This article comes from the public account: Xiaoqiang Communication
Chinese name: Journalism and Communication
英文名称：Journalism and Communication
Prepared by: Journalism and Communication Discipline Review Group
Introduction to first-level disciplines
(1) Discipline overview
Journalism and communication is the study of journalism, communication activities, and other communication phenomena. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, journalism was taught as a discipline at universities in Germany and the United States, respectively. Communication as a discipline first appeared in the United States in the forties and fifties of the 20th century, and has been widely accepted around the world. The starting point for the establishment of journalism in mainland China was the establishment of the Journalism Research Society of Peking University in October 1918, and the study of communication began to emerge in the 80s of the 20th century. In 1997, journalism and communication in mainland China were combined into a first-level discipline called "Journalism and Communication".
In the context of information globalization and the rapid development of communication technology, news communication has penetrated into almost all aspects of life, profoundly affecting people's perception of the outside world and changing interpersonal and social relations. Therefore, the importance of this discipline is becoming more and more prominent. With the emergence of a large number of new phenomena and new problems in communication, the original connotation, extension, and discipline construction of journalism and communication are facing great adjustments, and at the same time, the training goals, methods and methods of journalism and communication education are also facing adjustments to adapt to the new situation.
Judging from the existing indications, the future development of this discipline will show the following main trends: first, re-understanding and recognizing journalism, communication, Second, in terms of personnel training and professional setting, the media will no longer be used as the sole basis for division, but on the basis of communication content or other new standards, the professional categories will be re-planned, and the original talent training system will be transformed to meet the needs of media integration or multimedia communication; third, from the perspective of global communication, the history and practice of China's journalism and communication will be comprehensively and deeply studied. Institutions and concepts, and putting forward some theoretical concepts and assumptions of journalism and communication that are not only suitable for the characteristics of China's local communication, but also have universal significance, will be the main goal of academic research in the next five to ten years.
(2) Discipline connotation
1. Research object
This discipline focuses on the news and information dissemination activities of human society, and studies the relationship between different forms and types of news and information dissemination activities and human society from different dimensions. In nature, it is interdisciplinary between the humanities and social sciences. In recent years, the research horizon and scope of this discipline have been greatly expanded, and various aspects such as network communication, media culture, digital news, intelligent communication, information and cultural industry have become important contents of the research of this discipline.
2. Theoretical system
The theory of this discipline can be roughly divided into three parts: first, communication and communication as human existence, including communication and human nature, communication and human subjectivity, communication, communication and people's daily existence, etc.; Third, it focuses on the function of communication for society, or focuses on the process of information production and dissemination, including content, means, production, production mechanism, policy system, audience, effect, etc.; or regards news communication as a social and cultural phenomenon, focusing on narrative structure, symbols and their expressions, revealing their meaning and value, reality construction and power relations.
3. Knowledge base and research methods
The knowledge base of this discipline consists of two parts: humanities and social sciences. Humanities-history-philosophical research methods are compatible with social science research methods.
(3) Scope of disciplines
This discipline is an open discipline, which intersects with many disciplines such as political science, archaeology, Chinese history, world history, sociology, law, economics, management science and engineering, business administration, agricultural and forestry economic management, public administration, information resource management, psychology, etc. The discipline mainly includes the following seven sub-disciplines: Journalism, Communication, Public Opinion, Radio and Television and Convergence Media, Intelligent Communication, International Communication, Advertising and Media Economy.
1. Journalism
Journalism is a discipline that takes the phenomenon of news communication and the main carrier of news communication as the research object. The main research directions of this discipline include but are not limited to: news outlook, news history, news theory, news practice, news ethics and regulations, etc. The concept of news focuses on the construction of the concept of news development, especially the study of the Marxist concept of news. The history of journalism focuses on the historical process of the emergence and development of news communication activities and the laws of their evolution. Journalism theory focuses on expounding the concepts, categories and basic principles related to journalism activities, and explaining the operating mechanism of journalism and its interaction with all aspects of society, which is fundamental and instructive. The practice of journalism focuses on the various operational skills and operational methods necessary to engage in journalism. The study of journalism ethics and regulations focuses on the ethical principles, standards and evaluations related to journalistic activities, as well as the content and application of policies, regulations, and systems.
Journalism focuses on all elements and processes of news practice, such as texts, communication, media, concepts, values, systems, technologies, ethics and regulations, and its core concerns are: how to promote the benign development of people and society and the evolution of the news communication system itself by influencing the individual development of people and the construction of the relationship between people and society; The construction of channels and platform systems will promote the progress of the country and society and the development of human civilization.
2. Communication
Communication is generally considered to be an interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on the phenomenon of human information communication. As a discipline, communication emerged in the United States in the forties and fifties of the 20th century, and was later promoted to all parts of the world, and was introduced to China in the 80s of the 20th century. Communication studies mainly focus on human information communication behavior, the relationship between human information communication behavior and society, the influence of communication media on human communication behavior, and the role of communication technology on human communication behavior and social construction.
This discipline mainly includes but is not limited to the following research directions: first, communication theory research, mainly including communication and human interaction, communication system, media production, audience, communication effect, etc.; second, media culture research, mainly including media production and political and economic power, the meaning presentation of media texts, communication technology as communication culture, cross-cultural communication, etc.; third, communication history research, including media history, communication concept history, Fourth, the study of communication practice, mainly including practical operation, front-line experience, operation and management in the field of communication practice; for example, the research of communication practice involving political communication, organizational communication, environmental communication, strategic communication, urban communication, health communication, science communication, etc.; fifth, the research of communication technology, mainly focusing on the impact of communication technology on human communication behavior, including the impact on communication practice, media production, social construction, etc.
3. Public opinion
It is generally believed that public opinion is the public's opinion, which is a collection of opinions publicly expressed by the public on specific events, issues and current situations. Public opinion reflects social psychology, influences public decision-making, shapes the opinion climate of social and historical development, and participates in political and social construction. The phenomenon of public opinion has existed since ancient times, and the era of mass media has further strengthened the power of public opinion. With the advent of the information age and the network society, the formation, evolution and influence mechanism of public opinion have become more complex, and have become an important factor related to social development, governance and international order.
