Nan Guixin and Liu Shipei*
——On the writing process of "Mr. Liu Shenshu's Testament"
Text | Zhang Zhongmin
From the founding of the Republic of China to the early 1930s, Nan Guixin (Peilan) (1884-1968) was a long-time powerful general of Yan Xishan, and was also a huge businessman, who not only played an important role in the local political, business and police circles in Shanxi, but also once active in the Beiyang political circles and the Pingjin business circles, with wide traffic and great influence. It's just that today we often see it later and treat it as a "small person" who is not important enough, thus ignoring the study of people like Nan Guixin. [1]
Although some scholars have involved Nan Guixin in their research on Liu Shipei, especially when it comes to Nan Guixin's later funding of the compilation and printing of the Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu. [2] However, these studies are based on Nan Guixin's own narrative, which is relatively simple. The reason for this is probably the material involving the relationship between Southern Liu and Liu, due to the early death of Liu Shipei and the complete lack of relevant records, what we see is the one-sided words of Nan Guixin, and most of them are the recollections after the transit of the Southern Period, even if Qian Xuantong, Zhang Ji and others have talked about the relationship between Southern Liu and others, the basis is also Nan Guixin's unilateral memories and her willingness to spend a huge amount of money to compile and print Liu Shipei's collection of works. [3] This kind of reminiscence material from the individual, although of great value, is also too subjective and obscuring, if we lack circumstantial evidence and examination, and rely too much on it, it will undoubtedly be misleading, which is equivalent to speaking from the position of Nan Guixin, which is not conducive to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between Nan Liu and the true situation of Nan Guixin herself.
Fortunately, there are still many materials about Nan Guixin herself, especially in the Beijing-Shanghai-Tianjin newspapers and periodicals during the Beiyang period, there are many reports and records about herself, which can provide us with some circumstantial evidence for us to further understand Nan Guixin herself and the relationship between Nan Liu. If we synthesize other materials, especially Yan Xishan's materials, and delve into the examination, we can show richer historical details, further describe What Nan Guixin did and her friendship with Liu Shipei, and even the interaction between Nan Guixin, Liu Shipei and Yan Xishan, or we can make up for the shortcomings of previous people and avoid the disadvantages of partiality and trust.
One
South Liu friendship
According to Nan's own recollections in 1959, Nan Guixin went to Tokyo, Japan in 1906 to study at his own expense, and then went back to Zhang Ji, Liu Shipei, and Zhang Taiyan, and also interacted with Japanese anarchists and socialists Such as Kotoku Akimizu, Kitaichi Huijiro, and Ōsugi (Yama) Rong. [4] Later, Nan Guixin returned to China in the autumn of 1908. During her stay in Japan, Nan Guixin established a close relationship with Liu Shipei and once intervened in Liu Shipei's break with Zhang Taiyan. So how did Nan Guixin get involved in the public case of Liu Shipei and Zhang Taiyan?
Liu Shipei
Around the end of 1907 and March 1908, when Liu Shipei returned to China and returned to Tokyo, Zhang Taiyan's personal relationship with Liu Shipei and He Zhen began to deteriorate, and then it was finally unmanageable. In the process of gradually intensifying the contradictions between the two sides, Zhang Taiyan published a "special advertisement" in the 21st issue of the "Minbao" published on June 20, 1908, defending himself:
Recently, someone spread anonymous exposés and forged the telegrams of servants and Xi Liang. Another person impersonated a letter and published an article in shanghai's "Shenzhou Daily" entitled "Binglin Notice". The person who spread the anonymous whistleblower was found to be from Wufu, Shanxi; his anonymous confession has yet to be investigated. Merge declarations. [5]
Zhang Taiyan said in this notice: "The person who spread the anonymous whistleblower is found to be a native of Wufu, Shanxi", who is this so-called "Wufu of Ningwu, Shanxi"? Zhang Taiyan did not explicitly say or investigate, and later researchers did not pay attention to this. However, according to the author's deduction, his person should be Nan Guixin, who was studying in Tokyo, Japan at the time, and let's start with how Nan Guixin told his relationship with Liu Shipei.
