Shatian citrus citrus plant, mainly produced in China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Rong County, Guilin, Liuzhou and other places), Guangdong Province, Meizhou also has many species. Shatian Village, Rong County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, was first cultivated, so it is called Shatian grapefruit.
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First, biological characteristics
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Sha tin grapefruit is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree, with lush branches, evergreen, adult trees 5 to 7 m tall, tall crown, round head (hemispherical, flat round), open or semi-open, strong and vigorous, dense branches, young branches with small spines, oval leaves, apex pointed round, leaf wings medium, heart-shaped, white flowers, 4 to 5 petals. The fruit is heart-shaped or pear-shaped, weighing 0.8 to 2 kg, the fruit peduncle is short-necked, the fruit bottom is flat or slightly concave, often has a circular ring, the masses call it "Money Governor", is one of the characteristics of Sha Tin grapefruit, the peel is yellow, medium thick, medium thick, grapefruit medium large, dense slightly convex, capsule long kidney-shaped, 12 to 15 petals, the central column is small, full; the bag is slender, pale yellowish white, moderate water juice, sweet and crisp.
Second, the varieties of Sha Tin grapefruit
Sha Tin grapefruit is divided into two categories of sour grapefruit and sweet grapefruit by flesh flavor, or divided into two categories of white meat and red meat by the color of the flesh, and there are also two categories of spherical grapefruit or pear-shaped grapefruit in fruit shape, and there are also classified by the soft and hard branches of the tree.
It is divided by the soft and hard branches, which can be divided into soft branch species and hard branch species. Soft-branched trees are more open and long, the strips are small, the branch angle is larger, some of the branches on the periphery of the canopy are drooping, the leaves are smaller and thinner, and the leaf color is thicker and greener, rich in luster; The fruit is small, inverted heart-shaped, short stem, thinner skin, smoother appearance, softer sap sac, crisp and tender, sweet, dense flavor, hard branches of the tree half-open, rough branches; Upward growth; the leaves are larger and thicker, the leaf color is lighter; the fruit is larger, pear-shaped, the stem is taller, the skin is thicker, the appearance is rough, the juice sac is harder, crisper, the taste is lighter, slightly bitter, and the soft branches have more fruits than the hard branches, the quality is good, and the yield is stable.
Third, the cultivation environment of Sha tin grapefruit
Sha Tin grapefruit prefers a warm and humid climate environment, the temperature is 13 ~ 36 °C, the average annual rainfall of 1000 ~ 2000 mm is suitable for its growth and development, the most suitable temperature is 21-29 °C. In addition to Rong County, Cangwu, TengXian County, Pingnan, Guiping, He County, Zhongshan, Zhaoping, Mengshan, Pingle, Rong'an, Chongzuo, Nanning, and Guilin are planted in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In addition, it is also cultivated in Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan and other provinces.
4. Management of Sha Tin Pomelo Orchard
01 Soil fertilizer water management
In terms of soil, in July or November every year, a fertilization pit with a length, width and depth of 1.5mx0.6mx0.7m should be dug next to the canopy, and weeds, organic fertilizers, green manure, etc. should be applied to the pit, so that the fertilizer and soil should be integrated, and the position should be changed every year when digging the pit. In terms of intercropping, intercropping dwarf legumes or nitrogen-fixing crops such as green manure to cultivate the fertility of the land, when selecting intercropping crops, its production management mode should start from the perspective of organic production, to ensure that the normal growth of Sha tin grapefruit will not be affected in the process of operation. At the same time, in order to avoid soil erosion and water and fertilizer loss, weeds or straw should be used to cover and ensure that the distance between the cover and the trunk is controlled at about 12cm. In order to meet the growth needs of organic Shatian grapefruit, it is necessary to strengthen the timely supplementation of nutrient elements, mainly apply a certain amount of decomposed organic compost, biogas liquid fertilizer, at the same time, but also apply organic Shatian grapefruit professional compound fertilizer, timely supplementary nutrients for organic Shatian grapefruit. In order to meet the needs of organic Shatin grapefruit, the application of organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer should be intensified to replenish the nutrients and energy required for Shatin grapefruit. In general, the main period of fertilization is from February to March, early May, early to mid-June and 15 to 20 days before fruit picking, and the requirements for fertilizer are the largest, and the application should be applied diligently. The amount of fertilizer applied in each period of the year is preferably 30% of germination fertilizer, 20% of stable fruit period, 35% of strong fruit fertilizer and 15% of fruit picking fertilizer. Keep the garden moist during the growing season of young trees and ensure sufficient moisture at the end of the shoots. In winter, water should be properly controlled, and stagnant water should be removed as soon as possible in the rainy season. As a result, in the spring, summer and autumn of the tree, the soil should be kept relatively moist, both to prevent excessive humidity and drought, and to prevent irrigation after a long drought. Proper water control in winter, but when the leaves are overvolved, they should be sprinkled with water in time, but not too wet once.