Public opinion is an important branch of journalism and communication, and it is also open to philosophy, political science, sociology, psychology, management and other disciplines, which is the product of interdisciplinarity. The research directions of public opinion mainly include but are not limited to: first, the basic principles of public opinion, second, the practice of public opinion, such as the subject, object, content, channel and other constituent elements of public opinion, the occurrence and evolution mechanism of public opinion, and the effectiveness and influence of public opinion; third, the history of public opinion, such as the history of the development of public opinion, the history of public opinion concepts or ideas, the history of public opinion system, etc.; fourth, the relationship between public opinion and governance, such as the development and governance of public opinion itself, the relationship between public opinion and social governance, national governance and global governance. In view of the importance, uniqueness and complexity of public opinion in the process of Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to actively construct an independent knowledge system of Chinese public opinion and cultivate the discipline, academic and discourse system of public opinion under the guidance of the Marxist concept of journalism.
4. Radio, television and convergent media
Radio and television are the iconic products of mankind entering the era of electronic media, the basic communication symbol carrier in the digital age, an important component of the era of intelligent integrated communication, and an important media force to promote national and social progress in the process of Chinese-style modernization. After decades of development, radio and television research has formed unique research questions, categories, concepts, systems and theories, and has formed a relatively complete knowledge system covering the history, theory and practice of radio and television, and has become an important research field of journalism and communication. With the rapid development of digital technology and the Internet, radio and television, which are mainly characterized by audio-visual communication, and newspapers and periodicals, which are mainly characterized by text and picture communication, are developing in the direction of convergent media, and the study of convergent media has become a new research field of journalism and communication.
This research field is mainly divided into two research directions: first, radio and television research, mainly focusing on the new development, new path and new trend of radio and television and network media in the context of media convergence, in the process of promoting the construction of modern all-media communication, focusing on modern radio and television public services, international communication and industrial development, enhancing the communication, guidance, influence and credibility of news and public opinion, guided by the important strategy of "future TV" development, focusing on experience immersion, application panorama, Second, the integration of media research, serving the national media integration development strategy, taking root in cutting-edge theoretical fields such as media studies, digital culture, and network communication, focusing on the theoretical co-construction and practical paradigm of information and communication technology, social sciences, humanities and arts, and exploring radio, television, newspapers, and newspapers. The law of integration and innovation development of new media promotes scientific research in the fields of new media convergence ecology, industrial model, multi-screen platform, content production, audience form and media literacy with an interdisciplinary approach, and aims to cultivate future-oriented, innovative and diversified high-end academic talents who can serve the research and practical work in the fields of intelligent convergence media and cross-media operation.
5. Intelligent communication
Intelligent communication refers to a new type of communication method that applies artificial intelligence technology to human social interactions. As a branch of communication, intelligent communication is an emerging and vibrant academic research field at the intersection of arts, science and engineering, focusing on the application of new technologies represented by artificial intelligence in the process of human communication and its social, political, legal and ethical consequences. Compared with traditional communication research, intelligent communication research has its own characteristics in terms of methodology, and tends to use intelligent data analysis methods with significant computing characteristics, such as big data mining, machine learning, sentiment analysis, and social network analysis, which have obvious interdisciplinary colors.
This discipline mainly includes but is not limited to the following directions: first, intelligent journalism research, mainly focusing on the shaping of intelligent technology on news communication practice, and current research emphasizes the application and influence of artificial intelligence technology in the production, distribution, and consumption of news communication content; The application and effect of public relations and other fields; thirdly, the research on human-computer communication, which mainly focuses on the communication characteristics of intelligent machines with a certain degree of autonomy and intentionality, and their interaction, synergy and symbiosis with humans; fourth, the research on the ethics and governance of intelligent communication, mainly focuses on the issues of algorithmic power, risk, ethics, responsibility and governance generated by intelligent communication activities.
6. International Communication
The subfield of communication studies focuses on the transnational information exchange and communication behavior between governments, organizations, and individuals, especially the information dissemination that transcends national boundaries through the media in the nation-state pattern. The research and development of international communication originated from the transnational communication driven by modern communication technology and the attention of American social scientists to war propaganda, and became an interdisciplinary academic research field in the thirties of the 20th century. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the beginning Chinese of the new era, China has increasingly moved closer to the center of the world stage and played an increasingly important role in global communication.
International communication research is mainly divided into three research directions: first, international communication theory research, mainly through comparative communication, modernization and development communication, critical theory, the study of the formation and change of international communication order, as well as the international communication rules, models, channels of various communication subjects, etc., to reflect on the power relations in international communication; Third, the study of cross-cultural communication between different communication subjects focuses on how different cultural subjects achieve dialogue and cooperation in the diversity and interaction of cultures.
7. Advertising and Media Economy
Advertising is the dissemination of specific information through the media by identifiable funders. The study of this communication activity forms a field of study in journalism and communication. Media economy is a specialized knowledge system about the economic attributes of various types of media, the product form of media, the media ecology and the operation law of the media industry, which has formed another research field of journalism and communication. From the perspective of historical development, the media economy and advertising activities are closely related, forming a complementary twin relationship, so the two research fields have many overlaps in theory. The common disciplinary foundations of the two fields of study are journalism, communication, social psychology, economics and management.
The research of advertising and media economy includes but is not limited to the following directions: first, advertising communication theory, the study of advertising communication characteristics, functions, categories, procedures, the history and change trend of advertising development, etc.; second, advertising operation and management, the study of advertising operation and advertising management mechanism of advertisers, advertising companies and media, as well as the management and control of advertising communication by the society; third, brand communication, the study of advertising planning and creativity around brand building, Fourth, the theory of media economy, which studies the nature of the media economy, the nature and production mode of media products, the consumption structure, behavior and performance of the media, the media market and government regulation, etc., and the fifth, the practice of media economy, which studies the decision-making, strategy, and other management issues of media organizations.
(4) Training objectives
1. Master's degree
Adhere to the correct political direction, have broad knowledge of humanities and social sciences, comprehensive and solid professional knowledge, and after standardized academic training, become professionals who are familiar with the practice of journalism and communication, have the basic ability of academic research, and independently engage in journalism and communication work. Specifically, it includes: first, having a relatively systematic reading and mastery of the classics of the humanities and social sciences; second, having a relatively systematic grasp and thorough understanding of the knowledge of journalism and communication, and being able to creatively engage in the practice of journalism; third, having a comprehensive and in-depth grasp of the research progress and achievements of the profession and the field; fourth, mastering the basic knowledge of academic methodology, and being able to adopt appropriate research methods according to the specific selection of topics; fifth, the basic knowledge of academics, academic research, and Sixth, they should have a deep understanding of academic norms and abide by academic ethics; sixth, they should be rigorous in their thinking, rigorous in logic, and have the basic ability to discover, raise and solve problems.