In July 1937, in the preface to the forthcoming suicide note of Mr. Liu Shenshu, Nan Guixin showed the closeness of his relationship with Liu Shipei and the longevity of the friendship between the two sides: Gui Xin could not explain Uncle Shen's academics, but handed over Uncle Shen to the year of the weak crown. Coming to Taiyuan, the real Lord Yu family. And his death, entrusted by the things behind him, the affection has been hanging for fifteen years, which cannot be said to be unknown. [6] Strictly speaking, there is a problem with the "Uncle Jiaoshen in the year of the weak crown" mentioned in the above preface, which is obviously that Nan Guixin advanced the time of knowing Liu Shipei to about 1904, in fact, the two knew each other as early as 1906 when they went south to study in Japan. As for the situation of Liu Shipei going to Taiyuan to defect to him, it is also unclear. Next, the preface tells in more detail about the similarities and differences between Zhang Taiyan and Liu Shipei's academic grades and academic concepts, especially about Liu Zhang's rupture: "Uncle Shen and Taiyan initially became close to each other by speaking the scriptures, and later separated by politics, because of the clutch, everyone in the world can say it, and Gui Xin is particularly aware of its end." [7] Subsequently, the preface states that Liu's grades in school were higher than Zhang Taiyan's: "Uncle Shen's master in the early years was the same as Taiyan, and there was not much change in the evening, and he went through the ancient books alone, and his diligence was too yan." The preface further implies that Liu Shipei's academic achievements have actually surpassed Zhang Taiyan's, because "all of Uncle Shen's studies are based on school chickens." Although this preface was written for Nan Guixin,[8] the content must be seen and approved by Nan Guixin, and some of the content should come from Nan Guixin's dictation, so the preface can represent Nan Guixin's position and views, and there should be no problem.
Similarly, the friendship between Liu Nan mentioned by Zheng Yufu (Youyu), a close confidant of Nan Guixin, in the "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu" and the "Afterword", is also roughly similar, and also highlights Nan Guixin's help to Liu Shipei and sends charcoal in the snow: "Uncle Shen and Nan Bus are the most dedicated, and they travel together to study in Dongying, and they are very happy with each other." After the Ding Revolution, Shu came to Jin, the lord of the gong family, the public worship of the flesh and bones, Uncle Shen also took the brotherhood of the duke. Hou Kejingshi, Li Li and pawn. [9] Just as Nan Guixin's preface was written by someone, Zheng Yufu's preface here is also ghostwritten by "Guo Yuanshujun",[10] but its content should be heard in Nan Guixin,[11] and the text should reflect Nan Guixin's opinions despite the insistence of the author himself.[12] Unfortunately, the two prefaces only mention the breakdown of Liu Zhang's friendship in his early years, perhaps because many of the parties like Zhang Ji, Wang Dong, Qian Xuantong, Ding Weifen, etc. are alive, so Nan Guixin is reluctant to say more here. Not only is it reluctant to say more in this preface, elsewhere, Nan Guixin also talks very briefly about his friendship with Liu Shipei when he stayed in Japan at the end of the Qing Dynasty,[13] and for his friendship with Liu Shipei and his wife after the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it is also simple to mention, but what he wants to highlight is also Nan's own "ancient road hot sausage" that "does not live up to his dead friends".
However, more than twenty years later, with the exception of Wang Dong (1890-1963) and Jing Meijiu (1882-1961), all the parties concerned had died, in this case, Nan Guixin, who had hindsight, took the opportunity to write a memoir of the Xinhai Revolution and began to reconstruct the story of more than fifty years ago, thus highlighting his glorious revolutionary deeds in the past and re-emphasizing his close relationship with Liu Shipei:
Between Zhang Binglin and Liu Shipei, due to their different views, their opinions have deepened day by day. Zhang advocates a pure national revolution, who thinks that the world revolution is far away and hopeless, but on the contrary slackens the cause of our national revolution. Liu and we thought that contacting the world revolutionaries would be beneficial and harmless to our revolutionary cause. Zhang Da disagreed. This is where the disagreements took place. Remember Zhang asked his disciple Qian Fu (Xuan Tong) to inform us that we could not attend their meetings of Xingde Qiushui. Liu Shipei, Wang Gongquan, Ding Weifen and Su Manshu all participated. Therefore, Liu and Zhang Binglin also wrestled with each other. Liu (Liu Mu also said that the text) commented on the improperness of primary schools, and Zhang also retorted. I was originally a poor student, and In order to take care of me, Zhang made me concurrently serve as the accountant of minbao, but at this time, I wanted to forbid me from interacting with Liu Shipei, so I angrily left my post. [14]
It is worth noting that in Nan's recollections, there are many exaggerated or imaginary accounts, focusing on showing Nan Guixin's own revolutionary pioneering role and brilliant achievements,[15] but when it comes to the rupture between Zhang Taiyan and Liu Shipei, the attitude between the lines is obvious, and the actual meaning is also very strong -- the support of Liu Shipei, who advocates "world revolution", and the opposition to Zhang Taiyan, who is only willing to carry out a "national revolution".
