Dehua County introduced Taiwan's four-season lime cultivation technology
_Zhang Yuye
In 2015, Yihong Comprehensive Farm in Dehua County, Fujian Province, introduced a new variety of four-season lime citrus in Gaoyang Village, Longxun Town, Dehua County, with a planting base area of 9.87 hm 2 and supporting water circuit infrastructure, mainly engaged in the production, processing and sales of four-season lime. Lime has a unique health effect, is a new variety of citrus series introduced from Taiwan, belongs to the newly promoted citrus varieties in Fujian Province, lime has a variety of processing and utilization value, high comprehensive benefits, good market prospects and economic benefits.
1 Variety characteristics
Taiwan four seasons of lime, all year round can flower and bear fruit, the fruit is oval, single fruit quality 150 ~ 250 g, the outer skin is green, rough and not smooth, the fruit matures from the inside to the outside to emit a rich aroma, the fruit can be eaten fresh, can be juiced.
2 Suitable planting conditions
Gaoyang Village, Longxun Town, Dehua County, an introduction site, has a subtropical climate, with an altitude of 600 m, an annual average temperature of more than 18 °C, an annual active accumulated temperature of more than 5 500 °C at ≥ 10 °C, an average temperature of 6 to 8 °C in January, an extremely low temperature of > -3 °C, an annual rainfall of more than 1 200 mm, an annual sunshine hour of > 1 200 h, and a short-term low temperature of -5 °C in the winter of 2015, with a slight frost damage in the new shoots. After years of introduction and trial planting observation, Taiwan's four-season limoncil likes warm winter and cool summer subtropical climate, which is suitable for cultivation in flat land and hilly slopes, but the soil layer is deep, loose, rich in organic matter, good drainage, low groundwater level, pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5 slightly acidic red soil is the best, and the natural ecological conditions of Gaoyang Village in Longxun Town are basically suitable for planting.
3 Garden planting
In 2015, the four-season lime grafted seedlings were introduced from Taiwan, the row spacing of lemon planting plants was controlled at 3 m×4 m, 667 m 2 It was appropriate to plant 60 plants on average, and the size of the planting hole was controlled within the range of 0.8 m deep and 0.8 m in diameter; 1 month before planting, the colonization hole was dug up and then filled with base fertilizer, each colonization hole should be mixed with soil miscellaneous fertilizer, compost 30 kg, lime 0.5 kg, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus 2 kg mixed with topsoil, backfilled in the colonization hole, and filled with topsoil, made into a mound and 20 to 30 cm above the ground; Digging out the mound to colonize the seedlings, requiring the soil to be gently compacted, ensuring that the soil and the root system are completely combined, leaving no gaps, and the tree tray is covered with straw to maintain the moisture of the soil; after the seedlings survive, they should be watered in time to dilute and decomposed water and fertilizer to promote the growth of roots and new shoots.
4 Trimming techniques
1) Pruning of young trees. Taiwan's four-season lime young trees grow vigorously, but the tree shape is spread, and weak branches should be removed when pruning, the tree posture should be enhanced, and the focus is on cultivating a round-headed canopy to produce a rich tree shape. Mainly using 1 trunk, 3 ~ 5 main branches, 10 ~ 15 branches, the main branch and the trunk into 40 ~ 50 °, the main branch and the secondary branch into 65 ~ 70 ° as good as possible, young trees before fruiting as far as possible to remove and avoid shorting, in order to increase the density of branches, slow growth potential, early fruit. For 2 to 4 years old trees, it is necessary to spread the buds and shoots to form a natural round head shape with good light inside and outside.
2) Pruning of the resulting tree. The pruning of the first fruiting trees is mainly based on light shearing in winter and spring, supplemented by summer heart-picking and shorting, and light and long-distance. The pruning of adult fruiting trees is mainly based on summer shears, and the buds are smeared and plucked with short thinness. The focus of the weakened elderly tree is to retract and renew the weak branches in the upper part of the canopy, and only the crossed branches in the middle and upper parts of the canopy are thinned for the canopy to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the canopy.
