What information did the early primitive maps of China convey?

The following article comes from Dao Zhonghua, written by Yang Chao

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In modern society, people use maps everywhere. Navigation, border patrols, takeout orders, store searches...... From production to life, from military to civilian, from online to offline, maps are indispensable. Maps provide people with a variety of convenient services, it is not only a simple collection of geographical coordinates, but also a way to understand the world and express the world.

How did historical maps come about?Where are the earliest known maps of China?Today, we will tell you the story of the original maps that are not well known.

01

Mysterious symbols have been found in the depths of Dawenkou culture

The China Map Cultural Center displays an original map engraved on Tao Zun, which was unearthed in Lingyang, Ju County, Shandong Province, dating from about 4300 BC to 2500 BC, belonging to the Dawenkou culture period of the Neolithic Age.

This pottery statue is called "Sun Moon Mountain Shape Gray Pottery Zun", with a height of 60 centimeters and a diameter of 29.5 centimeters. The pottery statue is engraved with a picture composed of the sun, the moon and the mountain peak, which can be seen as a picture to express geographical phenomena. This is the earliest original map of China that has been discovered.

▲The earliest original map of China found on the pottery unearthed in Lingyang, Juxian County, Shandong Province.

Wang Yang, an expert from China Map Publishing House, believes that the "Sun and Moon Mountain Shape Map Gray Pottery Statue" is engraved with images of the sun, moon and mountain peaks that reflect the local geographical environment, indicating that the original original map was directly derived from geographical drawings. In essence, a simple geographical map (scene) recorded in the form of a picture is a primitive map.

Originating from human life and production activities, maps are the graphical and symbolic expression of human cognition of the objective environment in practical activities such as understanding nature, and are image symbol models that reflect natural and social phenomena.

Before the advent of writing, early humans had begun to draw simple figures on the ground, stone slabs or utensils, using stones and shells to simulate the shape, size, direction or relative position of the natural environment they saw, providing guidance for people to go out hunting or work.

When human history entered the Neolithic Age, due to the improvement of material life and the development of human thinking, primitive pictures began to appear to record the surrounding environment and life scenes. With the evolution of socio-economic and cultural development, primitive drawings developed into three interrelated but independent branches, namely painting art, hieroglyphs and primitive maps.

▲ Liangzhu carved black clay pot, its shoulders and upper abdomen have 12 carved symbols, including mountains, arrows shaped like feathers, nets, and animals. It is now in the Liangzhu Museum.

02

Decipher the mysterious symbols behind the original map

Shandong Juxian Lingyang River site unearthed the late Wenkou culture of the late pottery on the depiction of the sun and moon mountain symbol, is not accidental, similar symbols, in Shandong Zhucheng Qianzhai ruins and Anhui Mengcheng Weichi Temple ruins, Hubei Shijiahe culture Xiaojia roof ruins, also found. These similar pottery statues and symbols unearthed in different regions indicate that there are cultural exchanges, exchanges and blending between people in various places.

In 1973, archaeologists found a fragment of a large pottery jar in the site of the former village of Zhucheng, Shandong, 50 cm high, 29 cm wide, 5.5 cm thick, the upper part has been mutilated, the lower part is in the shape of a five-peak mountain, there is a curved line on it, and the middle of the peak and the curved line are painted red, similar to the pottery charm of Dawenkou culture "Sun Moon Mountain".

▲Wufeng mountain-shaped pottery and its rubbing (right). (Photo source: Ren Rixin.Investigation of Qianzhai ruins in Zhucheng County, Shandong[J].Cultural Relics,1974(01):75.)

The Chinese Archaeological Museum displays the Dakou Taozun unearthed in the ruins of Weichi Temple in Mengcheng, Anhui Province, which also belongs to the late period of Dawenkou culture, and the symbols carved in the upper part of the abdomen of Dakou Taozun are also "sun, moon, mountain" shape from top to bottom.

▲The Dakou pottery statue unearthed from the Neolithic site of Weichi Temple in Mengcheng, Anhui Province, is now in the China Archaeological Museum.

Since 1990, a large number of urn coffins have been found in the prehistoric settlement sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Xiaojia Roof Ridge site, which belongs to the late Shijiahe culture. The excavated burial objects are depicted with the shape of "◁○ ▷", with one triangular symbol representing yin and another triangular symbol representing yang, and the circle in the middle of them representing the moon or sun. This combination method is consistent with the combination method of "sun, moon and mountain" of Dawenkou culture.

▲The shape symbol of "◁○ ▷" engraved on the burial goods unearthed at the Xiaojia roof ridge site of Shijiahe culture.

Weng Huainan, a researcher at the National Museum of China, believes that for the "Sun and Moon Mountain Shape Gray Pottery Statue" pattern, the crescent moon under the sun is high on the left and low on the right, showing the posture of the lower quarter moon, and the composition is carefully made, reflecting the living environment at that time.