2. Ph.D. degree
Adhere to the correct political direction, have solid knowledge of humanities and social sciences, be familiar with the history and current situation of journalism and communication, grasp the latest progress of the discipline, have in-depth research in a certain professional field or research direction, and have high-level talents who are independently engaged in academic research and teaching. Specifically, on the basis of existing knowledge of the humanities and social sciences, students should be interested in important theories related to their own research. The core concepts and their historical context should be thoroughly understood and grasped; second, they should have keen thinking and analytical ability, be able to judge the value of problems, follow the academic frontier, and innovate theories and knowledge; third, they should have in-depth research and unique understanding of a certain research field or direction, and be able to make innovative knowledge contributions; fourth, they should have the perceptibility of academic research, understand the true meaning of academic research, master its paths, and have the ability to open up new fields; fifth, they should be loyal to academics, indifferent to fame and fortune, rigorous in their studies, and diligent and enterprising.
(5) Related disciplines
Sociology, Psychology, Literature, Law, Archaeology, Chinese History, World History, Political Science, Management Science and Engineering, Business Administration, Agricultural and Forestry Economic Management, Public Administration, Information Resources Management.
Basic requirements for a master's degree
(1) The basic knowledge that should be mastered to obtain a master's degree in the first-level discipline
The study of the Master of Journalism and Communication students should include three levels of content:
1. Basic principles of general human information dissemination.
2. A category of social information communication - the principles and expression (production) techniques of professional news communication activities.
3. Principles and expression (production) techniques of various other social information dissemination activities (such as advertising, public relations, various digital communication channels and platforms).
The principles of various social information communication are based on the general communication theory, and the basic theory of general information communication provides a broader knowledge base for various professional and non-professional information communication to understand their own characteristics, which is the knowledge system that master's students in different research directions of this discipline must master.
Information dissemination permeates all affairs and fields of human society, so the basic knowledge mastered by master's students in journalism and communication needs to appropriately require the breadth of knowledge on the basis of a certain depth, and all subject knowledge related to information communication needs to be known. This aspect mainly involves knowledge in the fields of logic, linguistics, anthropology, literature, sociology, social psychology, law, political science, history, popular economics, and general knowledge of natural sciences.
In terms of theoretical knowledge of disciplines, master's students in this discipline should have a solid basic knowledge of journalism and communication history, general communication theory, journalism theory, public relations theory, advertising theory, digital communication theory, etc.
In terms of subject professional and technical knowledge, master's students in this discipline should possess narrative knowledge and skills related to facts, entertainment, commentary, etc., and creative knowledge related to information dissemination such as editing (production) of narrative materials, advertising design, and public relations planning.
In terms of research methods, master's students in this discipline should be able to master general empirical research methods (quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis) and humanities-history-philosophy research methods, and at the same time, have a solid knowledge of modern Chinese rhetoric and cognitive logic.
(2) The basic qualities that should be possessed for obtaining a master's degree in the first-level discipline
1. Academic literacy
In terms of academic literacy, master's students in this discipline should be able to:
First, they should have a certain spirit of humanities and social sciences, have a certain interest in academic research, be realistic and pragmatic, be good at thinking about problems comprehensively, and have a certain logical thinking ability.
Second, have the preliminary theoretical accumulation and scientific research training to participate in academic research.
Third, students should have the ability to apply the theories of journalism and communication to make reasonable and convincing explanations of new events, problems, and phenomena at the first time.
2. Academic ethics
Master's students in this discipline are expected to be able to:
First, they should have a sense of academic independence, a public stance and a public welfare heart.
Second, follow academic norms, make reasonable use of others' research results, do not plagiarize, respect others' privacy and reputation rights, and do not slander or insult others in papers.
Third, do not do anything that violates laws and disciplines in all kinds of academic exchanges.
(3) The basic academic ability required to obtain a master's degree in the first-level discipline
1. Ability to acquire knowledge
First, have a relatively wide range of knowledge.
Second, in addition to the ability to acquire knowledge through traditional channels, it is also necessary to have the ability to effectively and quickly access information through various channels of digital media, and to know how to find information and experts comprehensively and effectively, and to know which paths are simpler, more effective and faster.
Thirdly, they should have the basic academic judgment ability, be able to learn from others' ideas and research frameworks in the face of specific research topics, and know which methods to use for research.
2. Scientific research ability
First, it is possible to judge the quality of the works in the discipline in general.
Second, it is appropriate to choose the existing results as arguments.
Third, they should be able to justify or falsify a certain point of view through scientific argumentation, and the method of argumentation should be logical, discoverable, and innovative.
Fourth, in terms of applied research, they should be able to put forward feasible measures or suggestions that have certain academic theoretical support, and do not use clichés and empty words.
3. Practical ability
First, be able to take on tasks as a key member of an information and communication organization.
Second, be able to participate in the planning, creativity and production of information products in information dissemination agencies.
4. Academic communication skills
First, to know the domestic research trends and research hotspots of the discipline, and to preliminarily grasp the academic research trends of the discipline at the international level.
Second, be able to use a foreign language proficiently to communicate with foreign scholars, be able to read general foreign literature of the discipline, and participate in the discussion of academic conferences.
Third, have good expression skills, be able to make the discussion concise and concise, and have internal logic.
(4) Basic requirements for dissertations
1. Normative requirements
First, the topic of the paper should have certain theoretical significance or practical application value, and the theoretical premise should be reliable.
Second, the entry point of the paper should be small, and in principle, the whole of China and the whole world (even the whole of China and the whole world in a certain aspect) should not be used as the starting point for the selection of topics.
Thirdly, the dissertation must have a literature search on the topic selection, which should be traced back to the literature at the starting point of the topic selection, and there should be an evaluation of the representative academic monographs and monographs involved in the topic selection. On this basis, the academic significance of the selected topic is discussed.
