Why are there no big cities on the Atlantic coast of France?

The following article is from the geopolitical valley, the author listens to the wind

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After the opening of the new shipping route, the European economic center of gravity shifted from the north shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic coast, and since then, Lisbon, Amsterdam, Hamburg and other Atlantic coastal cities have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain, becoming the window cities of the host country and even Europe to leverage global shipping trade.

Hamburg, Germany's largest port. Source: wiki.

However, in the midst of this vigorous movement for the rise of cities on the west coast, France, a traditional power with its long Atlantic coastline, has achieved nothing. At present, the top four cities in France are all located on the Seine-Rhône-Mediterranean coast, and even if this seat is expanded to the top 10, the French Atlantic cities have not fared well, taking only two seats. Germany, on the other hand, has a coastline just over one-fifth the length of France's Atlantic coastline, but it has shaped the megaport cities of Hamburg and Bremen. This phenomenon is puzzling.

It seems superior, but in fact it is mediocre

The natural environment is the basic condition for the development of a city, and the twists and turns of the coastline, the depth of the coastal sea and the marine environment are the basic factors for judging a port city. Looking at the Atlantic coast of France, its coastline is tortuous and long, and the degree of superiority is much higher than that of the relatively straight Mediterranean coast in the southwest; secondly, the large cargo capacity of cargo ships has a deep draft, that is, the offshore sea where the port is located is deeper, large cargo ships can come and go freely, and the port city is naturally easy to develop and grow. In the waters of the Bay of Biscay on the Atlantic coast of France, the sea depth is as high as about 10 meters, which is fully equipped with the basic depth of large and medium-sized cargo ships.

France has a long coastline and open oceans. The picture shows the Bay of Biscay. The image above is from the European Space Agency and the image below is from the wiki.

However, due to the proximity to the Azores high and the deviation from the North Atlantic Current, the marine environment on the French Atlantic coast, especially in the Bay of Biscay, is not optimistic. The Azores high, whose center is located in the Azores of the Atlantic Ocean, produces a strong anticyclone under the action of geostrophic deflection force, producing a strong southwesterly wind, all the way to the Bay of Biscay and setting off huge waves up to 8 meters, causing great safety hazards to local sailing ships.

The North Atlantic Current has profoundly altered Europe, making the average annual temperature and humidity in Europe much higher than in North America, on the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean at the same latitude. However, this warm current does not affect Europe evenly. The North Atlantic Current, which originates from the Gulf of Mexico to Newfoundland, travels northeast under the action of prevailing westerly winds, and divides into two seas west of Ireland, one turns westward to the south, and the other continues northward to the Scottish Sea.

Affected by the warm North Atlantic Current, the Norwegian port of Henmorpheus has become one of the very few ice-free ports in the Arctic Circle. Source: wiki.

Through the route of the North Atlantic Current, it is not difficult to find that the warm current runs from the coast of North America to the Irish Sea, and the Bay of Biscay on the Atlantic coast of France is not in the area where its main force passes, which makes the area adjacent to the Bay of Viscay in France much drier than the same temperate maritime climate, and even the interior of Spain to the south has a continental climate. In contrast, the North Sea coast, which is fed by the North Atlantic Current, has a mild climate and a much better coastal urban environment, leading to the emergence of large port cities such as Amsterdam, Hamburg and Bremen.

A short effort in history

Historically, the Bay of Viscay has always been slower to develop than the rest of France. As the core of the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean city of Marseille has developed rapidly, and the oldest city in France is still second only to the capital Paris, all showing the importance of the Mediterranean coast in the entire French economic pattern.

Marseille, the second largest city in France and the largest port. Source: wiki.

If there is an attempt to link the Mediterranean coast with the Atlantic coast in some way, it may lead to the development of cities along the Atlantic coast, and that way is to dig canals. The first attempt began in the mid-17th century during the reign of Louis XIV, the Sun King of France, when the Spaniards dominated the world and controlled the key "passes" of trade between the East and the West. The Strait of Gibraltar, because France faces the sea on both sides, ships on the Mediterranean coast must pass through the Strait of Gibraltar if they want to reach the Atlantic coast, although France at this time has been through several generations of French kings, and its national strength has long been different from what it used to be, but it is still unable to challenge the world hegemon Spain at that time, so the Spaniards have to take a huge amount of tolls from France every year, which makes the French feel like they are in their throats.

In order to solve this problem once and for all, France decided to bypass the Strait of Gibraltar and dig a canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Bay of Biscay. Thus, in October 1666, the ambitious King Louis XIV of France authorized the genius designer Baron Pierre-Paul De Liquet to build this canal connecting the two seas, which is now the Canal du Midi-Garonne, also known as the Canal of the Two Seas.

The excavation of the Lianghai Canal has a huge inherent advantage. Originating in the Pyrenees, flowing south through Toulouse and flowing west into the Bay of Biscay in the Atlantic Ocean, the Garonne River is a natural waterway that takes up two-thirds of the planned route of the Two Seas Canal from the lower reaches of Toulouse. In other words, if the Garonne River was to be used as a navigation channel, it would only be necessary to dig a canal between Toulouse and the Mediterranean port city of Sète (now the Canal du Midi), which greatly reduced the amount and difficulty of the project.

