Using dual Orin to create a three-in-one domain controller for intelligent driving, cockpit, and parking is not difficult in hardware, and the difficulty is in software. Today, let's take a look at the three-in-one domain controller of intelligent driving, cockpit and parking of a major domestic manufacturer.
So the three-in-one intelligent driving, cockpit, and parking can be counted as the E/E architecture or software-defined car of the central computing Zonal? It cannot be counted, the E/E architecture of the central computing Zonal is not only to integrate the intelligent driving, cockpit, and parking, but also to concentrate the power chassis, body, seat, and other systems that require a certain scale of computing resources in a computing unit, which is not necessarily a single chip, but can be two chips or four chips, and at least more than 100GB/ s PCIe switch connection. The connection between the central computing unit and the various Zonal areas is at least 10 Gb/s backbone automotive Ethernet. Zonal needs MCUs that can run small virtual machines, and can also deploy 10Base-T1S automotive Ethernet at the edge, perhaps eliminating some expensive MCUs.
Image source: ADI
The Zonal architecture is almost the same as an all-Ethernet architecture, but of course, cameras and display panels still require MIPI CSI or DP SerDes. At the current iteration rate of car manufacturers, it will take ten years to advance to the era of software-defined vehicles, or Zonal E/E. At present, cross-domain controllers are already advanced E/E architectures, Ethernet is just an embellishment in the E/E architecture, CAN is still absolutely mainstream, and it will take at least five years to replace CAN with Ethernet. CAN and Ethernet hybrid network, CAN is typical signal-oriented, Ethernet is service-oriented, hybrid network requires multiple gateways, software work is also troublesome, the most perfect E/E architecture should be full Ethernet, with a small number of SerDes.
Image source: Internet
Let's go back to reality, take a look at this intelligent driving, cockpit, parking three-in-one architecture, the picture above is the core board part, the periphery of the two Orin includes DRAM, UFS, eMMC, serial Nor Flash and security control Nor Flash, because of the many functions, the peripheral components should be as powerful as possible, DRAM chooses Samsung's LPDDR5X, that is, K3KL3L30QM, the rate is 7500Mbps, the capacity is 8GB, and the recent 8533Mbps LPDDR5X has also been mass-produced, which can be upgraded to K3KL3L30CM-BGCU, up to 8533Mbps, or increase the capacity to 12GB, that is, K3KL4L40DM-BGCU, the rate is also 8533Mbps, and Orin supports LPDDR5XQualcomm's SA8255/SA8295 only supports up to LPDDR4X. At present, only NVIDIA's Orin and Ambarella's CV3 support LPDDR5X mass-produced automotive SoCs, and NIO's Shenji also supports them. At present, Samsung's LPDDR5X temperature range is -40°C-+85°C, Micron's is -40°C to +95°C, slightly higher by 10 degrees, and Micron's model is MT62F1G64D4EK, which can also reach 8533Mbps.
UFS2.1 is selected as 3.1, the current mainstream is UFS2.1, the automotive-grade version of UFS3.1 has just been mass-produced at the beginning of 2023, the maximum read speed of UFS2.1 is 850MB/s, UFS3.1 is 1700MB/s, UFS2.1 maximum sequential write is 260MB/s, and UFS3.1 is 1400MB/s. UFS is selected by Samsung's KLUEG8UHYB-B0EQ051, which supports AEC-Q100 Grade 2, with a maximum sequential readout speed of 2000MB/s and a sequential write speed of 700MB/s. eMMC chose Micron's MTFC32GAZAQHD-AAT with a capacity of 32GB. Nor Flash chose Macronix's MX25U51279GXDR00 in Taiwan Province for June 2023, with a multi-I/O design and a maximum speed of more than 400Mbps.
Add a power sequencing system, the MPQ79700FS, a 12-channel functional safety power sequencer from MPS designed for automotive advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving platforms, providing the necessary control and power sequencing for the entire platform. The MPQ79700FS includes a crystal driver, a real-time clock (RTC) with alarm, and a configurable monitor (watchdog) accessible via an I2C interface, while providing active-low system reset and interrupt outputs. MPQ79700FS integrate safety mechanisms such as built-in self-test (BIST) to achieve high diagnostic coverage and bring the system to the target ASIL level. It is based on MPS's state-of-the-art MPSafe™ functional safety product development process. The process has been independently certified to ISO26262 standards.
Dual Orin naturally uses dual security MCUs, and Infineon's TC397 is generally chosen. The cockpit system requires a large number of TypeC interfaces, especially for new cockpits, which need to be considered to play AR/VR games, play external game boxes, and the rear row or even the third row need to be charged with TypeC interfaces, as well as various laptops or tablets for charging.