If we refer to the previous account of the party Qian Xuantong, the above remarks should be analyzed in detail: "The brother and Nangong interviewed for two hours, and he confessed to me that he was very detailed about the liu couple's visit to Shanxi. Nanko was originally from the Old League, and he was in Tokyo at about the same time as his brother. However, although I have seen it several times in the civil newspaper, I have never spoken to it. [16] In Qian's opinion, Nan Guixin did not leave him with any outstanding impression in the process of interacting with Zhang Liu in Tokyo at that time, and the two sides did not even talk. But for another of Liu Shipei's close friends, Ding Weifen (1874-1954), nearly thirty years later, Qian Xuantong still remembers deeply: "Ding Jun was also a close friend of Liu Jun in the past, Liu Pengshen returned to China in winter, and his mother was still Ding Jun to return to China." [17] In other words, Qian Xuan's homology appeared in a letter to Zheng Yufu, Qian Guixin's friend and chargé d'affaires, and naturally he would not make up stories about Nan Guixin or Ding Weifen out of thin air. However, he was completely unfamiliar with Nan Guixin at that time, which showed that Qian Xuantong was actually in the dark, and he was completely unaware of Nan Guixin's activities in Tokyo, especially his role in the process of Zhang Taiyan and Liu Shipei's confrontation, even if he recalled it thirty years later. Therefore, Qian Xuantong, who was quick-talking, did not record it in his diary.
Not only was Qian Xuantong completely unaware of what Nan Guixin had done in those years, but even though Zhang Ji, Ding Weifen, and Wang Dong, who were also witnesses to Liu Zhang's rupture while studying in Japan at that time, did not mention Nan Guixin's affairs in Japan at that time and their relationship with Liu Shipei when they wrote the preface to the Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu. I don't know if they are deliberately avoiding mentioning the disgraceful role played by Nan Guixin at that time? Or is nan guixin's role in Liu Zhang's rupture as completely unconscious as Qian Xuantong's?
In fact, in the socialist seminar initiated by Liu Shipei, Qian Xuantong has always been a very active participant, and Zhu Xizu has also been more active. But in the diaries they have preserved from this period, there has been no record of Nan Guixin's words. As for the situation of Zhang Liu's bad relations, Qian Xuantong has always recorded in detail in his diary, which is not at all as unbearable as Nan Guixin's recollection -- Zhang Taiyan forbade Nan and others from interacting with Liu Shipei, and also forbade Nan Guixin and others from attending socialist seminars organized by Xingde Qiushui and others. In fact, even after Zhang Liu had made a bad deal, Zhang Taiyan had never dissuaded Qian Xuantong from his personal interactions with Liu Shipei, or even qian Xuantong's participation in the Esperanto workshop organized by Liu Shipei, let alone prevented Nan Guixin from making friends with Liu Shipei.
Zhang Taiyan
However, fifty years after the incident, Nan Guixin is still angry with Zhang Taiyan, and even does not hesitate to distort the facts to frame and slander Zhang Taiyan, which shows that Nan's emotional favoritism towards Liu Shipei and Zhang Taiyan may prove that the "anonymous whistleblower" of Ning Wu in Liu Zhang's contradiction should be Nan Guixin.
Two
Take what you need
In the 1959 "PropositionAl composition", Nan Guixin had a detailed recollection of his relationship with Liu Shipei after the Republic of China:
At the beginning, Liu (Shi Pei) entered the shogunate of Duanfang, the governor of Liangjiang in the Qing court, and gained considerable trust. Xinhai dispatched the governor of Sichuan, and after entering Sichuan, he was killed by the revolutionaries, and Liu's life was also in danger, but fortunately Zhang Binglin had an electric rescue to save him. Therefore, he stayed in Sichuan Province for the time being, and Xie Wuliang funded food and clothing, and was exempt from freezing. After the founding of the Republic of China, Liu's wife He Zhen moved from Hankou to Beijing, with depressed luggage and no life. At this time, Du Xi, an old comrade of the League, went to Taiyuan because of the incident and told me about He Zhen's downfall, so I invited her to live in Taiyuan temporarily at my house, and I recommended her to teach at the women's teacher's teacher first, and then to Yan Xishan's tutor. Later, He Zhen discovered the news that Shi Pei was in Sichuan, and Yan and I each donated 100 yuan to Sichuan, and He Sui led Shi Pei into Jin and served as an adviser to the Governor's Office. Until then, the governor's mansion was reorganized into the General's Mansion, the establishment was reduced, the consultants were cut, and Liu's life was thus lost. I was anxious for him, just in time for the imperial system to rise, I thought there was an opportunity to take advantage of it, so I suggested that Yan Xishan send a special telegram to protect Liu into Beijing and ask Yuan to appoint him. Yuan was well known for Liu's name, and Yuan's close secretary Min Erchang, who was also a relative of Liu, also praised him to Yuan. Therefore, the next day, he got Yuan Dian and ordered Liu to enter Beijing. After Liu arrived in Beijing, he was led by Yuan's eldest son Keding, who initially served as the internal history of the presidential palace and later participated in the Senate. Regarding the publicity of the documents of the Preparatory Committee, Liu also took a lot of effort, so he was quite favored by Yuan. This is the origin of Liu Shipei's appointment as Dr. Mang, and his relationship with Yan. [18]
Through the description of this incident more than forty years later, we can know that in the early years of the Republic of China, when Liu Shipei and his wife were in trouble, Nan Guixin provided charcoal-like help in the snow and took In He Zhen, but Nan Guixin did not say in detail when Liu Shipei and his wife arrived in Taiyuan and when they were sponsored to Yuan Shikai, nor did they mention Liu Shipei's situation in Sichuan. However, through the reports and records in newspapers and periodicals (especially the "Declaration" that can be easily retrieved), and combined with the existing research results, we can slightly deepen Liu Shipei's situation in Sichuan, which can not only make up for the gaps and errors in Nan Guixin's narrative, but also have a more comprehensive understanding of the situation in which Liu Shipei and his wife went to Shanxi to join Nan Guixin.