Fourthly, the dissertation must use the relevant academic theories of the discipline and adjacent disciplines as the theoretical support to demonstrate one's own views, and reflect the application of one's chosen academic theories in the paper. Arguments should be reliable, sufficient, and consistent. Conclusions cannot be drawn subjectively or self-evident regardless of the grounds. The introduction of a certain theory in a textbook should not be directly used as an argument for academic theory; it is not possible to replace academic exposition with experience summaries, work reports, and miscellaneous essays; and literary and artistic works cannot be used as arguments to prove or falsify the phenomenon of communication in the real society.
Fifth, the core academic concepts of the paper should be clear, rigorous, and effective, and in principle, they can only come from the interpretation of concepts in recognized academic works in the discipline, and cannot use the vernacular of life as an academic concept. In addition to language research, the explanations of ordinary dictionaries, dictionaries, and online encyclopedias should not be used as arguments for academic research.
Sixth, the chosen research method can be empirical or humanities-philosophical-historical research methods. Reliability and validity should be used as criteria to select appropriate research methods.
Seventh, except for a few topics involving ancient China, the paper must have an appropriate amount of foreign language references, and the text must reflect that some foreign language literature is indeed referenced.
Eighth, citations and annotations should meet the requirements of academic writing, be comprehensive, and continue to extract and distort quotations.
2. Quality requirements
First, the selection of topics or questions has enlightened the development of a certain aspect of the discipline, or the new understanding and new conclusions obtained through scientific argumentation have enlightened the development of a certain aspect of the discipline, or the analytical perspective and research methods provided have enlightened the development of a certain aspect of the discipline.
Second, the argumentation part of the paper can become the main body of the paper. Articles that only describe the problem or situation, do not ask questions, have no core ideas, and have no argumentation components (textbook chapters, leadership reports, propaganda articles, work summaries, newsletters, etc.) cannot be regarded as qualified dissertations.
Thirdly, the basic theoretical basis or premise of the paper is reliable, the application of empirical research methods is in line with the norms, and the research data and arguments are objective, reliable and consistent.
Basic requirements for doctoral degree
(1) The basic knowledge and structure that should be mastered to obtain a doctoral degree in the first-level discipline
Journalism and Communication is an interdisciplinary discipline, and doctoral students in this discipline should have a relatively broad and solid knowledge base, which roughly includes the following three aspects:
1. Basic knowledge in the field of humanities and social sciences. Specifically, it refers to the knowledge of all humanities and social sciences that are the foundation of journalism and communication and related to the study of human information (especially news and information) communication, which mainly involves sociology, psychology, social psychology, linguistics, anthropology, history, literature, law, political science, management, popular economics, ethics, and international relations.
2. Possess solid professional knowledge in the discipline of journalism and communication. Specifically, it refers to mastering the core concepts, basic theories, research methods and cutting-edge trends of international and domestic research in the field of journalism and communication, gaining an in-depth understanding of the relevant knowledge in the field of journalism and communication practice and the development of domestic and foreign media, and forming a more systematic and complete knowledge system about the discipline.
3. Possess the necessary basic knowledge of modern media practice. Specifically, it refers to having a considerable sensitivity to the changes in the reality of news communication, a good understanding of the general principles and development trends of modern media technology, and a full understanding and judgment of the impact of communication technology on the media industry.
(2) The basic qualities that should be possessed for obtaining a doctoral degree in the first-level discipline
1. Academic literacy
Academic literacy is the core quality that every doctoral student must have to obtain a doctoral degree. The main manifestations are:
First, it respects the spirit of "independence of thought and academic freedom", has a realistic and pragmatic academic character, and aims to devote itself to research and create knowledge.
Second, master systematic theoretical knowledge, understand the research tradition and research frontier in the field, be able to find valuable research questions, and have a sense of independent innovation.
Thirdly, students should understand different research orientations, master various research methods, abide by research norms, and be able to select and apply different research paths and methods according to different research questions.
Fourth, after systematic academic training, have certain research experience in participating in large-scale scientific research projects, and have the ability to independently carry out and complete scientific research projects.
2. Academic ethics
Observing academic ethics is an essential quality that professional researchers must have. PhD students in Journalism and Communication should:
First, abide by academic social norms, do not divulge state secrets, do not endanger national interests, do not infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of others, do not engage in personal attacks, do not insult or slander others, and do not infringe on others' privacy and reputation rights.
Second, respect intellectual property rights, do not plagiarize, do not plagiarize, and strictly abide by academic research norms.
Third, adhere to academic integrity, do not fabricate or exaggerate, do not exaggerate, do not exclamate beauty, do not conceal things, be objective and fair, and seek truth from facts.
Fourth, adhere to academic independence, freedom of thought, hold a public position, a heart of public welfare and a conscious sense of contributing to mankind, and be mighty and unyielding, rich and noble.
(3) The basic academic ability required to obtain a doctoral degree in the first-level discipline
1. Acquire knowledge and ability
Journalism and communication is a discipline that studies the various phenomena of human information (including news information) and requires the close combination of basic theory and social application. To do this, you should:
First, know how to use libraries, museums, archives and other channels to obtain various documents.
Second, it is necessary to correctly use various online scientific research database systems and search engines, and master a wealth of Chinese and foreign research literature.
Third, we should go deep into social practice, always keep a keen eye on information dissemination activities and the operation of mass media and "self-media", and have the ability to understand the latest situation in all aspects through special research.
Fourth, have the ability to grasp research trends, research focus and hot spots by participating in various international and domestic academic conferences.
Fifth, have a certain insight and imagination into social and cultural development.
Sixth, students should be proficient in at least one foreign language, have a strong ability to read foreign literature, and be able to grasp the tradition and frontier of international academic research.
2. Academic discernment ability
Doctoral students should have an impartial academic stance and academic value orientation, and have keen academic judgment, be able to fully mobilize their own knowledge accumulation, combine literature research, make reasonable trade-offs on research problems, research procedures and research methods in the research field, and be able to make their own independent evaluation of the existing research results in the field.
3. Scientific research ability
Scientific research ability is the ultimate goal of doctoral training. Doctoral students in journalism and communication should be able to put forward research questions with theoretical value or practical guiding significance, and have the ability to use appropriate speculative or empirical research methods to confirm or falsify previously preset theoretical hypotheses and draw academic conclusions that can stand the test of history. The research results can either fill the gaps in previous research, correct or deepen the discussion of related issues, or have theoretical innovation value, or can effectively guide communication and practice activities.