运河中转站图卢兹。 图源wiki。

The main channel of the Midi Canal is 240 kilometers long, since 1667, the construction began to excavate, using more than 16,000 technicians and migrant workers, in order to speed up the excavation efficiency, the first use of black powder blasting means, finally completed in 1694, took 15 years. By the 19th century, the upper reaches of the Garonne River, which was connected to the Midi Canal, became silted up and narrow, resulting in an unstable flow of water in the lower reaches of the river, and there were often shoals, which posed a threat to the safety of boats. At this time, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing in France, and the demand for freight between the east and west coasts of France was growing rapidly, and the unstable water volume of the Garonne River was increasingly restricting trade flows. Therefore, between 1838 and 1856, the French government started from Toulouse and built the Garonne Canal along the course of the Garonne River, which was again joined by the Garonne River at Castlet, near Bordeaux. From then on, on the Atlantic coast, from Bordeaux at the mouth of the Garonne to Toulouse, to the port of Sète on the Mediterranean coast.

The Midi-Garonne Canal, which connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. Source: wiki.

The opening of the Two Seas Canal gave an obvious impetus to the discovery of cities on France's Atlantic coast, and the biggest beneficiary of them was undoubtedly Bordeaux, the western end of the Two Seas Canal. In the 18th century, with the in-depth development of colonial expansion in Western European countries, the "triangular trade" was carried out on the Atlantic Sea, and Bordeaux became the trade and shipping center of the Mediterranean coast and southwest France with the Americas, Africa and other parts of Europe by virtue of the advantages of connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the canal between the two seas, and the population and commerce also developed rapidly during this period.

Bordeaux, the second largest city on the Atlantic coast of France. Source: wiki.

However, with the development of the times, the design of the Lianghai Canal can only be navigated by 150-ton flat-bottomed tugboats, which can no longer meet the navigation needs of large cargo ships. Today, the Two Seas Canal, a World Heritage Site, has only tourism and agricultural irrigation value, and has almost no effect on the development of cities along the Atlantic coast.

French high-speed trains. Source: wiki.

The dislocation of the economic structure with the coastal cities

Whether coastal cities are developed or not, in addition to being related to the "sea", is inseparable from the support of the local area, which is what we often call the "economic hinterland". Around the world, many port cities have risen rapidly with their strong and vast economic hinterlands, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hamburg, to name a few.

The economic hinterland of the cities on the Atlantic coast of France cannot be mentioned without mentioning the regional distribution of the French economy. If we divide France into two, we will find that the northeast of France is more inland but more developed, and the southwest is more coastal but more backward.

Northeast France is a mountainous plateau rich in mineral resources, such as the familiar northeast of France, which borders Lorraine in the Ruhr region of Germany, which is rich in iron ore resources. The abundant mineral resources have created an industrial pattern of many industrial centers in the northwest of France, such as Paris, Lyon, Strasbourg and Saint-Etienne where the automobile industry is concentrated, Paris, Marseille and Terbes where the aerospace industry is mainly distributed, Lyon and Rhône regions where the electric power industry is concentrated, and Lyon, Paris and Nancy, which are developed in the chemical industry, are mostly distributed in the northeast of France. On the other hand, the southwest of France, the terrain is flat, but it has long been a traditional agricultural region of France, where wheat cultivation is extensive, and the grape cultivation and wine industry have a long history, such as Bordeaux, the "wine capital" of the southwest, with more than 9,000 wineries and chatters, and an annual output of 700 million bottles of wine.

Lyon, France's third-largest city in the eastern interior, is also home to the headquarters of major companies. The picture shows the Lyon La Paldieu CBD. Source: wiki.

The southwest is France's main wine region. Pictured here are Cabernet Sauvignon (top) and Château Mouton (bottom), a famous grape variety in France, north of Bordeaux. Source: wiki.

From this point of view, the cities on the Atlantic coast of France, especially the cities on the Bay of Biscay, rely on vast agricultural areas in their economic hinterland. Looking at the coastal ports of the world, except for the Great Lakes city of Chicago in the United States, the agricultural area can hardly be used as an economic hinterland to support the port to become world-class.

In order to alleviate the underdevelopment of cities along the Atlantic coast and the imbalance in the distribution of economic regions, the French government has repeatedly introduced policies. Since World War II, the French government has decided to establish eight major cities in addition to Paris, including Lyon, Marseille, Lille, Metz, Nantes, Nancy, Bordeaux and Toulouse, so that these cities have gradually become regional economic centers. On this basis, the development of small and medium-sized cities will be accelerated to promote the balanced development of the regional economy. Today, Nantes and Bordeaux, on the Atlantic coast, are the sixth and ninth largest cities in France, but they are still not in the top five, compared to the western city of Lyon and the Mediterranean city of Marseille.

Nantes, the largest city on the Atlantic coast of France. Source: wiki.

Perhaps, the development of cities on the Atlantic coast of France still has a long way to go.

Resources

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The Practice of Growth Pole Theory in the Development of Western China. The bell is Gao Xiaoqin

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