In January and February 1912, after Liu Shipei was released from Zizhou, Sichuan, he was hired by Yin Changheng, the governor of Sichuan, as the "vice president" of the newly established Sichuan National College. For about a year and a half thereafter,[19] Liu Shipei was quite respected in Chengdu, where he earnestly lectured and answered questions, "not daring to be kangning, doing his best to be stubborn, thinking of self-encouragement, and showing just in case, so as to reach the end of the second and third gentlemen",[20] and befriended many scholars such as Wu Zhiying, Liao Ping, Xie Wuliang, Wu Yu, and many others. [21] During this period, Liu Shipei observed the study style of Sichuan very carefully, believing that "the Shu people are like an ancient country",[22] and he also published some political and academic articles, which were very fruitful and should not be treated badly. In addition, He Zhen also came here from Taiyuan to find a husband,[24] Liu Shipei had no worries about the future, but he was tired of illness and moved to homesickness:
Benefits and diseases, decline of ambition, whitening and early withering, mourning at night, if wading into the water, often fear of death. The dog is poor and forever guilty. Enter the land of descent, look east, and use Yiyi. Once alive, the sun sees the river and the sea, and the fox dies. [25]
Liu Shipei decided to return to Yangzhou Province first.
Perhaps quite satisfied with the life here in Chengdu, Liu Shipei returned to Yangzhou to handle the formalities of "taking leave to return to Li", indicating that he still had the intention of returning to Chengdu to take up his post, but before he left Chengdu, Liu Shipei's family was robbed and suffered heavy losses. After Liu Shipei's friend Wu Yu learned of Liu Shipei's robbery at his friend's place, he also made a brief record in his diary: "Liu Shen's uncle was robbed after seventy miles of travel, and he lost about a thousand gold. [26] Later, the "Declaration" in Shanghai also tracked this:
Liu Shenshu, the director of the National Academy, took a leave of absence to return to Li, and on July 29, he boarded a boat with his family, and on the 30th, he set off from Jianggan outside the East Gate, and at four o'clock in the afternoon, he traveled to the red flower field about seventy miles in The province, suddenly came a boat, carried more than ten thieves, and held a fast gun and a sharp knife, and stabbed Liu Servant. When Liu Xing was traveling, the Governor of Huayang Tang sent four escorts from the patrol team, and there was nothing to do, and he listened to his plunder. Losses: Sichuan capital, clothing and precious books, about thousands of gold. Hearing that the hospital was trustworthy, it had been specially sent back to the province. [27]
Limited by materials, we cannot know exactly how much psychological impact the robbery brought to the timid and sickly Liu Shipei,[28] and common sense speculates that this accident may cause Liu Shipei to completely cancel his plan to return to Sichuan and replace him with a northward journey to Taiyuan– a decision that would have a profound impact on Liu Shipei's life in the future. The "Declaration" also made a special comment on the robbery incident and lamented That Liu Shipei's fate was uncertain:
Uncle Liu Shen, erudite and good gushi also. At the beginning of the revolution, but also advocating the study of chinese culture, the urgency of the official arrest was to go to the East. After arriving in the east, he suddenly changed his purpose, and he was not in harmony with the party, but returned to the door of the end of the party, and he was like a golden stone, and he tasted calligraphy and paintings. When the wind of the road began to rise, Duan Fang raised troops into Sichuan, took Liu Xing, and carried books to Yi Ding. It is difficult to do in a few months, and the end is killed by the soldiers, and the antiques brought with them are lost. Liu Deren said that Xiang was out of danger, and he arrived in Sichuan from the middle road, hiding for more than a year, and began to grow the national academy of the province. Now that he has been away from Sangzi for a long time, he hastily returned to the province, so he hastily asked for leave to return to the east, not to say that the thief is ruthless, and he has encountered a catastrophe, although his life has been spared, he has suffered less than the tragedy of Duanfang, and the strange books and ancient artifacts accumulated over the years have been wiped out! Why is it sad? [29]
After returning to Chengdu National College for a short rest, in the summer of that year, Liu Shipei still went down the river to Yangzhou via Shanghai, and after staying in Yangzhou for a period of time, Liu Shipei and his wife took Shanghai north to Taiyuan and defected to Southern Guixin. [30]
Nan Guixin