4. Academic innovation ability
Doctoral students must not only have strong scientific research ability, but also have a certain degree of academic innovation ability, and be able to enhance the production and accumulation of knowledge. As far as the discipline of journalism and communication is concerned, the academic innovation ability is mainly manifested in the following three aspects: first, new discoveries in the field of journalism and communication, new discoveries in facts, data and literature in the field of journalism and communication, second, new applications or revisions of journalism and communication research methods, and third, the formulation and confirmation of new theoretical hypotheses of journalism and communication.
5. Academic communication skills
In view of the fact that the research object of journalism and communication is the transmission and communication of human information, the requirements for doctoral students in journalism and communication are not limited to scientific research and academic innovation ability, but also have the ability to skillfully express their academic ideas and clearly display their academic achievements. Moreover, in the context of academic or intellectual globalization, doctoral students must also have the ability to use foreign languages for international academic communication.
6. Other Abilities
Different from the general humanities and social sciences, journalism and communication is a practical discipline, therefore, in addition to the above five abilities, doctoral students in journalism and communication should also be familiar with the process of journalism and communication production and operation, have a keen sensitivity to the changes in journalism and communication practice, and make theory and communication practice experience cross-reference, so as to effectively consolidate and improve their academic ability.
(4) Basic requirements for dissertations
1. Requirements for topic selection and review
The topic of the doctoral dissertation in journalism and communication must have a theoretical vision, be committed to solving important problems, be able to show new thinking or research space, and have certain academic innovation or strong practical guiding significance.
As a high-level academic achievement, the doctoral dissertation in journalism and communication should have considerable academic accumulation, respect the research results of predecessors, do a good job of literature collection and research, understand the basic appearance, achievements and theoretical context of the original research, and on this basis, lay the necessary foundation for their own problems and research.
2. Normative requirements
The doctoral dissertation in journalism and communication must strictly follow academic norms, including:
First, citation specifications. First of all, it is required that the cited literature is classic and authoritative. For example, the core concepts in the paper should not be based on dictionaries and dictionaries, but should be defined and explained by authoritative academic works. Non-academic results such as lessons learned, political reports, or miscellaneous essays cannot be cited as arguments. Second, a strict distinction must be made between direct quotations, which should be reproduced in the original language and marked in quotation marks, and indirect quotations, while the latter should be marked in the corresponding notes by "reference". I should refrain from quoting out of context, "excerpts" for my own use, "redundant quotations" for non-academic purposes, intentional or unintentional "omissions", and "indiscriminate quotations" in the form of writing.
Second, annotation specifications. Closely related to citation guidelines are annotation guidelines. First of all, the annotation information must be complete and accurate, and in principle, the original texts should be used to facilitate subsequent researchers to consult relevant literature. Second, it is not possible to quote or quote pseudo-annotations, that is, to mark the quotation as a direct quotation, and to mark the quotation from the translated work as coming from the original work.
Third, the method is standardized. It is necessary to understand the methodological basis of different research methods, understand the specific context in which they are generated, understand their effectiveness and limitations, and not rashly extrapolate the part to the whole without ground. It is necessary to correctly choose research methods according to one's own research problems, apply research methods in a standardized manner, and scientifically handle the relationship between research methods and empirical materials.
Fourth, language norms. The doctoral dissertation in journalism and communication avoids administrative thinking and the use of propaganda, literary and other non-academic expressions. Use words accurately and do not pursue the fashion of words.
3. Achievement innovation requirements
The innovation of the doctoral dissertation in journalism and communication is reflected in three aspects: theoretical innovation, material innovation and method innovation of the dissertation.
Theoretically, it is necessary to be able to put forward new (or revised) views or theoretical hypotheses in journalism and communication, rather than being a generalization of general knowledge within the discipline.
In terms of materials, it is necessary to pay attention to appropriate and scientific ways and methods of collection, to be able to discover and provide new factual materials or documents, or to be able to make new interpretations of original materials and present new meanings.
In terms of methodology, it is necessary to be able to apply it comprehensively and flexibly according to the problems they are studying, and be cautious in the application of methods in different situations, and make sufficient considerations and necessary and appropriate corrections, so as to more effectively confirm or falsify the academic theories and opinions preset in the relevant fields.
Chinese name: News & Communication
英文名称：Journalism and Communication
Prepared by: National Steering Committee for Graduate Education in Journalism and Communication
Introduction to Professional Degree Categories
(1) Overview of professional degree categories
Emerging media technologies have had a profound impact on human communication activities and the development of society and culture, and have put forward higher requirements for journalism and communication professionals. Professional degree graduate education is the main channel for cultivating high-level applied professionals, and is an important part of graduate education. In order to meet the urgent demand for high-level, applied and integrated journalism and communication professionals under the new situation of the country and the development of the times, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council deliberated and approved the "Master of Journalism and Communication Professional Degree Establishment Plan" in 2010, and established the Master of Journalism and Communication Professional Degree Authorization Point for the first time in 2011. In the same year, under the guidance of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, the Ministry of Education and other departments, the National Steering Committee for Graduate Education in Journalism and Communication (hereinafter referred to as the Education Guidance Committee) was established. The postgraduate education of the master's degree in journalism and communication has entered a period of high-quality, large-scale, high-level, multi-category and excellent layout.
In the past decade, the education of master's degree students in journalism and communication has developed rapidly. As of 2022, there are 216 master's degree granting institutions in journalism and communication across the country, an increase of 168 compared with 2010. The enrollment scale of professional degree authorization units has been expanding year by year, and some authorized units have added new media directions, international news communication directions, and health communication directions according to their own needs and characteristics. Some colleges and universities have cancelled the enrollment of academic degree graduate students in journalism and communication, and only recruited professional degree graduates.