Image source: Internet
Only Orin's DP port and CSI port can be used for conversion.
Ethernet section. Image source: Internet
There are three LiDAR interfaces, and they are all Gigabit-level, 99% of them are currently 100-Gigabit level, LiDAR has redundant interfaces, 4D millimeter-wave radar interfaces, 100 Gigabit is enough, TCAM is Telematics and Connectivity Antenna Module, that is, T-BOX, considering V2X, the highest 2500 megabyte level is required, a total of 3 T-BOX, one of which is used for OTA upgrade, only Gigabit is required. DTOF is a direct TOF camera, it can also be a Flash lidar, it is speculated that it is a higher possibility of Flash angle lidar, considering that the technology changes quickly, enough interfaces are reserved.
DSSAD stands for Data Storage System for Automated Driving. Translated, it is a data storage system for autonomous vehicles. EDR focuses on the occurrence of an accident (mainly the EDR device activation record caused by a drastic change in vehicle speed), while DSSAD is to distinguish between the autonomous driving system and the driver himself who is responsible. ADPU is the autonomous driving navigation unit, ZC/R is the right Zonal control, but I doubt that most of the area network on the side of the car is CAN, the highest is CAN-FD, 99.9% of the time is not more than 5Mb/s, with Gigabit Ethernet is a serious waste, from the following MCU interface, it should only be reserved, not used.
Marvell's 88Q5192, the third generation of Marvell's secure automotive Ethernet switches, was selected as the most advanced and powerful Ethernet switch available today. The 88Q5192 is a 16-port Ethernet switch, the largest number of ports available, and integrates 1000BASE-T1, 100BASE-T1, and 10BASE-T1S PHYs in full compliance with the applicable IEEE 802.3 standard. This 16-port Ethernet switch offers 12 integrated PHYs, 4 supporting dual-speed 1000/100BASE-T1, 6 dual-speed 100/10BASE-T1(S), and 2 supporting 100BASE-T1/TX. Other interfaces supported include 2 multi-speed 10Gb SerDes (10G/5G/2.5G/1Gbps), 2 multi-speed 2.5Gb SerDes (2.5G/1Gbps), 2 RGMII/MII/RMII, and 2 PCIe Gen3 x1 interfaces. The port interface option provides flexible configurations for connecting external devices such as 2.5/5/10GBASE-T1 PHYs, or uplinks to the host SoC.
This makes the device ideal for in-vehicle networking (IVN) applications such as driver assistance systems (ADAS), zone control modules, and central gateways. The switch includes a high-performance, dual-core ARM® R52 CPU that operates in lockdown mode with dedicated on-chip memory to support time-sensitive networking (TSN) protocols such as Accurate Time Protocol (PTP) and a secure firewall to prevent malicious attacks from the outside. The switch includes a number of advanced security features, including 802.1AE MACsec, which provides link security to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, a denial-of-service (DoS) engine, TCAM for deep packet inspection (DPI), and a trust-start feature to secure the vehicle's network. It also includes an embedded hardware security module that enhances device security by supporting secure and encrypted boot and managing security features such as MACsec.
Image source: Internet
The figure above shows the Ethernet architecture of an MCU, and the Ethernet PHY is currently the most powerful Ethernet PHY that is currently available, namely Marvell's 88Q4364, and the 88Q4364 device is a single pair of Ethernet PHY transceivers (PHYs) that support operation on shielded twisted pair (STP). The transceiver implements the Ethernet physical layer portion of 2.5G/5G/10GBASE-T1 as defined by the IEEE 802.3ch standard. The 88Q4364 integrates MACsec to protect against Layer 2 in-vehicle cybersecurity threats. MACsec secures data exchange on a hop-by-hop basis and protects against attacks such as intrusions, man-in-the-middle attacks, and replay attacks. Up to 10 Gigabit class, 10G/5G/2.5G USXGMII, 10 Gbps XFI, 5 Gbps XFI/2, 2.5 Gbps 2500BASE-X or 2.5 Gbps, the OCSGMII interface connects directly to automotive-grade graphics processing units (GPUs), CPUs, Ethernet switches, and electronic control units (ECUs) to support the operation and network rates required for in-vehicle networks (IVNs).