As for Nan Guixin, after returning from Japan in the autumn of 1908, he carried out anti-Qing activities in Taiyuan together with Yan Xishan and others. During this period, Nan Yan became close friends, laying a solid foundation for long-term political cooperation between the two. After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Yan Xishan, Nan Guixin and others successfully planned the Taiyuan Uprising, and eventually Shanxi successfully became independent. After Yuan Shikai became the president of the Republic of China, he appointed Yan Xishan as the governor of Shanxi. Nan Guixin successively held a number of important positions under Yan Xishan, advising Yan Xishan, especially his own risks, helping him to solve the li mingfeng (Qishan) forces that occupied the Hedong area (that is, the matter of Nan Guixin being flogged at the Hedong Preparatory Bureau mentioned below),[31] and winning Yan Xishan's trust. After Liu Shipei and his wife arrived in Taiyuan, the far-sighted Nan Guixin recommended Liu Shipei to his superior Yan Xishan. Yan Xishan hired Liu Shipei as an advisor to the Governor's Office, and He Zhen was still hired as Yan Xishan's tutor. [32]
However, Yuan Shikai, who was anxious to consolidate his dominance in the whole country, did not really trust Yan Xishan, the king of Shanxi, and specially sent his close confidant Jin Yong as an envoy to Shanxi,[33] to contain and monitor Yan Xishan. In order to protect himself and win yuan's trust, Yan Xishan took various measures, one of which was that at the suggestion of Nan Guixin, Yan Xishan recommended Liu Shipei, who had not yet reached Taiyuan for a year but was related to Yuan Shikai's confidant Min Erchang, hoping that he could act as a secret agent and lobbyist, spy on Yuan Shikai and ease Yan Xishan's cheeks. [34] It can be said that Nan Guixin and Yan Xishan's practice was obviously premeditated by treating Liu Shipei as a political investment, borrowing Liu Shipei to exchange political benefits for himself, and had no regard for the harm that this practice might bring to Liu Shipei personally. As Nan Guixin recalled next, the main purpose of sending Liu Shipei to Beijing was to make him defend Yan Xishan in front of Yuan Shikai, ease relations with Yuan Shikai, paralyze Yuan Shikai's close confidant Shanxi Inspector Jin Yong,[35] and keep Yan Xishan's position as the Governor of Shanxi, liu Shipei's actions that did not meet this purpose, such as Liu Shipei's plan to be a Shanxi Inspector later, that is, not supported by Nan Guixin. [36]
After that, Liu Shipei did his best to praise Yuan Shikai and whitewash Taiping, winning Yuan Shikai's trust. In addition to advocating for Yuan Shikai, Liu Shipei also contributed a lot to Yan Xishan. According to Nan Guixin's recollection, later Jin Yong, the envoy of Shanxi, also secretly informed Yuan Shikai that Yan Xishan might oppose Yuan Shikai's claim to be emperor, and Yan Xishan, who was in a passive position, was unwilling to tie his hands and immediately sent Nan Guixin into the Beijing movement, asking Liu Shipei, who had already won Yuan Shikai's trust, to help explain, "Try to dredge up so that Yuan Shikai does not have to trust Jin Yong's words, and Yan Xishan is also in favor of the imperial system." At the same time, Yan He allocated 20,000 yuan as the funds for the Preparatory Committee. [37] When the Preparatory Committee twice publicly telegraphed that "military and civilian officials from various provinces should send representatives to Beijing to attend the meeting" to discuss the issue of the state system, which has a bearing on the fundamentals of the country. [38] Liu Shipei also sent two consecutive telegrams to Yan Xishan in the name of the Preparatory Committee, instructing him to quickly send representatives to Beijing to "discuss the fundamental issues of national security and danger." Yan Xishan attached great importance to Liu Shipei's briefing and immediately replied to the Preparatory Committee: "Both telegrams are known, and your association will discuss the fundamental issues of national security and danger. According to the instructions, representatives Cui Tingxian and Nan Guixin were sent to the meeting for discussion and begged for contact. [39] After that, he made a special call to Liu Shipei: "Mr. Liu Shenshu of the Preparatory Committee, mr. Liu Shenshu, called and read that in addition to the former telegram, which has sent representatives Cui Tingxian and Nan Guixin to the meeting, Xing Dianyuan, Ma Jun, Xu Yiqing, and Fan Yuanshu are hereby sent as deputies. [40] It may be said that in the process of Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, Yan Xishan was able to get rid of the passive situation and eventually win the trust of Yuan Shikai, and Liu Shipei's contribution was indispensable, "After this Liu's running, Yan's performance, so Yuan's suspicions about Yan were also quite relieved." ”[41]
What is interesting is that Liu Shipei was willing to fight for Yuan Shikai, Yan Xishan, and Nan Guixin, which is certainly related to his fame and fame, his panic and lack of choice, and his love of using scriptures to decorate political theories, but why was it not deliberately used by Nan Guixin and Yan Xishan as tools to preserve their positions? In this activity to restore the imperial system, everyone actually conceived a ghost fetus and took what they needed.
