Yat-sen's negotiations with Soviet Russia, he had no intention of making friends with Soviet Russia, and he still hoped for the support of Western powers such as Britain and the United States.
But under the heavy blow of reality, Sun Yat-sen's thinking gradually began to change. In China at that time, because the Beiyang government acted perversely and was unpopular, and the ideological trends and political movements against the Beiyang government rose and fell one after another, for the US government, this sudden rise of the southern government was only one of the many forces opposing the Beiyang government, and it was not worth paying attention to. Moreover, the southern government at that time, whether in terms of strength or influence, could not be compared with the Beiyang government, so the US government not only reacted coldly to Sun Yat-sen's appeal, but also directly declared:
“
(U.S. government) recognizes only one Chinese government, one Chinese government in Beijing;
Refuse to deal with the problem with any other Chinese authorities.
”
This undoubtedly poured cold water on the head of Sun Yat-sen, who had always been keen on Western society. Although Sun Yat-sen did not completely change the established diplomatic policy of uniting the Western powers as a result, he gradually increased the frequency of communication with Soviet Russia and began to shift the breakthrough of seeking diplomatic support.
At the same time, the newly established Soviet power after the October Revolution was facing a blockade by the Western powers. Having faced an unprecedented blockade and repression in Europe, the Soviet regime decided to seek new allies in the Far East in order to relieve its international pressure.
1919
year
7
moon
25
On Sunday, the Acting People's Foreign Affairs Commissar of Soviet Russia, Garakhan, issued the famous "Galakhan Declaration"
，
He proposed to give up the Chinese territories plundered during the period of Tsarist Russia, the Gengzi indemnity, and all privileges and concessions in China. Compared with the discrimination and betrayal of China by the international community at the Universal Association, Soviet Russia was willing to treat China as an equal, and even offered to return the land and privileges plundered during the Tsarist period, which is simply unbelievable for China
“
surprise
”
。 Such a friendly gesture of Soviet Russia made Chinese society for a while
“
As far as the degree of pro-Russian nationality of the Chinese people is concerned, the sheer number of people, the breadth of their scope, and the complexity of their types are truly amazing
”。
But in fact, the privileges in China that were waived in the "Galahan Declaration", such as the China Eastern Railway, commercial privileges, Gengzi indemnity, etc., had long since fallen into the hands of the foreign powers and the Beiyang government due to the turmoil of the Russian Revolution, and at that time, Soviet Russia had just been newly established, and it was in internal and external difficulties, and it had no ability to regain these rights and interests from the hands of the foreign powers. In such a case, the so-called renunciation or not is actually meaningless. And announcing at this time to give up these "rights and interests" that they do not actually own can not only win the gratitude of the Chinese people, but also develop an eastern ally Zhang Ben for their future and reduce their pressure in the Far East.
Figure 3: Acting People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union and Russia Garahan
However, after the Red Army smashed the Kolchak bandits and took control of the Far East again, Soviet Russia's influence in the Far East was greatly strengthened, and it took advantage of the situation to adjust its attitude toward China in an attempt to seek greater benefits. On September 27, 1920, Garrahan issued the Second Declaration on China, which changed the clause of "free return of the China Eastern Railway" in the first declaration to "willingness to start negotiations", claiming that China could take back the China Eastern Railway by way of redemption. At the same time, on the issue of Outer Mongolia, Soviet Russia only verbally recognized China's sovereignty over Outer Mongolia and did not agree to withdraw the Soviet Russian troops stationed in Outer Mongolia. In other words, at this time, Soviet Russia tried to "kill two birds with one stone", not only to safeguard its own interests, but also to find an ally to reduce pressure on itself. However, the northern region involved in the rights and interests of Soviet Russia is actually controlled by the Beiyang government, so in order to achieve the above goals, Soviet Russia must deal with the Beiyang government, otherwise all the above needs are nonsense. Because of this, Soviet Russia initially set the object of negotiations to be the Beiyang government, not Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou government. In August 1920, the representative of Soviet Russia, Yulin, arrived in Beijing and began negotiations with the Beiyang government. However, due to the reluctance of Soviet Russia to withdraw its troops in Outer Mongolia and the private communist propaganda carried out by Soviet Russian representatives in the course of consultations, this was intolerable to the Beiyang government, which strictly forbade communism. As a result, negotiations that began in 1920 were still unsuccessful until 1922. For Soviet Russia in 1922, the post-war destruction had not yet had time to rebuild, and the blockade of the West followed, making the domestic economic situation of Soviet Russia unprecedentedly severe. In such a critical situation, the Soviet Union and Russia adopted the New Economic Policy to ease the domestic economic pressure, and on the other hand, it became more urgent to seek foreign allies to ease international pressure, and at this time, Sun Yat-sen's southern government appeared in the field of vision of the top leader of the Soviet Union.