The development of the master's degree in journalism and communication conforms to the needs of the development of the country and the industry, accelerates the pace of reform, and keeps pace with the times in the formulation of training programs, base construction, case database construction, textbook construction and dissertation requirements, so as to meet the needs of the times. In August 2020, the Education Guidance Committee organized the revision of the "Guiding Training Plan for Graduate Students in Journalism and Communication", clarifying the training objectives of professional degrees: to cultivate innovative, applied and integrated talents who are proficient in journalism and communication skills and methods, and to carry out top-level design for professional degree education. In terms of base construction, from the "school-enterprise joint training base", "national journalism and communication graduate joint training base", "national journalism and communication graduate demonstration training base" In terms of the construction of the case database, it actively promotes the co-construction and cooperation with the China Professional Degree Case Center; at the same time, it promotes the construction of the case database and promotes the optimization and innovation of case teaching by regularly organizing and holding the selection of excellent teaching cases; in the construction of teaching materials, it authorizes relevant journalism and communication colleges to organize the compilation of five core courses; in terms of dissertation requirements, the Education Guidance Committee organizes the research and formulation of the Basic Requirements for Master's Professional Dissertation (Practical Results)", which regulates the topic, content and form of the dissertation, and refines the dissertation requirements in diversified forms such as investigation reports, case studies, and professional works.
The cultivation of professional talents with a master's degree in journalism and communication has always taken the national strategic needs as the starting point, adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, held high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, carried forward the core values of socialism, firmly established the Marxist outlook on journalism, served the overall situation of the party and the country, met the needs of industry development, established and improved a high-level journalism and communication talent training mechanism that meets the goals and tasks of a socialist cultural power, and has a high level of journalism and communication talent training mechanism that meets the goals and tasks of a socialist cultural power. In the fields of the implementation of the comprehensive network governance system and local regional development, more high-level, application-oriented and integrated talents will be imported for the country and the industry. Focusing on the improvement of applied knowledge and ability, we should pay attention to cultivating students' practical ability to engage in journalism, especially in the context of media integration and development, and strengthen the cultivation of innovative, applied and integrated talents who are proficient in news communication skills and methods. In recent years, graduates of the master's degree in journalism and communication have a wide range of employment and diversified employment levels, covering all kinds of mainstream media, propaganda departments of party committees and governments at all levels, enterprises and institutions, institutional media, Internet platforms and other fields, and their professionalism and professional ethics have been widely praised by employers.
(2) The connotation of professional degree categories
1. Talent training direction
In accordance with the deployment requirements of accelerating the development of in-depth media integration, the degree in journalism and communication is committed to cultivating all-media talents and providing strong support for the development of media integration. The master's degree category in journalism and communication involves the main talent training directions: journalism practice, communication practice, media operation, audio-visual communication, international journalism and communication, etc., and the school-running institutions can set specific professional directions according to the needs of industry talents and their own discipline conditions.
The practical direction of journalism mainly involves news interviewing, writing, editing, commentary, photography and other related fields, as well as the direction fields that emphasize content or technical characteristics, such as digital journalism, convergence journalism, financial journalism and other fields.
The direction of communication practice mainly involves advertising, public relations, branding, marketing and other related fields, and also emphasizes the direction of content or technical characteristics, such as new media communication, public communication, big data communication, computing communication, intelligent communication, digital marketing communication and other fields.
The direction of media operation mainly involves the operation of media organizations, industry management and other related fields, and also emphasizes the direction of industry or business characteristics, such as new media operation, media product design, cultural industry management, media operation and management, etc.
The direction of audio-visual communication mainly involves radio, television, film, audio and video and other related fields, and also emphasizes the direction of content or technical characteristics, such as film and television communication, audio-visual new media communication and other fields.
The direction of international journalism and communication mainly involves international news, international communication, cross-cultural communication and other related fields, as well as the practice of international journalism and communication that emphasizes the characteristics of specific languages or countries.
2. Academic Conditions
The school-running institution shall have a first-level discipline degree authorization point in journalism and communication or meet the basic requirements of the graduate degree authorization point of the professional degree in journalism and communication, and obtain the qualification of a professional degree graduate degree authorization point.
3. Integration of industry and education, joint training, and practice base requirements
Attach importance to the integration of industry and education, and encourage school-running units and the industry to carry out various forms of cooperation in the integration of industry and education. The school-running unit should have a certain proportion of full-time teachers with practical experience in the industry, and pay attention to inviting industry experts as full-time teachers to participate in student guidance. Pay attention to the practice orientation of the curriculum system, update the course content in a timely manner in combination with the practice of the journalism and communication industry, pay attention to inviting industry experts into the classroom to carry out practical lectures, course lectures or practical training guidance, and pay attention to students going out of the campus to participate in industry research and internship practice.
Strengthen joint training of master's degree talents in journalism and communication with news and communication institutions, management departments, and scientific research institutions such as press and publication, radio and television, and internet information, and actively explore the collaboration between government, industry, academia and research to cultivate high-quality journalism and communication professionals. As an important part of the training process, professional practice should be clearly defined in the training program. The school-running unit should coordinate the management of professional practice, and the industry unit should participate in joint guidance.
Pay attention to the construction of professional practice bases. The school-running unit shall sign a cooperation agreement with a news and communication institution with a high level of professional ability on professional practice bases to ensure that students receive high-quality professional practice opportunities and practical guidance during their studies.
(3) Professional degree category service orientation
The master's degree education in journalism and communication is aimed at cultivating news production and operation management talents with solid all-media editing business ability and industry insight for press and publication, radio and television and other institutions, industry management talents and policy research talents with high political literacy and compound knowledge structure for party and government propaganda departments, and publicity and promotion, advertising and marketing, public relations, consulting and planning for various enterprise organizations, and cultivating innovative and creative thinking, in-depth analysis ability, planning and consulting ability, integrated communication ability, etc. High-level management talents and market research talents with market operation ability; high-level management talents with Internet thinking and new media development and application ability, forward-looking vision, agile thinking and courage to open up in the production and operation of new media content; Compound and innovative international communication talents with good foreign language skills, broad international vision and cross-cultural communication ability, telling Chinese stories and spreading Chinese voices well for the new media industry.
(4) Training objectives
It is committed to cultivating innovative, applied and integrated talents who insist on attaching equal importance to political quality and professional quality, having both theoretical knowledge and practical skills, combining executive ability and innovative spirit, and cultivating innovative, applied and integrated talents who are proficient in news and communication skills and methods.