Three
Liu Shipei is at Peking University
Yuan Shikai claimed to be the empress, there was an uproar at home and abroad, the patriotic movement arose, and Yuan Shikai gradually had the tendency of rebellion and detachment: "The problem of the national system has occurred, the masses are confused, the interference of the great powers is heavy, and the people's morale is revived." [42] On March 22, Yuan Shikai relinquished the title of Hongxian Emperor and reinstated himself as Grand President. Under the pressure of public opinion, a group of elite generals who had originally encouraged Yuan Shikai to claim the title of emperor, including Yang Du and Sun Yujun, the leaders of the Preparatory Committee, saw that the situation was not good, so they each asked Yuan Shikai to resign from the Senate to participate in politics. [43] At this time, Liu Shipei saw that the general trend had gone, and also followed yang du and others to write to Yuan Shikai to resign from the Senate to participate in politics. Since then, the disappointed Liu Shipei has stopped writing publicly to discuss politics and participate in politics, and his political essay "Federal Refutation" published in the March issue (volume 3) of the Journal of China Journal [44] is probably the last of his public deliberations. [45]
Compared with the other people involved in the restoration who were able to quickly get rid of Yuan Shikai's tiredness, Liu Shipei's situation was much worse. At that time, Nan Guixin (including Yan Xishan), who had been freed from the involvement of Yuan Shikai's restoration (detailed later), probably did not expect to take care of this friend Liu Shipei, who had no political use value, even if Liu Shipei was "almost unable to make a living" and needed assistance. [46] At this time, the person who really helped Liu Shipei to solve his difficulties was his old friend Cai Yuanpei, who had always attached great importance to his academic standards. [47] As the new president of Peking University, Cai Yuanpei resisted the pressure of public opinion and hired Liu Shipei, who was "deeply ill at the time", as a professor at Peking University. [48]
After teaching at Peking University, Liu Shipei's health was not good, and he often took leave to suspend classes,[49] and seemed to be terminally ill: "Liu Shi is now sick, often on leave, meteorological commission, and depressed attitude. [50] In order to cure his illness, Liu Shipei's financial situation was very embarrassing, and he kept borrowing money to get by, so it is no wonder that Liu Shipei would express his gratitude to Chen Ken for lending him money before his death, and hoped that Chen could continue to borrow money on his behalf and be anxious: "Qianmeng borrowed money, thank you so much." Because the salary has not been paid, the medicine fee is not given, and Tao Qianwu prays to try to borrow it on his behalf to save the current eyebrows. No sense of sewing. ”[51]
On the night of November 19, 1919, Liu Shipei died of illness in his Beijing apartment. [52] The Morning Post also published a brief message to this end: "Liu Shipei, a professor of liberal arts at Peking University, is an important member of the Guoguo faction, and hereby died yesterday morning due to illness. [53] Later, the Times also published a brief report: "Peking University Professor Liu Shipei died in Beijing yu last night (19), and the bad news was shocking, and The people outside Beijing and the outside world mourned deeply. [54] On December 3, Liu Shipei moved out of the funeral home at The Myoko Pavilion, and Peking University arranged a public sacrifice for it. [55]
The situation after Liu Shipei's death was reported and recorded by the media at that time. For example, the "Declaration" reporter "Wild Cloud" has a more detailed report:
Liu Junshi pei, Zi Shen Shu, Jiangsu Yizhengren, purely in the classics, its historical world is multi-functional Daozhi. Cai Xiaomin was later extended to peking university as a professor of Chinese literature, teaching literature. There is no shortage of students who believe. Since Peking University has advocated a new literary school, Liu Shi is extremely unsympathetic, claiming to be the leader of the Guoguo faction, the students are devoted to the old scholars, and they tend to reconcile with each other, and even edit the "Guogu" magazine to show their confrontation with the "New Wave" magazine. In recent years, he has suffered from a severe lung disease, but he has been ill to enter the school. The day before yesterday, he died in the Jingshi apartment, and after the depression, he had nothing, and he began to be buried on the second day of the calendar, and all the funeral funds were Chen Jun duxiu as the manager. At present, it is reported that Peking University has agreed to give a number of pensions, and the students have also proposed to hold a memorial service. [56]
