Why are death row prisoners executed in ancient times, mostly in autumn and winter, so what is suitable for spring and summer?

The following article is from the history school, written by Rachel

Author: Rachel Editor: Lilith

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We often see such a scene in TV dramas, where the ancients committed a crime and should be put to death according to the law, but the officials who adjudicated him were not in a hurry to execute the criminals, but always said "the queen of the autumn asks for beheading".

Why did the ancient people sentence criminals to death but did not rush to execute prisoners, but had to wait until autumn and winter? Since prisoners could be executed in autumn and winter, what should spring and summer do?

The term "Autumn Queen" first came from the book "The Book of Rites and the Order of the Month", which recorded: "The cool breeze arrives, the white dew falls, the cicadas chirp, the eagle is a sacrificial bird, and the first line is killed." It means that when the autumn wind arrives, the white dew and frost fall, the cicadas chirp, and the eagle will use the birds it catches to sacrifice to the sky, and then it will start to kill, that is, it can execute the criminals. The first time in history to record the autumn and winter executions was in the "Zuo Chuan", "Zuo Chuan Xianggong" said: "The punishment is autumn and winter", which also makes an argument for the earliest time in history to carry out autumn and winter executions.

As for the exact time of execution in autumn and winter, most of the ancients chose to be after the autumn equinox, mainly influenced by the idea of "the unity of heaven and man" of the great Confucian Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty.

Dong Zhongshu believes that "the king is worthy of the sky, which is the way to go." There are four times in the sky, and the king has four governments, and if the four governments are four, the general class is also. Heaven and man have the same. Celebration is spring, reward is summer, punishment is autumn, and punishment is winter. Since the king was chosen by God, his four practices of celebration, reward, punishment, and punishment were to be adapted to the four seasons, with celebrations in the spring, rewards in the summer, punishment in the fall, and execution in the winter.

Moreover, autumn and winter are the seasons when trees wither and everything withers, symbolizing slaughter, and the execution of prisoners is in line with the sense of heaven and earth, so autumn and winter executions are the best. Dong Zhongshu's idea of "the unity of heaven and man" was sought after by the emperors of the Han Dynasty, and a specific system was formed in the Han Dynasty. Later, the execution time was changed to one month at the beginning of winter, and most of the later generations also implemented the practice of "asking and beheading after autumn", most of which came from the Han Dynasty.

But why did the autumn and winter executions take place after the autumn equinox and not the beginning of autumn?

This is mainly the autumn equinox when the ancient emperors to carry out the activity of sacrificing the moon, according to the "Book of Rites" recorded: "The Son of Heaven is the spring sunrise, and the autumn sunset is the moon." The morning of the sun, the evening of the setting moon. "Spring sunrise, sunset moon, in ancient times, sacrificing the sun and the moon was as important as sacrificing heaven and earth, so before the moon sacrifice, no punishment can be implemented, otherwise the bloody activities will be carried out before the moon sacrifice activity, which is not conducive to the peace of the country and the people.

In addition, the day of the autumn equinox is also not allowed to kill, there is a saying in the "Thousand Golden Moon Order": "On the day of the autumn equinox, do not kill, do not torture, do not dispose of the house curtains, do not hang the mourning and ask the sick, do not get drunk." A gentleman should fast and concentrate on self-examination. "You should not kill, you should not scold your subordinates and children, you should not have sexual intercourse, you should not mourn, you should not see a doctor, and of course you should not get drunk, but you should spend your time in silence and self-examination.

However, although most of the dynasties executed prisoners during this time period, most of them also had their own adaptations. For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei Dynasty, the criminal law was not implemented after the autumn equinox, but was postponed until the time between the frost and the winter solstice.

The Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties all chose to implement it after the autumn equinox, and the Tang Dynasty's "Prison Officer's Order" recorded: "From the beginning of spring to the autumn equinox, the death penalty shall not be executed" The Tang Dynasty also waited until after the autumn equinox to kill, but the Tang Dynasty could not allow executions on individual days except after the taboo in the season. For example, the first month, the fifth month, and the ninth month are the months of slaughter, and killing is not allowed on the 10th Lent day of the 1st, 8th, 14th, 15th, 18th, 23rd, 24th, 28th, and 29th of each month.

However, for some prisoners who have committed major crimes, there is a decision not to wait for time, and in the late Tang Dynasty, for some prisoners who committed major capital crimes, the method of never waiting for time was adopted. For example, the Qin Dynasty, which had strict laws, did not have a saying that executions should be carried out at the right time, and they could be executed all year round.

Autumn and winter are suitable for executions, and spring and summer naturally have things to do that are suitable for these two seasons.

Spring is generally divided into Mengchun, Zhongchun and Jichun, which are the first month, February and March of the lunar calendar.

Tang Dynasty poet Bao Fang's "Jiangnan Meng Chun" in "Jiangnan Meng Chun", "Jiangnan Meng Chun, the wattle leaves are as big as money." The snow is covered with plum trees, and the green robe is like a field. On the day of the beginning of spring, the monarch generally has to take the minister to the suburbs to worship the spring, in the month of Mengchun, the Son of Heaven will also sacrifice to Haotian God on the first Tianganxin day as an auspicious day, that is, to sacrifice to the heavens, in order to pray for a bumper harvest in the new year.

In the middle of spring, the Son of Heaven will sacrifice to the god of cold, worship the temple, and order every household not to burn trees, but also prohibit excessive fishing and shrimp, and promote recuperation, and in the spring season, the ancient government prohibits excessive hunting and cutting down trees, and women at this time should do their best to raise silkworms and reeling silk, which is quite a bit of what we now call sustainable development.

Summer is also divided into three seasons, namely Mengxia, Midsummer and Jixia, which also represent April, May and June of the lunar calendar, respectively.

Starting from Mengxia, even if it enters the summer, the ancient summer is a busy season In the Ming people's "Lotus Shengbaji", there is a record of "the day of Mengxia, the beginning of heaven and earth, and all things are showing", which means that the growth and harvest of crops start from the beginning of summer. And there is also a saying in the "Book of Rites: Moon Order": "On the day of the beginning of summer, the Son of Heaven personally led the three dukes, nine kings, princes, and doctors to welcome the summer in the southern suburbs." returned, rewarded, sealed the princes, celebrated the success, and all rejoiced. Therefore, during the beginning of the summer solar term, the ancient kings would reward their courtiers.

In the summer of several solar terms, before and after the mango is the most busy period in ancient times, the summer solstice yang is the most vigorous, then more attention should be paid to health preservation, Ji Kang's "health theory" has mentioned the summer solstice period of health: "It is more appropriate to breathe and meditate, often like ice and snow in the heart, the heat is also less in my heart, not hot for heat, more heat." This is similar to what we now call "calm and naturally cool".

The weather is hot during the small summer season, the ancients eat more cool food, and carving watermelon lanterns has become the favorite pastime of the ancients, and the great summer solar term is the hottest time of the year.

Spring sacrifice, summer reward, autumn punishment, winter punishment, different seasons have different activities, the four seasons, the ancients also understood the principle of moving at the right time and respecting the laws of nature, which is worth learning.

Resources:

[1] "Theory of Health Maintenance" Three Kingdoms Period Ji Kang

[2] "The Book of Rites" Western Han Dynasty Dai Sheng

[3] "Prison Officer's Order" Tang Dynasty

The text was created by the History University Hall team, and the pictures came from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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