But when Soviet Russia began to further strengthen its ties with Sun Yat-sen, Sun had not completely given up
“
Luen Mei
”
fantasy, still maintains a detached attitude towards Soviet Russia.
1922
year
4
moon
26
On the day, he was appointed by the Comintern as the plenipotentiary representative to liaise with Sun Yat-sen
(Delegate of the Young Communist International)
Arrive in Guangzhou. The primary purpose of his visit to China was to contact Sun Yat-sen, so as to take the opportunity to understand Sun Yat-sen's foreign policy and attitude towards Soviet Russia. However, when Dalin met with Sun Yat-sen and proposed the establishment of a democratic united front between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Sun Yat-sen refused. And in the same year 5
In January, Sun Yat-sen also said to the American writer Marcosen:
“
Help us gain recognition from the United States, because to do so means victory.
”
Sun Yat-sen's detached attitude can be seen from this.
But history often changes more than one might expect. 1922
year
6
moon
16
On the same day, Chen Jiongming's Cantonese army suddenly mutinied, gathered heavy troops to besiege the presidential palace, and Sun Yat-sen was forced to flee to the Yongfeng ship in the White Goose Pond
(i.e. the later famous Zhongshan ship)
Above. After waiting for unsuccessful US aid, Sun Yat-sen's thoughts occurred 180
Degree of Transformation:
“
In these days, I thought a lot about the fate of the Chinese revolution, and I was disappointed in almost everything I had believed in. And now I am convinced that the only actual and sincere friend of the Chinese revolution is Soviet Russia.
”
At the same time, the negotiations reached an impasse due to the resolute attitude of the Beijing government on the Outer Mongolia and Eastern Railway issues. Yue Fei, Russia's plenipotentiary diplomatic representative, planned to unite local forces to put pressure on the Beijing government, essentially exploiting the divisions within the Chinese state to help Russia seize the country
Take the best interest. Thereupon in 8
moon
22
On Sunday, Yue Fei quickly sent a letter to Sun Yat-sen, expressing his hope to establish close contact with Sun. After seeing Yue Fei's letter, Sun Yat-sen couldn't help but sigh:
“
We have lost hope that the United States, Great Britain, France, and other great powers will help, and the only sign is that they will come to our aid
……
It was the government of Soviet Russia.
”9
moon
26
On Sunday, Moscow's military attache in China, Gocker, met with Sun Yat-sen in Shanghai and expressed Moscow's willingness to recognize Sun Yat-sen's leading position in China and to support Sun Yat-sen's reunification of China. As a result, the concept of Sun Yat-sen and Soviet Russia finally reached an agreement, and the union of the two was also on the fast track.
Figure 4 Abram Adolf Abrahamvich, Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Soviet Union to China (i.e. Yue Fei, author's note)
from
“
Luen Mei
”
arrive
“
United Russia
”
，
from
“
Make friends in Beijing
”
arrive
“
United Guangzhou
”
，
The mutual recognition of Sun Yat-sen and Soviet Russia has undergone an extremely dramatic process. Although both sides ignored each other at first, in order to protect their own interests, Sun Yat-sen and Soviet Russia finally chose to go in the same direction.
It is difficult to ride a tiger - Sun Yat-sen's compromises and concessions to Soviet Russia before and after the signing of the Declaration
After the agreement between Soviet Russia and Sun Yat-sen, relations between the two sides developed rapidly. In his speeches to Kuomintang members, Sun Yat-sen constantly emphasized: "
Today's Revolution Non-Educational Countries ......