The sun and moon represent the temporal dimension of the original map, and the mountain peaks present their spatial dimension. The five peaks are symmetrically distributed, with the highest peak as the axis, linking the sun and the moon, and also communicating the sky and the earth.

▲ Niuheliang Ruins Museum, the scene of ancient ancestors' sacrifice is reproduced. (Image source: Visual China)

It is worth noting that the ancient map expresses the meaning of "in the middle of the earth", that is, the sky has a center, and the earth should also have a center. In fact, in order to ascend to the position of alliance leader, it is necessary to occupy the geography "in the middle of the world" and have "Jianmu" (the legendary sacred tree that connects heaven and earth and people and gods) grows in it. Ancient maps convey the spirit of kings.

The whole composition, the sky is round and the place is round, and it contains the concept of "the unity of heaven and man". The sun element in the ancient map, and the painted pottery with sun patterns also appeared in the Shangshan culture and the cross-lake bridge culture of the Neolithic Age, which may be related to sun worship.

▲The painted pottery unearthed from the cross-lake bridge cultural site has many combination patterns such as circles and radiations that imitate the sun, which is the earliest form of sun worship seen in southern China. (Image source: Hangzhou.com)

These pieces of physical evidence are all from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is also the "Central Plains" in the cultural sense. The mountains are like the sacred trees. After thousands of years of precipitation, the concept of "China" was born in the "middle of the world".

As scholar Su Bingqi said: "The so-called Central Plains is nothing more than the New World of America, people come from all directions, and the ancient culture of the Central Plains is also a combination of absorbing excellent cultural factors from all directions. ”

In fact, the legend of the Five Emperors recorded in historical materials has a sense of territory and geographical orientation, "under the whole world, it is not the king's land, the shore of the land, and the king's minister." This was the ideal of the kings of the third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties, and the unification of Qin realized this ideal. It can be said that the original map bears witness to the historical origin of China's "great unification".

03

Maps are material evidence of the continuity of the Chinese nation

The map of China has gone from the primitive to the present, from the ancient Jing Ke to the assassination of the King of Qin, to the current border demarcation, the map is an important prop or basis, playing a symbolic role in the national territory.

According to the "Eight Kinds of Shiben", the Yellow Emperor fought with Chiyou and used a map to represent "topographical objects". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to military, political, funeral and socio-economic needs, the variety of maps also increased, and there were more than a dozen records in the "Zhou Li". For example, the "map of Situ in the palm of the hand" (a map of land and minerals), the "map of the mound" (a map of the administrative division indicating the household registration of the territory), the "map of Sima" (a map of the whole country), and the "map of Zongbo" (a map of the scope of the cemetery) and so on. These maps have been lost due to their history.

In 1977, archaeologists excavated the "Zhaoyu map" engraved on the copper plate in the tomb of King Zhongshan of the Warring States Period in Pingshan County, Hebei Province. This map was drawn in the 4th century B.C., the map indicates the location of the palace wall and the tomb, the building is drawn according to a certain scale, marking the name of each part of the size of the position and the relationship between them, is the earliest plane building plan found in the mainland, "Zhaoyu map" confirms the credibility of the "Zhou Li" record.

▲The "Zhaoyu map" unearthed from the tomb of the Zhongshan King of the Warring States in Pingshan County, Hebei Province.

▲Zhongshanwang's "megagraph diagram" implies the "flat grid" modulus method of "100 feet for the shape and 1,000 feet for the potential". (Image source: Wang Qiheng, He Jie, "The Garden in the Garden of Shanglin Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty", "Architect", No. 72, 1996)

In Changsha, Hunan Province, Mawangdui No. 3 Han Tomb unearthed the southern topographic map of the princely state of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty, the silk bottom is painted, the map marks the river system, mountain range distribution and military passes and other information in the region, the mountain contour and direction adopt the method of filling in the thin parallel lines in the closed curve, scientific and reasonable, well-drawn, most of the maps are close to the current measured maps, and initially have the characteristics of modern maps, indicating that China's map surveying and mapping technology more than 2000 years ago is at the advanced level.

▲The Topographic Map of the Southern part of Changsha is the earliest and most accurate military map found so far. (Photo source: Hunan Provincial Museum website)

On the basis of summarizing the cartographic experience of his predecessors, Pei Xiu, a cartographer of the Jin Dynasty, founded the famous cartography theory "Six Bodies of Cartography": Divisiveness, Quasi-Wang, Daoli, Superiority, Fang Evil, and Straightness. The fraction is the scale, the quasi-look is the direction, the road is the distance, the height is the relative height, the square is the undulation of the ground slope, and the straightness is the calculation of the corresponding distance on the plane of the undulating distance of the ground.

