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⩥⩥文&编辑|禅心凡语LiNO
Hatsuirikawa
"At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the national strength was weak, and it was particularly difficult to defend the land, and many people in the world knew that Zuo Gongzong Tang recovered Xinjiang, but few people knew that Zhao Gonger had a bumper harvest and recovered Tibet, and he had worked hard to protect the southwest land!"
"There are some things, long after a long time, but they are still worth looking back,
Some people, even if they are controversial, still need to be evaluated objectively. ”
"The Secret Land" Motuo
"With the British and Indian armies, a bloody battle against Motuo! Quell the Batang Rebellion, besiege Sampi Monastery, enter Lhasa, change the land and return to the stream, plant the dragon flag on the Sino-Indian border, and erect the boundary monument of the Qing Dynasty!"
"The border army pursued the rebels, along the Brahmaputra River to the Gengbala Pass (now Motuobei Township, the forefront of the southern border between China and India), and was blocked by the British and Indian army's "Gurkha 2nd Regiment", the two sides fought in a hurry, and the Qing army dug trenches on the spot, and carried 2 Krupp cannons, 3 Makqin heavy machine guns, and set up a position against the British and Indian troops. ”
The British army sent hundreds of Gurkha people to form a death squad, armed with a Gurkha scimitar and the Qing army hand-to-hand, the battalion officer Xiong Fu, blood surged, took off his shirt and jumped out of the trench, ordered the Qing army to gun bayonets, the two armies then unfolded, bloody white blade strangulation, an hour later, the Gurkha death squad, the enemy retreated. ”
"The fierce battle lasted from early morning until dusk, in the face of the Anglo-Indian army that rushed to the battlefield later, the brave Sikh cavalry battalion, launched many decisive attacks, and the battalion officer Xiong Fu, although he was wounded several times, was still wounded and held a knife, and led his troops to fight without retreating..."
"Qing Territory"
More than 100 years ago, the map of China at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China was like a begonia leaf, powerless in the bitter wind and rain, the country's sovereignty was lost, and the people were miserable.
At that time, at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet and Qingdao in the motherland, there was such a large piece of land, which was a place where Han, Tibet, Qiang, Yi and other ethnic groups lived together, which was called "Sichuanbian".
From 1904 until his death on December 22, 1911, the protagonist of this article, the iron-blooded and ruthless Zhao Erfeng, spent the most glorious seven years of his life, and it was also a controversial period of career for future generations.
Eleventh hour
Throughout Zhao Erfeng's entire career career, it is actually quite unsmooth and sad, it can really be said: "I came to the world once, the official career was hard, I was desperate at the end of my life, and I regretted it!"
Zhao Erfeng was mixed until he was forty years old, and only then did he buy a magistrate by spending money, at that time his three brothers, all of whom were already high-ranking officials, on this unknown official road, he held his right hand in his left hand, warmed himself, and worked hard for another twenty years, until he was about to retire, before he became a five-rank official.
If it weren't for the treacherous situation in Tibet at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Lao Zhao would have retired and gone home, but history has never been if, what happened in Tibet at that time?
Changing
"Historically, until the 19th century, Tibet seemed to be peaceful, and there was never any dispute between China and India, but there was always a pair of greedy eyes that always stared at this mysterious place. ”
In the 5th century B.C., the Roman historian Herodotus wrote in his Histories: "In the north of India there is a place called 'Bert' (referring to Tibet), and it is full of gold. ”
In the second half of the 19th century, the British annexed all of India and finally had a chance to get their hands on Tibet, so in 1886, the British army occupied Tsemengxiong (present-day Sikkim), and the gates of Tibet were closed.
The British invaded Tibet
In 1888, the British invaded Tibet with 2,000 men, and the Qing government chose to compromise, and on March 17, 1890, the Sino-British, Indo-Tibetan Treaty assigned the Tsemengxiong Valley on the southern slopes of the Himalayas to the British, later the Kingdom of Sikkim.
It was after this incident that more and more people in Tibetan areas began to lose confidence in the Qing Dynasty, and Tibet, like the mainland, began to become a semi-colony of the British.
In December 1903, the British launched a second war of aggression against Tibet, and the British army invaded Lhasa on August 3, 1904.
Anglo-Indian troops invaded Lhasa
Because Britain did not achieve the expected goal, it encouraged the Tibetan upper class aristocracy to break away from the Qing Empire and engage in an "independence movement." In essence, they still wanted to turn Tibet into a colony and use Tibet to defend India.
At this time, the Qing Dynasty had already taken care of itself and was unable to help Tibet at all, and after the British occupied Lhasa, they tried to force the Qing government to sign the "Lhasa Treaty".
However, Feng Quan, the minister in Tibet at the time, resolutely refused to sign the treaty, and was later expelled from Tibet by the British, and Feng Quan moved to Batang (a county town in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan).