Our Party's future revolution will never achieve anything unless Russia is its teacher. ”
At the same time, the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party also proposed: "
Since the beginning of the twelfth year, all hopes have been pinned on Mr. Nakayama and his party. ”
The speed at which the relationship between the two has developed can be seen.
However, Soviet Russia finally decided to form an alliance with Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang led by him, not only hoping to safeguard the rights and interests of Soviet Russia in Outer Mongolia and the Eastern Railway through the Kuomintang, but also hoping to use the Kuomintang to achieve the goal of exporting revolution. Especially the latter, Soviet Russia regarded it as the top priority. For example, the premise of Moscow's assistance to Sun Yat-sen is: "
Prompting the Kuomintang to advance according to the model of the Russian Communist Party. ”
As a representative of the Comintern, Marin bluntly said how much aid was given to the Kuomintang,"
It should be determined by his desire to comprehensively reorganize the Kuomintang"
。
At this time, for Sun Yat-sen, who was in dire need of foreign aid, compromise and concession were the only way out. Therefore, Sun Yat-sen replied to Soviet Russia, saying that the proposal for Soviet Russia "will be completed with most of its energy." After Sun Yat-sen accepted the request of Soviet Russia, on January 17, 1923, Yue Fei, a diplomatic representative of Soviet Russia, arrived in Shanghai to meet Sun Yat-sen. On January 26, the Declaration, which marked the formal alliance between Soviet Russia and Sun Yat-sen, was published, and thus the Chinese revolution entered a new era.
The Declaration was the result of a mutual compromise, and Sun Yat-sen agreed to it
“
Carry out ideological and political work
”
premise
“
Dependent on Russian aid
”
，
It was equivalent to agreeing to accept the aid of Soviet Russia on the premise of accepting the Comintern's reorganization of the Kuomintang. At the same time, in Articles 3 and 4 of the Declaration, Sun Yat-sen recognized the rights and interests of Soviet Russia in the Middle East Railway and Outer Mongolia, respectively:
“
Therefore, Dr. Sun Yat-sen thought that in view of the current actual situation, it was appropriate to find a suitable solution for the management of the road. And agree with Yue Feijun on the current railway management law
……
Dr. Sun thought that the Russian army did not need to leave Mongolia immediately
(Old)
withdrawal
……”
But agreeing to reorganize the Kuomintang did not mean accepting the communist ideas of Soviet Russia, especially as a bourgeois revolutionary, which was Sun Yat-sen's unshakable bottom line. Yue Fei is well aware of this, so he also made corresponding concessions in Article 1 of the declaration:
“
Dr. Sun Yat-sen believes that neither the communist organization nor even the Soviet system can in fact be applied to China, because there is no situation in China that can make the implementation of communism or the Soviet system successful
……”
After the issuance of the "Declaration", the cooperation between Soviet Russia and Sun Yat-sen entered the stage of implementation. Soviet Russia not only began to provide Sun with a large amount of human, material and weapons assistance, but also provided 200
Ten thousand gold rubles helped Sun Yat-sen to form an army and establish the Whampoa Military Academy, which greatly accelerated Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary process. At the same time, Soviet Russia was also vigorously promoting the Kuomintang
“
Ideological and political work
”。
Borodin, the representative of the Comintern in China, served as a political adviser to Sun Yat-sen and a senior adviser to the Nationalist Government, successively in 1919
The constitution of the Russian Communist Party was revised on the basis of the constitution of the Kuomintang:
“
The provisions of the General Constitution of the Party on the meeting system, the relationship between superiors and subordinates, the organizational set-up, the terms of reference at all levels, and disciplinary sanctions are almost copied from the Russian Communist Party
(Cloth)
The content of the Party Constitution.
”
Moreover, the "Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang", written and led by Borodin
，
Moreover, it reinterpreted the Three People's Principles in accordance with the ideas of the Comintern.
Figure 5: Comintern Representative to China, M. Ma Borodin
In order to achieve the victory of the revolution, Sun Yat-sen's concessions were enormous. As in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia
Chang Garrahan said:
“
Neither India, Turkey, nor Persia had such a party, as it does now
(I'm emphasizing now)
The Kuomintang played such a pivotal role
……
Like the Kuomintang, they respected and worshiped our authority, and like the Kuomintang, they so obediently accepted our instructions and the resolutions of the Comintern.