The Times also had a similar report, but it was relatively simple: "Liu Shipei, a professor of Chinese literature in the Department of Literature of the Northern Kingdom, was very knowledgeable, and suddenly died of lung disease on the night of the nineteenth day, and he was depressed behind him. Its students, such as Chin, deplored the withering, are now calling for fund-raising for funerals, and plan to meet within the day to mourn the clouds. ”[57]
On November 27, chen zhiyi, an old friend who had returned to Shanghai from his post in Guangdong for medical treatment, was shocked to learn the news of Liu Shipei's death from Zhang Taiyan, and then he learned about the desolate scene after Liu's death through the report of the "Declaration" on the same day, and on the same day, he wrote to his old friend Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University, to inquire about Liu Shipei's posthumous arrangements, and the letter also fondly recalled his friendship with Liu Shipei and deeply regretted Liu Zhipei's early death:
...... He returned to Shanghai for medical treatment, and after unloading his clothes, he smelled the death of Uncle Yunshen. In the midst of the shocking visit, the "Declaration" also listed its matters in detail, and it was not regretted by it. Go sick and Uncle Shen, circumvent the rivers and seas, and have a wrong year. Although the middle of the road is broad, and the friendship is abundant, there is not a slight gap. After hearing of the death, weeping and weeping, the Sunqing Dynasty, the biography of Wu Jingshi literature, the first to promote the master of Tinglin, and the successor, Ruan Boyuan, can quite collect its masterpiece. Uncle Shen's early family learning, the pre-philosophy of the petal incense, the circumscribed scriptures, and the inclusiveness are rare in the world. The years of destruction, the writings are rarely passed on, this is not the first pain of the country, and for me to read the child's deep and infinite sorrow. What happened after that, Zhu Ximingjiao... [58]
Similar to the regret of Chen's illness, sometimes people also sighed in the elegy written for Liu Shipei: "Zhou Qinwen, Han Wei poetry, the turbid world is finally injured and disobedient; Yang Xiongcai, Liu Xiangxue, and Cang Tian Hu have won the heavens." [59] After Liu Shipei's old friend Wu Yu, who pays attention to a comfortable life in Chengdu in order to study and do learning, learned of Liu Shipei's news that he was "poor and sick to death", he sighed in his diary that "it can be a sigh for scholars". [60]
The above situation shows that liu Shipei's old age and even after his death from illness were very bleak, which caused great concern among public opinion and friends. Unfortunately, somehow, the memorial service planned for Peking University in advance was not completed, and the reporter "Ye Yun" followed up on the situation afterwards, mentioning that Liu Shipei's memorial service would be "canceled without line":
The death of Uncle Liu Shen, a professor of liberal arts, was extremely depressed behind him, and only a few classes of students in the school had a relationship with him, and they had gone to his apartment to mourn. As for the commemorative service, it has now been invisibly cancelled. Manuscripts of his writings have survived in many residences. The day after hearing of his death, Principal Cai sent someone to transport it to the school so that it could be preserved. [61]
In the end, Liu Shipei's aftermath could only be ended in a hurry by relying on the attention and help of some friends. In February 1920, Liu Shipei's coffin was escorted back to Yangzhou for burial by his protégé Liu Wendian. [62] After Liu Shipei's death, his wife He Zhen went missing in madness and was escorted back to his hometown in Yangzhou after being recovered. Liu Shipei's mother was overly sad and died more than forty days later. [63] A total of 82 pieces of books and utensils left by Liu Shipei were temporarily deposited at Peking University, and at the end of December 1919, they were "taken by his cousin Liu Shiying and issued with receipts". [64] Yang Lianggong, who was a student at Peking University at the time, later briefly recounted Liu Shipei's death in his memoirs, which can be compared with the previous narrative, but Yang mistakenly remembered Liu Shipei's death date as "November 10":
When Mr. Liu was teaching at Peking University, his lung disease had reached the third stage, his body was weak, and he was shaky when he walked, which was really weak and could not help the wind. When it was windy and rainy, he took leave as usual. He taught at Peking University for less than two years, and died on the night of November 10, 1988, at the age of thirty-six. Except for his wife He Zhen, who was already insane (after Mr. Liu's death, he was insane), there were no other relatives living together, and the funeral was presided over by Mr. Chen Duxiu, and more than a dozen of our classmates helped to cook. A coffin in the room, the empty court sad wind, it is really a desolate tragedy behind the extreme. [65]