Pei Xiu's "Six Bodies of Cartography" laid the theoretical foundation for ancient Chinese cartography, and the method of "planning and drawing" influenced the pattern of map drawing from the Western Jin Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty in the mainland. His representative works "Yugong Geographical Map" 18 articles and "Topographic Abbot Map" also have the nature of historical evolution maps.

The theories and methods of drawing traditional Chinese maps have been inherited and developed, and cartographers such as Jia Tan, Shen Kuo, Zhu Siben, and Luo Hongxian have appeared successively, and the varieties and quantities of maps have also been greatly developed.

In the Tang Dynasty, Jia Tan compiled a map called "Hainai Huayi Map", which was three zhang wide and three zhang three feet high, which was the largest map since the Wei and Jin dynasties.

The Song Dynasty has always attached great importance to maps, and the "Chunhua Tianxia Map" is the first large-scale national general opinion map compiled and drawn soon after the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1137, the Southern Song Dynasty "Yu Trace Map" engraved on the stone tablet is engraved with a square, which is the earliest "plan to draw square" map and the earliest existing map with a cartographic grid.

▲Southern Song Dynasty "Yu Traces" stele.

Drawn before Zheng He's seventh voyage to the Western Ocean, Zheng He's Navigation Chart is the world's earliest surviving nautical atlas, with a total of 40 maps, marking the navigation routes, mileage, currents, water depths, reefs, ports of call, and astronomical and meteorological data of the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and even as far as the Atlantic.

The "Map of Ancient and Modern Forms and Victories" drawn by Yu Shi of the Ming Dynasty depicts the territory of the Ming Dynasty and the places where the soldiers are victorious, and also shows the concept of East Asia and the world in the eyes of the Chinese. The original work is now in the General Archives of the West Indies in Seville, Spain, with Spanish annotations on the map, reflecting the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in the 16th century, and is a classic representative of the exchange of maps between China and the West.

▲ During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Yu Shi drew the "Map of Ancient and Modern Shape and Victory".

▲ Ming Chen Group wrote "Map of the Thirteen Provinces of Nanjing of the Emperor and Ming Dynasty", engraved in the ninth year of Chongzhen, published by the National Library Press in 2009.

▲ Ming Hongwu "Ming Dynasty Mixed One Picture", silk painting, 347 cm long, 453 cm wide, now in Beijing China First Historical Archives. (Image source: Li Jun: Graphics as Knowledge: A Cross-Cultural Journey of Ten World Maps, Art Research, No. 2, 2018)

The Qing Dynasty was a period of rapid development of cartography in the history of the mainland. Kangxi hired a group of Western missionaries to carry out a nationwide large-scale mapping of geographical latitude and longitude and national maps, using a combination of astronomical and triangular surveys. The famous "Panorama of the Imperial Opinion" is of great significance in the history of surveying and mapping on the mainland, and has laid the foundation for the compilation of modern maps on the mainland.

▲ Excerpted from Kangxi's "Imperial Opinion Panorama Map" in the "Three Measured Complete Atlases of the Qing Court" compiled and published by Wang Qianjin and Liu Ruofang. (Image source: Chinanews.com)

▲The "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" completed by the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci and the Ming Dynasty official Li Zhizao is the earliest and only existing map of the world in China. It is now in the Nanjing Museum. (Image source: CCTV News)

▲ "The Great Qing Dynasty Ten Thousand Years of Domination of the World" is a national map engraved by private people during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. It is now in the collection of the National Library. (Image source: National Library Weibo)

The Atlas of the Sea Kingdom, compiled by the geographer Wei Yuan in the late Qing Dynasty, including hemispheric maps, maps of continents and countries, using the longitude and latitude control method, is a pioneering work on world atlases in the history of Chinese cartography.

▲ Wei Yuan of the Qing Dynasty compiled the "Atlas of the Sea Kingdom". (Image source: National Maritime Museum)

In modern times, map compilation has become more standardized, emerging technologies such as computer-aided mapping and remote sensing data mapping have risen rapidly, international cooperation has been deepened, and a large number of thematic maps and atlases have emerged.

Maps also go hand in hand with human civilization. In the West, there are world maps drawn by Eratosthenes with latitude and longitude, world maps drawn by Ptolemy using spherical projections and conic projections, world maps made by Mercator with the help of geographical discoveries, and surveyed topographic maps in the 18th century, which have become treasures of human civilization together with ancient Chinese classic maps.

▲The 1486 Ptolemaic World Map is a copy of Ptolemy's Guide to Geography in the 2nd century AD. (Image source: Li Jun: Graphics as Knowledge: A Cross-Cultural Journey of Ten World Maps, Art Research, No. 2, 2018)

From primitive maps to modern maps, maps of China are material evidence of the 5,000-year continuous development of Chinese civilization, highlighting the continuity of Chinese civilization.

(The pictures in this article are not attributed to the source, but are taken or scanned by the author.) ）

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root, body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: 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rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-FIRE: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;-- weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);-weui-tag-background-red: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, ..) 1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, 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