為什麼古代死囚行刑，多選在秋冬，那春夏适合做什麼呢

以下文章來源于曆史學堂君，作者瑞秋

作者：瑞秋  編輯：莉莉絲

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我們經常會在電視劇裡看到這樣一個情景，古人犯了罪，按照律法應當處死，可是裁決他的官員并不着急處死犯人，而總是說“秋後問斬”。

為什麼古代判犯人死刑卻不着急處死犯人，非要等到秋冬時節呢？秋冬季節既然可以處死犯人，那麼春夏季節适合做什麼呢？

“秋後問斬”這一詞最早來自于《禮記·月令》一書，書中有記載：“涼風至，白露降，寒蟬鳴，鷹乃祭鳥，用始行戮。”意思是秋風到的時候，白露霜降，寒蟬鳴叫，老鷹會用自己捉到的小鳥去祭天，這時候就要開始行殺戮之事，也就是可以對犯人行刑了。曆史上第一次記錄秋冬行刑的事件是在《左傳》中，《左傳·襄公》中說：“刑以秋冬”這也為曆史上最早實施秋冬行刑的時間做出了論證。

而對于秋冬時節行刑的準确時候，古人大都選擇在秋分之後，主要是受漢朝時大儒董仲舒的“天人合一”的思想所影響。

董仲舒認為“王者配天，謂其道。天有四時，王有四政，四政若四時，通類也。天人所同有也。慶為春，賞為夏，罰為秋，刑為冬。”王既然是上天標明的，那麼他的慶、賞、罰、刑這四種行為做法就要與四季相适應，春天舉行慶典，夏季進行賞賜，秋天實施處罰，冬天要行刑。

況且秋冬是樹木凋零，萬物凋謝的時節，象征肅殺，對犯人行刑符合天地肅殺之感，是以秋冬行刑最好不過了。董仲舒的“天人合一”思想受到漢朝帝王的追捧，在漢朝形成特定的制度，在《後漢書·肅宗孝章帝紀》漢章帝下诏稱：“王者生殺，宜順時氣。”後來将行刑時間改為冬初一個月的時間，而後世也大都實施“秋後問斬”的做法大部分都是由漢朝而來。

可為什麼秋冬行刑要選在秋分之後而不是立秋呢？

這主要是秋分的時候古代帝王要實行祭月這一活動，根據《禮記》所記載：“天子春朝日，秋夕月。朝日之朝，夕月之夕。”春朝日，夕照月，在古代祭祀日月與祭祀天地一樣重要，是以在祭祀月亮活動之前，不能實施刑罰，否則祭月活動之前就大肆實施血腥活動，不利于國泰民安。

除此之外，秋分這一日也是不能殺生的，《千金月令》中就有說法：“秋分之日勿殺生，勿用刑，勿處房帷，勿吊喪問疾，勿大醉。君子當齋戒靜專以自檢。”不能殺生，不能責罵下屬和小孩，不能行房事，不能吊喪不能看病，當然也不能喝醉，而是應該吃齋靜默和自我檢查中度過。

不過曆朝曆代雖然大都在這個時間段對犯人行刑，但也大都有自己的變通之處。例如在東漢和魏時，就沒有選擇在秋分之後實施刑法，而是選擇延遲到霜降和冬至之間的時節作為行刑的日子。

唐、宋、明各代都選擇在秋分之後實行，唐代的《獄官令》中有記載：“從立春至秋分，不得奏決死刑”唐代也是等到秋分之後才能行殺戮之事，不過唐代除了時節有所忌諱之後，在個别的日子也是不能允許實施行刑的。例如正月、五月和九月為斷屠月，每個月的初一、初八、十四、十五、十八、二十三、二十四、二十八和二十九的十齋日也不準殺生。

不過對于一些罪責重大的犯人，都有決不待時的決定，唐朝後期對于一些犯了重大的死罪的犯人，就采用決不待時的辦法。而像律法嚴苛的秦代則沒有适時行刑的說法，一年四季都可以行刑。

秋冬适合行刑，春夏也自然有适合這兩個季節可以做的事情。

春天一般分為孟春、仲春和季春，也就是農曆的正月、二月和三月。

唐代詩人鮑防的《狀江南·孟春》中的“江南孟春天，荇葉大如錢。白雪裝梅樹，青袍似葑田。”就描寫了江南孟春時節的景象，孟春時節裡一般都包括立春，立春那天，君主一般都要帶着大臣去郊外祭祀春天，在孟春之月，天子還要在第一個天幹辛日作為吉日祭禮昊天上帝，也就是祭祀天，以祈求新的一年國家能夠五谷豐登。

仲春時節天子則要祭祀寒神，供奉宗廟，還要指令各家各戶不得焚燒林木，也禁止過分的捕魚捕蝦，提倡休養生息，季春時節古代政府則禁止過分打獵和砍伐樹木，此時的婦女要盡心盡力養蠶缫絲，頗有點我們現在所說的可持續發展的意思。

而夏天也同樣分為三個時節，分别是孟夏、仲夏和季夏，也分别代表農曆的四月、五月和六月。

從孟夏開始，就算進入了夏天，古代的夏天是一個忙碌的季節 在明人的《蓮生八戕》中有“孟夏之日，天地始交，萬物并秀”的記載，意思就是農作物的長成與豐收，從立夏開始。而在《禮記·月令》中也有說法：“立夏之日，天子親率三公、九卿、諸侯、大夫，以迎夏于南郊。還返，行賞、封諸侯，慶賜遂行，無不歡悅。”是以說，在立夏節氣時，古代君王則會對臣子進行封賞。

而在夏天的幾個節氣中，芒種前後則是古代最為農忙的時期，夏至陽氣最為旺盛，則更加要注重養生，嵇康的《養生論》就有提到夏至時節的養生：“更宜調息靜心，常如冰雪在心，炎熱亦于吾心少減，不可以熱為熱，更生熱矣。”這就與我們現在所說的“心靜自然涼”有異曲同工之妙了。

小暑時天氣炎熱，古人多食用一些清涼的食物，雕刻西瓜燈則成了古人最喜歡的消遣，而大暑節氣是一年中最熱的時候，乘船賞蓮采蓮，還有浙江地區的送大暑船活動，也深受古人的喜愛。

春祭，夏賞，秋罰，冬刑，不同的季節有不同的活動，四時節令，古人也都明白适時而動、尊重自然規律的道理，這是值得我們學習的。

參考資料：

【1】《養生論》  三國時期 嵇康

【2】《禮記》    西漢 戴聖

【3】《獄官令》  唐代

文字由曆史大學堂團隊創作，配圖源于網絡版權歸原作者所有

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#fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, 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.8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, 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