In May 1905, Tusi and Lama in the Batang region took the opportunity to launch a large-scale rebellion, killing Feng Quan, the minister stationed in Tibet, and 50 guards, one of whom was in charge of the Qing army, who at first could not bear to order the shooting.
At the same time, two French missionaries were also killed at the same time, and after that, about 3,000 people gathered in Batang Tusi and began to riot, which is known as the "Batang Incident" in history.
Feng Quan is a rare hard bone in the late Qing Dynasty, during the period of stationing in Tibet, rectifying the rule of officials, such a minister, did not die on the battlefield, but died in the calculation of the villain, the Qing court finally attached importance to Tibet.
The Qing court was furious
After the "Batang Incident," the Qing court was furious, and the prestige of the central government over the Tusi region on the Sichuan border had dropped to the freezing point.
Emperor Guangxu quickly issued an edict and urgently ordered Xiliang, the governor of Sichuan, to send a powerful man to find out the cause of the matter, and Xiliang immediately ordered Ma Weiqi, the governor of Sichuan, and Zhao Erfeng, a Taoist of Jianchang, to be responsible for handling the Batang incident and arresting the real culprit as soon as possible at all costs.
On June 11, 1905, Ma Weiqi, the governor of Sichuan, led the five battalions of the standard soldiers to open and march separately.
The Forces nouvelles counterinsurgency
On the other hand, after Zhao Erfeng received the order, he immediately led the Qing army to Batang, Zhao Erfeng before coming to Sichuan, he had been appointed as the military affairs supervisor by Sichuan Governor Xiliang, and ordered him to recruit five battalions of the new army, these soldiers were recruited from all over the Ding Zhuang.
The Qing court specially equipped it with a number of new foreign guns, cannons and even machine guns, with strong combat effectiveness, and these five battalions of recruits, also known as the border army, showed that they were exclusively used for the border of the river.
Later, Zhao Erfeng and Zhao Dashuai relied on these 2,000 border troops as the team to gallop to the Sichuan border, conquer the east and west, pacify the chaos, change the land and return to the stream, implement the new policy, and protect the southwest border defense at the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Zhao Erfeng
Zhao Erfeng's ancestor has always been an official, his grandfather Zhao Dalun, Daoguang 3 years of Jinshi, once served as the prefect of Laizhou, Shandong, Feng Guanglu doctor, General Jianwei.
His father, Zhao Wenying, was admitted to the Jinshi at the same time as his younger brother Zhao Wenqi in the twenty-fifth year of Daoguang, and successively served as the magistrate of Mengyin, Yangxin, Shanghe, Yanggu and other places in Shandong.
Soon after Zhao's father arrived in Yanggu County, he was besieged by the Twist Army, isolated and helpless, so he had to lead the township regiment to hold on, and later when the Twist Army invaded Yanggu County, Zhao Wenying rode a horse and waved a knife, shouting that he rushed into the enemy formation and was finally killed, a civil official, this courage, this blood, no wonder Lao Zhao once he killed people, never grinded, this is a root to be found.
In the middle are Zhao Erxun and Zhao Erfeng
In Zhao Erfeng's generation, there are four brothers, three of whom have been selected as jinshi, and two of them have become governors, which is really rare.
The eldest brother Zhao Erzhen, a mid-jinshi in the thirteenth year of Tongzhi, a scholar of the Hanlin Academy, once served as the director of the Ministry of Works, the waiter of the Ministry of Works, and the governor of Zhili Prefecture.
The second brother Zhao Erxun, in 1874, was awarded the Hanlin Academy, successively served as the envoy of Anhui and Shaanxi provinces, and also served as the political envoy of Gansu, Xinjiang and Shanxi, and later served as the governor of Hunan, the secretary of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the general of Shengjing, the governor of Jiangxi, the governor of Sichuan, etc., and served as the governor of the three eastern provinces in the third year of Xuantong (1911).
The fourth brother, Zhao Ercui, was a jinshi in the fifteenth year of Guangxu, and successively served as the magistrate of Xiajin County and the magistrate of Zhili Prefecture.
His brothers, in the imperial examination, were either fierce or bullish.
Zhao Erfeng (1845 ~ 1911), the word Jihe, ancestral home Xiangping (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), the late Qing Dynasty Zhenglan Banner people.
The four brothers, named Er Zhen, Er Xun, Er Feng, and Er Cui, are the third.
The Zhao family is the home of the eunuchs, the literary style is very prosperous, and the three brothers have all been admitted to the Jinshi, but only Zhao Laosan has been depressed for many years, and he has failed to try repeatedly, and he has wasted a lot of good life.
In the end, there was really no way, at first he used money to buy an eight-grade salt official, and went to Guangdong to mix up from the grassroots, and the Guangdong salt transport envoy at that time thought that Zhao Erfeng was a talent and donated a county to him, which was really a nobleman.