02 Plastic trimming
The natural round head shape of the multi-main branch should be 35 to 40 cm high, no obvious trunk, 3 to 4 main branches, the distribution is staggered, the branch angle is 40 ° ~ 50 °, and the sub-main branches are configured on each main branch 2 to 3. The round head shape should be 40 to 50 cm high, with obvious trunks, 3 to 5 main branches, the distribution is staggered, the branch angle is 40 ° ~ 50 °, and the main branch is more than 3 sub-main branches. In the first year of colonization of young trees, about 10 days before the budding of spring shoots, cut the top at about 40 cm from the ground in the unbranched single stem seedlings, select 3 to 5 strong branches as the main branches, and leave 3 to 4 as the sub-main branches and branches after the summer and autumn shoots are withdrawn; 3 to 5 branches are left as the main branches, and the rest are cut off. After each new shoot sprout, it is necessary to wipe the buds in time to control the shoots and release the shoots, leaving 40 to 45m of the top of the long branches. In addition to pruning the dense branches of diseases and insects, the leafless branches and weak branches in the middle and lower parts of the canopy and the inner chamber are appropriately retained when the winter shears of the 3-year-old trees. 10 to 15 days before the budding of spring shoots in the early fruiting stage, cut the weak branches around the canopy appropriately, and thin the upright, overly dense branches and dry dead branches in the inner chamber at the top of the canopy; Eliminate summer shoots, but trees with few fruits and small crowns should appropriately retain summer shoots and expand the canopy; About 10 days before the autumn shoots are withdrawn, the weak group and the over-long and last-grade vegetative branches are appropriately retracted, and the light shears are still the mainstay. Cut off the dense branches of diseases and insects, and retain the leafless weak branches in the middle and lower parts of the canopy and the inner chamber. Spring shoots are only released once a year during the full fruiting period. Retract the fruiting branches, weak branches, and fallen flowers and fruit branches in time before the budding of spring shoots, and open the "skylight" before the winter garden; As a result, the shade branches of the near ground were thinned year by year. Cut off the dense branches of diseases and insects, and retain the leafless weak branches in the middle and lower parts of the canopy and the inner chamber. 15 to 20 days before the budding of the spring shoots in the aging period, the elongated branches of the vegetative branches, weakened branches and backbone branches outside the canopy are retracted to promote the emergence of strong and vigorous spring shoots; Extremely weak trees, the main or sub-main branch can be exposed in the spring to renew the canopy.
03 Pest control
The common pests and diseases of Sha tin grapefruit are mainly foot rot, black star disease, charcoal disease, red (yellow) spider, rust spider, bud maggot, arrow-tipped maggot, leafminer moth, aphid, orange ray gall mosquito and so on.
In terms of prevention and control, it is necessary to consider the overall situation of the ecological system of organic teak garden, grasp the law of disease and insect occurrence, adhere to the principle of prevention over treatment, and comprehensively use ecological regulation, physical control, biological control and other measures to prevent and control the pests of sand grapefruit on ecological control, so as to ensure the production quality of organic sand grapefruit and the safety of the ecological environment.
Strict quarantine to prevent the spread of quarantine pests and diseases; Maintain the ecological balance of teak orchards, create an environment conducive to the growth of natural enemies of grapefruit pests in Sha Tin, and use natural factors to control the incidence of pests at a low level. Introduce and cultivate disease- and insect-resistant varieties. Strict soil management, after harvesting fruits in winter, loosen the soil surface layer by 8 to 15cm, reduce the source of diseases and insects, and retain the weeds in the teak garden in spring and summer, which is conducive to the habitat of natural enemies and the drought resistance and moisture of soil moisture; Scientific pipe water, timely drainage and irrigation; Reasonable shape and pruning ensure that the canopy is ventilated and transparent, inhibiting and reducing pests and diseases; Clean the teak garden, after the fruit is harvested, timely clean up the pest residues, diseased leaves, and concentrate on harmless treatment to keep the teak garden clean.
The use of pest activity habits for artificial hunting, hook killing of cattle, grasshoppers, scarab beetles, scraping and killing insect egg blocks and larvae, etc., yellow plate booby trap, grapefruit garden in the spring after March, 20 to 25 yellow plates per acre, height on the middle and upper branches of Sha Tin grapefruit, trap aphids, arrow-tip aphid adults, flower bud maggot adults, black spiny whiteflies, whitefly, leafminer moths and other pests, to be replaced after the yellow board sticks are full of insects. Light booby-trapping, from March to October, every 30 to 40 teak garden install a frequency vibration insecticidal lamp or solar insecticidal lamp, the height is 1.7 ~ 2.0m above the ground, booby trap leaf moths, heartworms, jade butterflies, leafhoppers and other phototropic pests; Chemotaxis booby-trapping leaf curl moths; Sexual attractants trap and kill a variety of pests such as adult small fruit fly; Fruit bagging avoids pests, insects, diseases, and sunburn, mainly to prevent adult fruit flies from feeding and laying eggs on the fruit; Cultivate grass in the ladder wall to provide a habitat for predatory mites and improve the ecological environment of teak gardens; In the summer, the high temperature is dry and early, and the tree tray can be cut to cover the tree; Insect net barrier; Lay silver gray film or hang silver gray film strips in the field to avoid aphid trunks and paint them for prevention.