”
But we can't help but wonder why Sun Yat-sen was willing to make such huge concessions, and what drove Sun Yat-sen to make such huge concessions.
Expedient - the reason behind Sun Yat-sen's concessions to Soviet Russia
The reason why Sun Yat-sen chose to unite with Soviet Russia was not intentional, but a helpless move after being rejected by the United States and Britain and other Western powers. Wei Muting, a well-known expert on Chinese history, commented on this:
“
Sun Yat-sen looked forward to U.S. assistance, but it was clear that none of the U.S. officials in charge had considered the question of how to help Sun Yat-sen achieve his construction goals.
”
Sun Yat-sen's close friend Bronson Ray also said:
“
Sun Yat-sen, unable to receive the support he hoped for from the United States, Great Britain, and Japan, was driven into the arms of Soviet Russia.
”
Chairman Mao Zedong said bluntly that Sun Yat-sen was
“
by
‘
Western influence
’
Provoked, he decided to unite with the Russian Communist Party
'
”。
As Sun Yat-sen himself said:
“
What is Soviet
, I don't mind, as long as they can help me against Beijing, that's it!
”
It can be seen that for Sun Yat-sen,
“
United Russia
”
To a certain extent, it is only the realization of the victory of the revolution and its own political ideals
“
tongs
”
。 As Professor Shi Fulin said:
“
And even in the years when he turned to the USSR with the last setback, he
(Referring to Sun Yat-sen, author's note)
Still firmly believe in the value of Western democracies.
”
Dr. Sun Yat-sen often said: "
Doctrine can never be changed, and the political program can be amended at any time. ”
In the "Outline for the Founding of the People's Republic of China," Sun Yat-sen also stressed that the Kuomintang must not forever adopt the system of the one-party dictatorship of the Russian Communist Party, and after the implementation of the constitution, it will act in accordance with the constitution and return everything to the people. This is back to Sun Yat-sen."
Military Administration, Discipline Administration, Constitutional Government"
The ultimate goal embodies Sun Yat-sen's unchanging core ideals——
Pursue a democratic China. And in order to achieve this ultimate goal, for the time being, choose "
United Russia"
This expedient measure is not unacceptable.
Professor Shi Fulin commented on Sun Yat-sen, saying that he:
“
No politician in China has been as susceptible to outside influences as Sun Yat-sen. Japan provided him with a precedent for the rapid realization of his ideals of modernization, Britain and the United States provided a model for modernizing institutions, and Russia provided a method of organization
……”
But if we look at Dr. Sun Yat-sen's life, we will find that whatever he has been seeking since the beginning
“
Luen Mei
”
，
Or is it the last choice
“
makeshift
”——“
United Russia
”
，
Behind it is the sadness of a weak country. In China at that time, in order to get rid of backwardness and poverty as soon as possible,
To realize China's independence, prosperity and strength, only by absorbing as many positive factors from the outside world as possible for its own use can the ideal of national salvation be realized. It is not so much that Dr. Sun Yat-sen is"
Vulnerable to external influences"
, it is better to say that he is constantly groping in order to find a way to save the country and save the people. And in order to go faster and farther on this road of saving the country and the people, he did not hesitate to make major concessions. The strong feelings for family and country and the spirit of sacrifice behind this are worthy of our eternal memory and promotion.
Figure 6: The handwriting of the "Outline for the Founding of the National Government" written by Sun Yat-sen
Author: Zhang Diyin, School of History and Archives, Yunnan University
(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)
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.6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .. 6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){-appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) :root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}}:root{-- articleFontsize: 17px}:root{--sab: env(safe-area-input-bottom)}:root{--wxBorderAvatarRatio: 3}:root{--discussPageGap: 20px}:root{--immersive-safe-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom)}:root{--appmsgPageGap: 20px;--appmsgPageBottomGap: 40px}*{margin:0; padding:0}.rich_media_content *{max-width:100%!important; box-sizing:border-box!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box!important; 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