After that, Lao Zhao went to Shanxi, and successively became a magistrate in Jingle County and Yongji County.
Zhao Erfeng's second brother Zhao Erxun, who served as the editor-in-chief of the "Qing History Manuscript" during the Republic of China, wrote in his brother's biography: "Clearing the prison and curbing the thieves, the bandits are extinct (can it be endless, that's it, who dares to resist, let your brother kill all the gasping breath!) Bow down to catch locusts, and avoid disasters." ”
That is to say, when Comrade Er Feng was the magistrate of Jingle and Yongji, he made outstanding achievements in judicial work and public security work, and he was able to set an example by running to the front line, personally leading everyone to catch locusts, and successfully coping with disasters, so that he did not cause too much loss, and was a very good leading cadre.
Judging from Zhao Erfeng's various political achievements later, the second Zhao Erxun really didn't have it, exaggerating, his third brother is indeed a cadre who can do practical things and can take on great responsibilities.
Zhao Erfeng's efforts were not in vain, Shanxi Governor Xiliang appreciated him very much, and since then, Xiliang has served as the governor of the river, the governor of Henan, and the governor of Rehe, and each time he has applied for it, with Zhao Erfeng.
Xiliang
In 1903, Xiliang became the governor of Sichuan, and Zhao Erfeng also entered Sichuan and served as a member of Yongning Daoist.
Lao Zhao has been a staff member and secretary for the leader for many years, and the real reward is coming.
Yongning jurisdiction is located in the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, it is a three-regardless zone, the anti-Qing party is very active (it should be an organization such as the anti-Qing Dynasty and the Restoration of Ming, the Heaven and Earth Society), it may be a little fierce, and Zhao Laosan's anger is ignited, Lao Tzu has been aggrieved for so many years, and he dares to provoke me!
Zhao Erfeng only stayed in the Yongning area for a total of 5 days, but he has been on the front line in person, leading troops into the mountains to encircle and suppress the party members, but the more this person kills, the more he can't stop, Lao Zhao's methods are too ruthless this time!
In the end, in order to report his political achievements, he actually killed all the prisoners in the entire prison, and the local people called it "Zhao Butcher", which went viral among the people for a while.
Although the encirclement and suppression of the party is only a small-scale test of the waters, Zhao Erfeng's decisive personality has been fully revealed, and his true face has been revealed.
In 1904, Zhao Erfeng was transferred to Jianchang as a Taoist, and in view of the eventful autumn in Tibet, Zhao Erfeng presented the "Pingkang Three Strategies" to Xiliang, which put forward a clear and definite strategic concept for Sichuanbian, Sichuan Province, Tibet and even the entire southwest frontier.
The core meaning is to carry out the work on the Sichuanside, change the land and return it to the stream, set up provinces, develop education, trade, mining, reclamation and other undertakings, follow the example of the three eastern provinces, set up the governors of Sichuan, Kang and Tibet, and the three western provinces, garrison Jiebatang, store troops and accumulate grain, govern the defense of the southwest, consolidate Shu Province internally, attach Tibet to the outside, and completely cut off the British coveting our Tibet.
Soon after Zhao Erfeng proposed the "Three Strategies for Pingkang", Feng Quan, the minister stationed in Tibet, was killed, and Zhao Erfeng received an order to go to the Batang area to suppress the riots.
Sixtieth Cadre
At this time, Zhao Erfeng is 60 years old, many years of ups and downs in the sea, hard work, so that he has rich administrative experience, the most valuable thing is that he is concerned about the frontier, the courage to do things and hard work, the style of hard and tough.
These advantages are simply specially prepared for the frontier, it is such a gray old man who has passed the sixtieth century, and is about to be stubbornly and heroically supported in the afterglow of the Qing Empire, and the southwest of the Chinese territory.
Kawabe forest
For the Qing court at this time, Zhao Erfeng was like a sharp knife, which would cut through the dense thorn forest on the edge of the river with iron and blood, and kill a road to Tibet. ”
"In the later historical development process, Zhao Erfeng not only stabilized hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of land on the Sichuan side, but also stationed in Lhasa and recovered the entire territory of Tibet, so that the British did not dare to covet Tibet for a long time, and defended the entire land of more than 1.5 million square kilometers..."
“他还在追击叛军后，在藏南设置了十几个县，如察隅县，还专门数次派人插龙旗，竖立大清藏南国界碑！”
"It is true that in the suppression of the civil unrest, he killed too many people, and he is guilty of the people!"
"However, he can be nearly seventy years old, with a body in the last years of the wind and candles, not afraid of the cold wind in the snowy region, and dedicate himself to the border of the country, and his merit with the country is great!"
"You died tragically, right and wrong, you have your own axioms, Zhao Gong is eternal, rest in peace, in the history books of the Chinese nation, there is a place for you!"
【Zhao Gong Eternal】