Image source: Internet
Radio, Bluetooth and MCU part, considering the export of radio, DAB is indispensable, SAF360X is DAB digital radio tuning head, there are many microphones in the car, three rows must be available, naturally inseparable from ADI's A2B bus transceiver AD2428. The GPS chose u-blox's F9K, which supports the L1/L2/E5B and L1/L5 bands, maximizing flexibility, satellite signal availability and security. The ZED-F9K-01A combines multi-band, multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology with inertial navigation high-precision RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) to achieve decimeter-level accurate positioning. The u-blox ZED-F9K-01A natively supports the u-blox PointPerfect GNSS enhancement service, which can provide multiple GNSS and IMU outputs in parallel to support a wide range of possible architectures, including 50 Hz inertial navigation position output with ultra-low latency.
For high-precision positioning, the D9S, which is an L-band satellite reception, also needs to receive correction data via the satellite L-band channel using the SSR SPARTN data format. The module securely provides PPP-RTK GNSS correction data, including data provided by the u-blox PointPerfect service, using encryption. There is also a D9C, using the subscription-free centimeter-level enhancement service (CLAS) broadcast, which is provided by the Japanese QZSS (quasi-zenith satellite system) constellation through the L6 band channel in Japan, which can provide centimeter-level positioning services, in the eastern part of Guangdong, the mainland, QZSS can still be used, the signal is almost, it is currently free, and it will definitely be charged in the future.
Flexray is not necessary, the future trend should be Ethernet, Flexray is only used for the chassis part of Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Audi and Volvo, the price is on the high side, and the protocol is complex. The main connector also connects 12 ultrasonic sensors via the SPI interface. TJA1042 connected to the body controllers, namely ZC/R and ZC/L, are also connected to the ADPU, body, and power domain.
Image source: Internet
Video output, USB and TypeC part, you can use Orin's DP to directly output one way, do the car machine and instrument dual screen, do 4K display is no problem, and then add an additional screen, with Orin's eDP output, through ADI's MAX96589 serializer, MAX96589 support two MST, that is, you can output two displays, a passenger screen, plus a central display, or two rear screens.
Image source: Internet
Audio, Bluetooth and WiFi, the audio amplification here is a little low-grade, it may be that considering that there is external audio power amplification, Bluetooth needs two, and there is also a need for Bluetooth calls in the back row.
Image source: Internet
This is the camera board, taking the high-speed lossless and delay-free transmission requirements of the 8 million pixel camera as an example, generally 3264 * 2448 = 7990272 pixels. According to RGB tri-color 24-bit and 30 frames of the camera, the amount of data generated by the camera is about 7.68Gbps bandwidth per second. The data format of the camera is usually RAW RGB and YUV. There are three common grades of YUV444, YUV422 and YUV420. Among them, YUV444 is pixel X frame rate X bit X3, that is, 5.76 Gbps, YUV422 is pixel X frame rate X8 bit X2, that is, 3.84 Gbps, and YUV420 is pixel X frame rate X8 bits X1.5, that is, 2.88 Gbps.
ADAS usually doesn't think much about color,YUV420 is enough,Of course, you can compress it again,But the author thinks it's better not to compress,And it is possible that color will also need to be considered in the future,So 4 8 million pixels are 11.52Gbps,You can also use MAX96712,But like AR0820 is 8.3 million pixels,It's a bit reluctant,At present, the top on-board camera image sensor is Sony's IMX735,Effective pixels up to 17.42 million pixels,One needs 6.27Gbps bandwidth,And the total bandwidth of MAX96712 is only 6Gbps。 Then there is the consideration of high-speed scenes, the frame rate is better to be higher, 40Hz or 45Hz, and the bandwidth will increase a lot, so here ADI's current top product MAX96792, which can support 12Gbps bandwidth, but the MAX96792 is two camera inputs, so two are needed. The 4 360 surround views here also use 8 million pixels, which is completely unnecessary, and can be downgraded to 4 million pixels or 2 million pixels, so that it is much easier to use MAX96712, of course, if you use 8 million pixels, the MAX96712 is barely possible.
Intelligent driving, cockpit, parking three-in-one, two Orin is a little difficult, most of the time I am afraid that one Orin is responsible for the cockpit, one is responsible for intelligent driving, although the top Ethernet switch is used, but the bandwidth is up to 1.25GB/s, should be added a PCIe switch, such as Microchip's PM43036B1, support 36lanes, Orin's PCIe is 4 generations, the highest is 2GB/ per lane / s bandwidth, the available Lane is 16 lanes, the highest is 32GB/s, this bandwidth is not enough for Orin to have a cascading doubling effect, after all, NVLink has the latest 900GB/s, but it is much better than Ethernet. Of course, this architecture is already the most advanced in the world.
Disclaimer: The views and data in this article are for reference only and may deviate from the actual situation. This article does not constitute investment advice, and all views and data in this article only represent the author's position and do not contain any guidance, investment or decision-making advice.