Basic requirements for a master's degree
Talents with a master's degree in journalism and communication should have the political quality, humanistic feelings, moral quality, and teamwork consciousness that should be engaged in journalism and communication; have excellent critical thinking and good cultural, psychological and physical qualities; be proficient in and apply the basic theoretical knowledge of journalism and communication, focus on mastering professional knowledge of related disciplines, and have a certain degree of interdisciplinary development ability; have excellent judgment in journalism and communication. Practical and management ability, with the ability to participate in the transformation and upgrading of the industry and sustainable innovation and development, familiar with the basic policies of news communication, adhere to the basic professional ethics. The main requirements are as follows:
(1) The basic qualities required to obtain a master's degree in this professional degree category
1. Political quality
Adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, firmly establish the Marxist outlook on journalism, adhere to the core socialist values and professional ethics of journalism, and assume the responsibility and mission of the socialist journalism profession.
Deeply practice "foot power, eyesight, brain power, pen power", adhere to the fundamental position of people-centered, and always put social benefits first. In the practice of journalism and communication, it is necessary to have the spirit of dedication to serving the people, focus more on the people with pen and lens, report and disseminate more stories of struggle and fiery life of the people, sing the main theme, strengthen positive energy, and expand and strengthen mainstream ideology and public opinion.
2. Professionalism
Caring for the "great man of the country", combining national feelings and professional ideals, cultivating "four-way and four-doing" journalists, enhancing the "four forces", and strengthening the cultivation of professional ability in the era of deep media integration.
Have a broad professional vision, master the basic theories and basic methods of journalism and communication, have solid professional basic theoretical knowledge, be able to correctly use professional tools and methods, and have professional skills to be competent in journalism and communication.
Have the ability to think independently, have good thinking ability and logical analysis ability, be able to think systematically and comprehensively and solve problems reasonably in combination with reality.
Possess a certain degree of humanistic spirit and scientific literacy, be able to accurately understand the connotation of the process of Chinese-style modernization, have strong professional sensitivity, and be able to timely and accurately use the theoretical knowledge of journalism and communication to make reasonable and convincing explanations of new phenomena, events and problems.
Possess the necessary organizational and management skills and teamwork spirit, and have the ability to respond to and properly handle a variety of emergencies.
3. Professional ethics and professionalism
Adhere to the basic principles of truthfulness and objective reporting. Engaging in news communication practice activities must be on-the-spot interviews and on-site observations, repeatedly verify news facts, verify them from multiple sources, be good at using Marxist epistemological positions, viewpoints, and methods, conduct in-depth investigation and research, grasp the overall situation, gain insight into the essence of laws, and ensure that news reports are comprehensive, objective and fair.
Adhere to the practical requirements of integrity and innovation, maintain the sharpness and openness of thought, follow the laws of news dissemination and the development of emerging media, comply with the requirements of the development of all media, reflect the times, grasp the law, and be creative.
4. Academic ethics
Abide by academic ethics. Emphasize academic honesty and cultivate the consciousness of academic ethics; strictly prohibit academic fraud and academic misconduct; maintain a "zero tolerance" attitude towards academic corruption; reasonably use and quote the achievements of others, prohibit the provision of false academic information, prohibit plagiarism, plagiarism, embezzlement and tampering with the academic achievements of others; respect the privacy and reputation rights of others, and do not slander or insult others in academic research.
Follow academic norms. Strictly abide by all kinds of academic research standards, pay attention to the seriousness of scientific research, make sure that the citation is standardized and the labeling is appropriate, make clear and accurate statements about one's own research results and the research results of others, encourage academic innovation, and safeguard academic freedom.
Discipline. Do not do anything that violates the law and discipline, we must have bottom-line thinking, and have the courage to stop others from violating the law and discipline.
Reverence for the truth and love of scholarship. Establish the ideal of pursuing academics, have the courage to explore the truth, dare to investigate the essence and truth of facts, correctly treat the academic honor of research results, and have the courage to assume academic responsibilities and obligations.
(2) The basic knowledge that should be mastered to obtain a master's degree in this professional degree category
1. Basics
Have a broad professional vision and a more systematic knowledge system. Master the basic theoretical knowledge of literature, philosophy, law, political science, sociology, psychology, history, economics, management, computer science and other related disciplines, and have certain knowledge of natural sciences. Master the knowledge of various disciplines related to information communication, and have rich knowledge of China's national conditions, social culture, industry and policy.
2. Expertise
Should possess the following professional knowledge (can be focused on according to the professional direction):
(1) Subject expertise. Firm grasp the theoretical knowledge of journalism theory, journalism and communication history, communication theory, public relations theory, audio-visual communication theory, advertising theory, publishing theory, digital communication theory, etc., be familiar with the laws, regulations and policy requirements of news communication, and be proficient in practical knowledge and skills such as collection, writing, editing, commentary, photography and advertising design, public relations planning and implementation.
(2) Research and analysis methods. Be able to master the methods of routine qualitative analysis, as well as quantitative analysis methods such as survey statistics and data analysis.
(3) Professional domain knowledge. Being able to have a comprehensive and systematic grasp of knowledge in law, finance, big data, or related professional fields will help improve the professional quality and ability of the industries involved.
(4) Knowledge of management communication. Proficient in media management and management, communication and expression, public etiquette and other related knowledge and skills.
(5) Knowledge of laws, regulations and policies of news dissemination. Be able to have a good grasp of the relevant laws, regulations and policy requirements in the field of journalism and communication practice.
(3) Practical training required for obtaining a master's degree in this professional degree
Receive the following practical training (with a focus on the specialty):
1. Practical training in all-media news production, carry out all-media news content production, including mastering the practical business of collecting, writing, editing, commenting, and photographing news, commentaries, newsletters, special topics, and integrated media news (or integrated news); master the one-time collection, multi-generation, and multi-terminal release of news releases, and be familiar with the integrated reporting of production systems; master the design and production of audio-visual products; master the planning and organization of major theme reports, international communication, typical reports, and public opinion supervision reports; master data mining, Data journalism and visualization production are good at carrying out application innovation with rich content, advanced technology and novel forms. Through these practices, students will be equipped with the sense of innovation, production ability and reporting skills to deal with the deep integration of media.
2. Practical training in creative design and communication, carrying out the production and dissemination of creative content in the new media environment, including mastering the skills of innovative thinking and the rules of art communication, mastering the expression and design and production of creative content, and mastering the development and circulation of creative products. Through these practices, students will have both artistic literacy, planning awareness, production skills and communication skills.
