mistook the national treasure for a dog basin, and Qianlong himself personally justified it

The following article comes from Writer's Digest, written by Qiu Jianyi

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Mistaking a national treasure for a dog bowl

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Qiu Jianyi

Among the less than 100 pieces (about 70 pieces) of Ru kiln porcelain in the world today, the one that is considered to be the best is the Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln celadon daffodil basin from the National Palace Museum in Taipei. The National Palace Museum in Taipei has 21 pieces of Ru kiln porcelain from the old collection of the Qing Dynasty (there are only 17 pieces in the Palace Museum in Beijing, which are collected from all over the world). The National Palace Museum in Taipei is home to the world's largest collection of Ru kiln porcelain. Moreover, these 21 pieces of Ru kiln porcelain are the top grade among the more than 70 existing pieces, and the untextured narcissus basin (see the picture below) is the best of the best.

Peerless boutique

The Song Dynasty was the heyday of porcelain. In principle, there are three major characteristics: First, the glaze is pure, and the whole body is azure-colored; second, the glaze has no open grain; and finally, its shape is elegant. Because the Ru kiln is to fire the plain blank first, and then glaze for secondary firing, because the expansion and contraction coefficient of the carcass and the glaze is different, the shrinkage rate of the glaze is greater than that of the carcass when cooling, resulting in the cracking of the glaze, which is called "opening piece". This was originally a shortcoming in the process of porcelain firing, but people mastered the regularity of cracking, and the open glaze became a decoration.

The opening is a common feature of most Ru kiln porcelain, but there will still be exceptions - this Ru kiln celadon unveiled narcissus basin in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei is the only one in the existing Ru kiln porcelain that is evenly glazed, only the bottom has six nail burn marks, there is no opening grain at all, and the glaze is quiet and natural!

This piece of porcelain was previously considered to be a food bowl for puppies in the court, and it is really eye-catching and ignorant of Mount Tai. In order to correct the name of the treasure pot, Qianlong himself also wrote a poem for this narcissus basin and engraved it at the bottom of the basin:

The official kiln can't distinguish between the Song and Tang dynasties, and there is no light in the fire. It is a false feeder, but the slap is rewarded. Dipterocarp scented Shu brocade, Huaqing has nothing to do to feed Kangju. Random chess explains that San Lang is in a hurry, who knows Huang Qi is not as good.

The number is extremely small

Generally speaking, the first of the five famous kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty "Rujun Guan Geding" is Ru kiln. Ru kiln is porcelain from Henan, and it is divided into two systems: Ruguan kiln and Rumin kiln. The firing time of Ruguan kiln is very short, only in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and then it stopped because of the war, from the first year of Zhezong Yuanyou of the Northern Song Dynasty (1086) to the fifth year of Huizong Chongning (1106), about 20 years, so the number is very small. The porcelain fired in the official kiln is exclusively for the use of the royal family, and there is strict quality control, and the defective products are smashed and destroyed on the spot.

Photograph of the excavation site of the kiln site of Qingliang Temple

During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City once counted the old collection of Ru kilnware, a total of 31 pieces. In 1987, the Shanghai Museum published a monograph on Ru kiln, stating that there were a total of 65 pieces of Ru kiln porcelain in public and private collections at that time. After 1987, the number gradually increased with continuous research and discovery. The total number is around 70, which is the general consensus.

The mystery of his origins

Historically, the firing time of Ruguan kiln was very short, coupled with the war, the real origin has always been a mystery, and in the past it was only known that it was located somewhere in Henan Province. There are three legendary Ru kiln locations: Qingliang Temple in Baofeng County, Zhanggong Lane in Ruzhou City, and Confucian Temple in Ruzhou City. Nowadays, through archaeological excavations, it is known that the Ruguan kiln should be the ruins of the Ruguan kiln in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province, and the latter two sites are more likely to be Rumin kilns, but they were only really confirmed in the early 21st century.

The restored kiln on display at the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple in Baofeng

In the 50s of the 20th century, Chen Wanli, a ceramic expert of the Palace Museum in Beijing, and others, according to the records of the literature, confirmed the location of Ruzhou in the late Northern Song Dynasty and went to Baofeng County, Henan Province to investigate, but unfortunately did not find the ruins of Ruguan kiln.

In the 60s of the 20th century, Ye Zhemin and others conducted several small-scale investigations according to Chen Wanli's footsteps, but they still did not find typical Ruguan kiln porcelain tiles in Baofeng County as evidence. In 1977, Ye Zhemin set off again to investigate in Baofeng County, and this time he found a piece of porcelain that was sufficient as a specimen, and verified it with instruments that it was the same as the Ruguan kiln porcelain in the museum's collection. However, this discovery did not attract attention, because there is only a piece of porcelain, not a ruin, and the evidence is a little weak.

In April 2000, Mr. Ye Zhemin (front right), a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts of Tsinghua University and a famous paleoceramicist, together with Ye Peilan (back left) and Liu Wei (back right), researchers of the Palace Museum, inspected the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple in Baofeng

Between 1985 and 1986, a large-scale survey began in Baofeng County, and more than 10 ancient kiln sites were discovered within a 10-kilometer radius.

Doubts will clear up when the facts are known

In 1985, a worker at a local ceramics factory, surnamed Wang, heard that a nearby villager had inadvertently dug up a piece of porcelain and rushed over to inspect it, which turned out to be a plate (or "wash", a vessel used to wash hands). The worker surnamed Wang immediately took out 600 yuan to buy the plate, although it was a little broken, he still took it to the Shanghai Museum and the collection of Ru kiln for identification. Believing that the plate might have a real origin, the museum tried to persuade the worker surnamed Wang to donate the plate to the state, and carefully inquired about the location where he found it. In May 1987, the Shanghai Museum, based on the description of a worker surnamed Wang, collected 46 pieces of broken porcelain in Qingliang Temple in Baofeng County. The discovery of the ruins of Ruguan kiln caused a sensation at the time.

Layers of porcelain tiles

In 1998, the archaeological team of Henan Province set out to excavate again. At this time, a villager in Qingliangsi dug a cellar at home and dug up some porcelain pieces, so he reported it to the archaeological team. After obtaining the application, the archaeological team carried out exploratory excavations in the side roads and courtyards of the village, and excavated thousands of azure glazed porcelain fragments in an area of less than 70 square meters, and about 20 pieces of artifacts that could be restored, with a thickness of 10 centimeters in the accumulation layer of porcelain pieces, and all of them were azure glazed porcelain pieces. At the same time, the tools needed to fire porcelain, such as sagger, nails, washers, firelight and other porcelain-making tools, were also unearthed.

Kiln site excavation of firing tools

Test fire piece excavated at the kiln site

In June 2000, the villagers began to relocate, and then large-scale excavations were carried out, and the firing area of Ruguan kiln was finally confirmed: a total of 15 kilns, two workshops, two mud ponds, and two glaze pits were excavated, covering an area of 150,000 square meters, including almost the entire Qingliangsi Village. The mystery of Ruguanyao's life history has finally been solved!

Source:

pick

From "Models and Inheritances: The Art History Behind China's National Treasures"

，

Qiu Kenichi Author, Straits, Bureau & 后浪 Published in January 2024

Editor-in-charge: Yin Zi

Proofreading:

Nora

Final review: Kong Ping

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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