5 Fertilizer water management
1) Fertilizer water management of young trees. Young trees are mainly based on the application of nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, mainly by the application of seedling fertilizer, focusing on the cultivation of new branches; fertilization is based on the principle of diligent application of thin fertilizer, more application before and after the tops; fertilization methods can take the whole garden fertilization, strip ditches, etc., can also be used to topdress outside the root, combined with the control of diseases and insect pests with urea liquid concentration of 0.1% ~ 0.5%, spraying the canopy.
In terms of water management, it is necessary to keep the orchard soil moist and not waterlogged all year round. Timely irrigation in the dry season, and timely drainage in the rainy season to avoid water accumulation in orchards.
2) Fruit tree fertilizer water management. Taiwan four seasons of lime 1 year multiple plucking, flowering, fruit, fertilizer and water conditions are higher, in the orchard management should adopt the principle of organic fertilizer as the mainstay, compound fertilizer as a supplement. The initial fruit tree is re-applied before autumn and winter, spring fertilizer is applied to flowers, and not applied before summer; adult fruit trees are mainly fertilized before and after fruit picking, before spring and before autumn shoots, and 3 to 4 times in 1 year; the production generally adopts the whole garden fertilization, strip ditch, root and other fertilization methods; the fertilization range is generally on the outer edge of the canopy drip line, and the fertilizer and organic fertilizer are buried in the soil, especially the phosphate fertilizer is easy to be fixed by the soil, so it is advisable to bury deep or combine organic fertilizer mixed application, the depth is 20 ~ 40 cm, to avoid fertilizer loss Fertilization should be rotated in different directions and positions year by year; irrigation should be timely in the dry season, and drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season to avoid waterlogging caused by lemon yellowing and defoliation.
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6 Pest control
Taiwan four-season lime disease mainly include ulcer disease, scab disease, prevention and control of canker disease can be sprayed once in each new shoot length of 2 to 3 cm and leaf greening stage once to protect the new shoots; fruit can be sprayed once 20 days, 35 days and 50 days after the flower, the recommended agent is: 72% agricultural streptomycin wettable powder 2 500 times liquid, 77% can kill wettable powder 400 ~ 600 times liquid, etc. Scab prevention and control to prevent and protect the main, the focus of new tree planting is to protect the buds and protect the shoots, the result tree is mainly to protect the young fruit, in the new shoot germination stage and flowering period Xie flower 2/3 should be timely prevention and control, you can choose the following agents: 70% methyl tolbuzin 800 ~ 1 000 times liquid, 75% Bacillus Qing wettable powder 500 ~ 800 times liquid, etc.
Common pests include red spiders, leafminer moths and butterfly larvae, etc., and the agents used for the control of red spiders are 1.8% avermectin emulsion 4 000 times liquid, 73% g mite 3 000 times liquid, etc. The principle of control of leafminer moth is to inhibit the source of insects by spreading buds and venting, control adults and young larvae at the endping stage, and select 2.5% cypermethrin 2 000 to 3 000 times liquid, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 4 000 to 6 000 times liquid, etc. The methods of controlling butterfly larvae include netting adults, juvenile plantations promote the timely removal of eggs and the capture of larvae and pupae, and the chemical agent has 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1 500 ~ 2 000 times liquid, 2.5% cypermethrin 1 500 ~ 2 500 times liquid, etc.
7 Harvesting
1) Harvest period. Harvesting time is based on fruit ripeness, mainly the degree of fruit coloring, soluble solids, acid content to reach the harvesting standard can be harvested; the general storage preservation and long-distance sales of harvest maturity can be appropriately advanced; if it rains, dew is not dry, windy when it is not suitable for harvesting.
2) Prepare before harvesting. Arrange the harvest labor, prepare the harvest shears, fruit ladders, fruit baskets, transport vehicles and fruit storage warehouses for harvesting.
