錯把國寶當狗盆，乾隆本人親自為其正名

以下文章來源于作家文摘，作者邱建一

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錯把國寶當狗盆

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邱建一

現今全世界不足百件（約70多件）的汝窯瓷器當中，被認為最好的一件就是台北故宮博物院的北宋汝窯青瓷無紋水仙盆。台北故宮博物院有21件清宮舊藏的汝窯瓷器（北京故宮博物院僅有17件，是由各地征集而來）。台北故宮博物院是全世界最大的汝窯瓷收藏地點。而且這21件汝窯瓷都是現存的70多件當中的上品，無紋水仙盆（見下圖）更是上品中的精品。

絕世精品

宋代是瓷器的全盛時期。到底這個無紋水仙盆為什麼好？哪裡好？原則上有三大特點：一是釉色純正，通體呈現天青色；其二是釉面沒有開片紋路；最後是它的造型典雅。由于汝窯是先燒素坯，之後再上釉進行二次燒制，因為胎體與釉面的膨脹收縮系數不同，冷卻時釉的收縮率大于胎體，導緻釉面開裂，稱為“開片”。這原本是瓷器燒制過程中的缺點，但人們掌握了開裂的規律性，讓開片釉變成了一種裝飾。

開片是多數傳世汝窯瓷器常見的特征，但還是會有例外——這件台北故宮博物院收藏的汝窯青瓷無紋水仙盆，就是現存傳世汝窯瓷器中，唯一一件通體施釉均勻、隻有底部有六處支釘燒痕、完全沒有任何開片紋路、釉色沉靜自然的絕世精品！

這件瓷器以前被認為是宮廷内養小狗的食盆，真是有眼不識泰山。乾隆本人為了幫寶盆正名，還為這件水仙盆寫了詩，刻在盆底：

官窯莫辨宋還唐，火氣都無有葆光。 便是訛傳食器，蹴枰卻識豢恩償。 龍腦香薰蜀錦裾，華清無事飼康居。 亂棋解釋三郎急，誰識黃虬正不如。

數量極少

一般而言，北宋五大名窯“汝鈞官哥定”之首就是汝窯。汝窯是來自河南的瓷器，又分為汝官窯、汝民窯兩大系統。汝官窯燒制時間很短暫，僅北宋晚期出現，之後因為戰亂就停止了，從北宋哲宗元祐元年（1086年）到徽宗崇甯五年（1106年），約20年左右，是以數量極少。官窯燒制的瓷器專供皇室使用，有嚴格的品質控管，不良品當場敲碎銷毀。

清涼寺窯址發掘現場照片

清雍正時期，紫禁城曾經清點過舊藏的汝窯器，總數31件。1987年，上海博物館出版有關汝窯的專著，說明當時公私收藏的汝窯瓷器總計有65件。1987年後，随着不斷地研究與發現，數量逐漸提升。總量約在70件上下，這是一般的共識。

身世之謎

曆史上汝官窯燒制時間很短暫，加上戰亂，真正的産地一直是個謎團，過去隻知道它位于河南省的某處。傳說中的汝窯地點有三個：寶豐縣清涼寺、汝州市張公巷、汝州市文廟。現今經由考古挖掘已經知道，汝官窯應該就是河南省寶豐縣清涼寺村汝官窯遺址，後兩個地點比較可能是汝民窯，但它們是21世紀初期才真正确認的。

寶豐清涼寺汝官窯遺址陳列的複原窯爐

20世紀50年代，北京故宮博物院陶瓷專家陳萬裡等人，根據文獻資料的記載，确認了北宋晚期汝州的位置，到河南省寶豐縣進行調查，但很可惜沒有找到汝官窯遺址。

20世紀60年代，葉喆民等人依據陳萬裡的腳步，又進行了幾次小規模的調查，但在寶豐縣還是沒有找到典型的汝官窯瓷片作為佐證。1977年，葉喆民再度出發前往寶豐縣調查，這次他找到一片足以作為标本的瓷片，并且用儀器驗證，與博物館收藏的汝官窯瓷器相同。但這個發現并沒有引起重視，因為隻有一片瓷片，并非遺址，證據稍嫌薄弱。

2000年4月，清華大學美術學院教授，著名古陶瓷學家葉喆民先生(前右)同故宮博物院研究員葉佩蘭(後左)、劉偉(後右)在寶豐清涼寺汝官窯遺址考察

1985至1986 年間，寶豐縣開始進行大規模的調查，在10公裡的範圍内發現了10多座古代窯址。

水落石出

1985年，當地陶瓷廠王姓勞工聽說附近村民無意中挖出一件瓷器，趕過去察看，原來是一隻盤子（或稱“洗”，是用來洗手的器皿）。王姓勞工當即拿出600塊錢買下盤子，雖然有點殘缺，他還是拿到上海博物館與館藏汝窯對照鑒别。館方覺得這盤子可能真有來頭，是以便努力勸說王姓勞工将該盤子捐獻給國家，并且仔細詢問他發現的地點。1987年5月，上海博物館依據王姓勞工的描述，在寶豐縣清涼寺采集到46件碎瓷片。汝官窯遺址的發現，在當時引起轟動。

瓷片堆積層

1998年，河南省考古隊再次出發挖掘。此時，清涼寺一個村民在家挖地窖，挖出了一些瓷片，于是報告給考古隊。考古隊獲得申請後，在村子的便道和院内進行了試探性挖掘，在不到70平方米的區域内，就挖掘出數千片天青釉瓷器碎片，可以複原的器物約20餘件，瓷片堆積層厚達10厘米，而且全部都是天青釉瓷片。同時還有燒瓷器時所需的工具，例如匣缽、支釘、墊圈、火照等制瓷工具也同時出土。

窯址發掘的支燒工具

窯址發掘的試火片

2000 年6月，村民開始搬遷，之後便展開大規模的挖掘，汝官窯的燒造區終于真正獲得确認：一共發掘窯爐15座、作坊兩座、澄泥池兩個、釉料坑兩個，面積15萬平方米，幾乎包括整個清涼寺村。汝官窯的身世之謎終于解開！

來源：

摘

自《典範與傳承：中華國寶級文物背後的藝術史》

，

邱建一 著 海峽書局&後浪 2024年1月出版

責編：尹子

審校：

娜拉

終審：孔平

（本文僅代表作者觀點，不代表本号立場）

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rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: 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