3. Practical training in media communication and promotion, carry out operation practice in the new media environment, including capital operation, brand operation, strategic operation, product operation and precision marketing, etc., participate in market research, data analysis, marketing decision-making, media promotion, advertising, public relations execution, channel development and other practical training, so that students can master user research ability, operation planning ability and communication and promotion ability.
4. Practical training in media operation and management, carry out practical training in strategic decision-making, enterprise operation and management, team leadership and other aspects for new media, so that students can understand and grasp relevant industry policies, master the laws and methods of media operation and management, and have the comprehensive ability and quality to deal with and control the media market.
(4) The basic abilities that should be possessed to obtain a master's degree in this professional degree
Basic competencies required for obtaining a degree in this professional category:
1. Ability to acquire knowledge. Have a broad professional vision, have the ability of interdisciplinary and cross-border learning, be familiar with the development trends and research hotspots of journalism and communication at home and abroad, and be proficient in using a variety of literature retrieval tools to quickly search for information and select topics for novelty; be proficient in reading foreign journals and related literature of foreign journalism and communication; have the ability to design and construct their own knowledge framework and learning programs, and be able to use digital media, electronic information resources and other convenient channels to carry out self-learning and "charging". Ability to make judgments and manage personal knowledge, master effective learning methods, carry out interdisciplinary knowledge and theoretical learning, integrate multi-source heterogeneous knowledge resources and form their own knowledge structure.
2. Research and analysis skills. Have a good sense of problems, have the ability to discover problems and put forward hypotheses, be able to keenly discover valuable hot issues and research topics in the practice of news communication, and have the ability to extract research propositions from problems; have good professional research ability, be able to put forward innovative research topics on the basis of existing research; have good professional literature analysis ability; have good professional research ability, rigorous logical thinking and systematic analysis ability, be able to reasonably select research methods and design research ideas; An effective method can demonstrate the research problem, reasonably prove or falsify a certain point of view, and the argumentation method conforms to logical and professional norms, and can put forward feasible and theoretically supported countermeasures and suggestions, and make innovations.
3. Professional practice ability. Have good professional practice ability in journalism and communication, be able to use pictures, text, audio, video and other media forms and expressions to express facts, opinions and present creativity; have a wide caliber of compound professional practice ability, and at the same time have good professional expertise in some fields or aspects; master the skills of digital professional practice, have certain cross-media narrative ability and data analysis, expression and presentation ability; have good professional judgment on news and public opinion, Ability to analyze and practice; Good ability to interact and communicate with the news and communication industry, and be able to find, analyze and solve problems from practice; be able to use a foreign language for business communication proficiently; have certain organizational and coordination skills, be able to lead a team to engage in news communication activities efficiently, and be able to effectively integrate and coordinate various resources to serve news communication activities.
(5) Basic requirements for dissertations
As an important part of the training of graduate students, the master's dissertation in journalism and communication aims to cultivate the ability of independent investigation, research, writing, production and design through the writing of the dissertation, and cultivate the innovative spirit and practical awareness of graduate students.
1. Topic selection requirements
(1) The topic selection should focus on the frontier, hot spots, difficulties and key issues in the industry and professional scope, should have strong theoretical and practical significance and application value, and should meet the principles of innovation, scientificity and falsifiability.
(2) The scope of the topic selection can involve journalism practice, radio, film and television, online new media, advertising, media operation and management, cultural industry, international communication, journalism ethics and regulations, etc., focusing on professionalism.
(3) The topic selection should reflect the awareness of problems, pay attention to important issues, phenomena and development trends in the practice of news communication, and find "real problems" from complex phenomena. The position of the topic selection is correct, the size of the research question is moderate, the size of the research question is not vague, and it is feasible.
(4) The topic selection should be searched, combed and reviewed on relevant research and literature, the proposal report should be written, and expert argumentation should be conducted. In principle, the expert group should be composed of academics and industry professionals.
2. Dissertation form and specification requirements
(1) The dissertation should be completed independently by the master's student under the guidance of the supervisor. You can choose the form of special research, research report, case analysis, and professional work creation paper.
(2) Strictly abide by academic norms, and achieve norms for topic selection and materials, citation and annotation, presentation of results, academic criticism, and academic evaluation. The dissertation should be written correctly, the language should be fluent, the data should be reliable, the expression should be clear, the quotation should be accurate, the format should be rigorous, the references should be properly listed, and the figures, tables, formulas, and units should meet the requirements of the specification, and the academic views of others should be avoided, exaggerated, belittled, distorted or diluted.
(3) The writing format of the dissertation should generally include the following parts: Chinese and English titles, Chinese and English abstracts and keywords, independent completion and integrity statement, table of contents, basis and significance of topic selection, domestic and foreign literature review of related research, body part, conclusion, notes, references, necessary appendices (mathematical proofs, original data, published papers, etc.), author's acknowledgement, statement of originality of the paper and authorized instructions.
(4) The definition of the core concepts of the paper should be rigorous and clear, and the concepts cited should only come from the recognized academic works in the discipline, and the explanations of ordinary dictionaries and dictionaries should not be used as arguments for academic research.
(5) The references of the paper should be related to the content of the paper, and should be the literature that really supports the writing of the paper, in principle, these documents should be reflected in the paper, and there must be an appropriate number of references in foreign languages (generally at least one-third).
(6) Quotations and annotations should meet the prescribed writing requirements, be comprehensive, and continue to quote and distort quotes.
3. Dissertation level requirements
(1) The dissertation should have a certain depth and value of insights on the basis of fully grasping the relevant research results and original materials of the topic. The dissertation should be innovative, or new understanding or new conclusions obtained through scientific argumentation, or the analytical perspective and research methods can enlighten the major.
(2) The basic theoretical basis or premise of the dissertation should be reliable, and it must be supported by scientific, recognized theories or true and objective facts. Arguments should be sufficient and consistent, and conclusions should not be drawn subjectively or self-evident regardless of the evidence, essays and miscellaneous feelings, summaries of experience, and work reports should not be regarded as academic theories, and literary and artistic works should not be used as arguments to prove or falsify the phenomenon of communication in the real society.
(3) The argumentation part of the dissertation is the main body and core of the dissertation, which should be scientific, systematic, reasonable and self-consistent, and should not only describe the problem or situation without the core viewpoint or argument;
(4) The dissertation should reflect that the author has a good grasp of the basic theories, professional knowledge and research methods of the research field, and at the same time demonstrate that the author has certain research ability and business skills.