3) Harvesting method. Adopt the method of 1 fruit and 2 shears. The 1st shear bag is cut above the mouth of the bag and transported back to the warehouse; the paper bag is removed and the second shear is performed, requiring the intact sepals to be retained and the stems to be cut off at the sepals of the fruit. The harvested fruit should be handled lightly, not thrown, and the wounded and sick fruits should be picked out.
8 Store and preserve freshness
1) Anti-corrosion preservation. Spray fungicides and fruit waxes for antiseptic preservation, preservatives are generally used 25% Daifu mold emulsion 1 000 ~ 1 500 times liquid, or 25% Shi Bao ke (imidamine) emulsion 500 ~ 600 times liquid, or 50% Shi Bao ke (imidium fresh amine manganese salt) wettable powder 1 200 ~ 1 500 times liquid. On the day after harvesting, the fruit is soaked with the above preservative for 1 min, placed in a well-ventilated indoor field to dry, and after drying, the injured fruit and the diseased and insect fruit are removed and graded. The fruit is packed and boxed in a film plastic bag and stored in a storage or cold storage. Directly sold fruits can not use fungicides, the surface of the fruit is cleaned and dried, the injured fruit and the diseased and insect fruit are removed and graded, and sold in boxes.
2) Storage at room temperature. The storage methods at room temperature include simple warehouses, underground warehouses, and cellar storage. The simple warehouse is the use of ordinary warehouses or farmhouses, relying on natural ventilation to adjust the temperature and humidity in the storage warehouse, to achieve the purpose of storage and preservation. The storage is equipped with some simple ventilation equipment, such as appropriate doors or windows, exhaust fans, so that the storage is well ventilated. The storage warehouse is disinfected 10 ~ 15 days before the fruit is put into storage, disinfected with 7% methyl tolbuzin 500 times liquid spraying the library wall, the top of the warehouse, and then the sulfur powder is burned in the library for 10 g·m -3, sealed and fumigated for 24 h, and the doors and windows are closed when there is no sulfur taste in the library. Regular inspections are carried out during storage and circulating ventilation is carried out.
3) Cold storage. During storage, the cold storage is maintained at a temperature of 5 ~ 5.5 °C, the relative humidity is maintained at 90% to 95%, the carbon dioxide content is maintained below 1%, the oxygen content is maintained at 17% to 19%, and regular circulation ventilation is carried out, and the lemon with higher acid content in this cold storage can be stored for nearly 1 year.
9 Comprehensive utilization
1) Make drinks, jams and preserved fruits. The lemon fruit is processed into the original juice, jam, preserved fruit. Lemon juice plus honey is a common family drink; lemon fruit can be processed into the original juice, the original juice is further processed into a beverage; dried fruit is sold on the market, and can further be processed into a variety of cold fruit preserves, such as lemon, licorice lemon, eight rare lemons and so on.
2) Lemon essential oil. The lemon peel consists of 2 layers, the outer peel contains 6% essential oil, 100 lemons can be refined into 1 pound of lemon oil, and 1 000 t lemon peel can be processed 3 to 5 t lemon oil. Lemon oil is an important ingredient in perfumes, especially when used in Cologne perfumes.
3) Food flavoring agent. Lemon is a natural food flavoring agent. European and American-style Chinese feasts often add lemon juice or slices to the dish, which adds obvious flavor to the fishy. The flavor of lemon can penetrate into sauces, fish, drinks, red meat, desserts and bread, and its characteristic aroma can add flavor to the food that goes with it. Lemon can be used to brew vinegar, which has the effect of reducing saltiness, defishiness and flavoring, and does not have carcinogens such as aflatoxin.
4) Other applications. Lemon is a natural household detergent, cut a slice of lemon impregnated in salt water can remove dirt from the bottom of the pot; it can be used as a "bleach" for human skin freckles, and is often used as a skin care product at home. Lemon peel is dehydrated as feed; lemon logs are delicate, strong and easy to process, and are often used in carving, toys and crafts manufacturing.