It can be said that after Liu Shipei's death, whether it is the situation of his family or the handling of his posthumous affairs, it is very tragic. This situation also shows that in Liu Shipei's later years and even after his death, Nan Guixin did not give him financial support, and the two never even had contact again. However, nearly eighteen years later, in the preface to the forthcoming "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu", Nan Guixin said that liu Shipei was dying: "Supporting the affairs behind him." [66] Zheng Yufu said that Nan Guixin funded Liu Shipei's funeral: "The head of the gong was also a jin zhaozhi, and he was began to be mourned. [67] Both expressions have their own emphases, which seem to indicate that Liu Shipei entrusted Nan Guixin to deal with the affairs after his death, and Nan Guixin did fund help. However, such a statement should be beautified and disguised by Nan Guixin and Zheng Yufu afterwards, because at this time (November 11, 1919), Nan Guixin had just received a reward from the Beiyang government, and should not have time to take care of Liu Shipei: Zhu Shencheng, who was also the chief of internal affairs: Nan Guixin, the chief of the Shanxi Provincial Police Department, handled police studies and had outstanding achievements, and planned to ask for a police medal. President Xu Shichang immediately gave instructions: "By submitting the information, if it is proposed, it will be awarded." This order. ”[68]
Interestingly, in the early 1960s, Liu Shipei's nephew Mei Hesun wrote a book called "The Small Notes of the Fifth Emperor of the Qingxi Old House Yizheng Liu", which was still ordered in Nan Guixin. In the preface to the book, which was completed on June 25, 1962, Nan Guixin said affectionately: "The Son of the Republic of China, Uncle Shen was imprisoned in Jin from Nishikawa, and the husband and wife were in the same library as the Yu family. The west window is old and the mood is good. If it is two years, it will return to Beijing... When he was in Taiyuan, he used his life as a reference. Affectionate, dare not take it as your own responsibility? [69] Compared with the preface to the July 1937 Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu, which is more literary, Nan Guixin's earlier time in the text than the time when Liu Shipei entrusted him to help organize and publish the work was also accurate to the time when Liu and his wife were still in Taiyuan, which was obviously different from the previous vague expression. Leaving aside for the time being whether or not Liu Shipei's entrustment is described in the two prefaces of Nan Guixin, twenty-five years before and after, we can at least be sure from the preface in 1962 that Liu Shipei did not entrust Nan Guixin to deal with his posthumous affairs and posthumous affairs when he was dying, and Nan Guixin did not sponsor Liu Shipei's funeral. So the next question is: Why didn't Liu Shipei see Nan Guixin appear during his serious illness and death? What kind of person is Nan Guixin?
Four
Funding of "Mr. Liu Shenshu's Suicide Note"
Similar to Liu Shipei, Liu Shipei's proprietor and Nan Guixin's superior, Yan Xishan, was also deeply mired in the quagmire of Yuan Shikai's restoration, and finally relied on the running of Nan Guixin and others to get out of trouble. After that, Yan and Nan continued to cooperate closely until September 1928, when Nan Guixin suffered a serious setback in his term as special mayor of Tianjin, but failed to get the effective support of Yan Xishan, and was forced to resign. [70] Later, like many other old bureaucrats who "studied well and you", Nan Guixin, who lived idly in Beiping and was also an official and a businessman, began to devote some of her energy to academic and cultural undertakings in addition to doing business, and funding the compilation and publication of the "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu" was one of the tasks. Uncle Shen is a famous scholar, and it is advisable to have someone who cannot be left behind." [71] However, Zheng Yufu's remarks were too obscure and misleading, which was tantamount to consciously or unconsciously obscuring the true origin of the compilation of the Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu.
"Mr. Liu Shenshu's Suicide Note" book shadow
In fact, according to the account of Zhang Jiangjie (Cixi), the son of one of the Guangdong celebrities Zhang Bozhen (Cixi) (1908-1968), the Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu was first proposed to be compiled by him, and then through Zheng Yufu's persuasion of Nan Guixin to fund it, it was compiled with the strength of the people. It turned out that Zhang Jiang was a colleague of Zheng Yufu when he was working in the Tianjin court, and Nan Guixin was the mayor of Tianjin at the time. During this period, Zhang and Zheng formed a deep friendship. Later, Zhang transferred to the National Peking Research Institute, and Zheng did not leave. In 1933, Zheng Yufu visited Zhang from Suiyuan via Beiping, and Zhang set up a banquet. When the wine was hot, Zheng Yufu told Zhang Jiangjue that he shared his long-cherished wish to "praise scholarship", which was deeply praised by Zhang. Zhang Sui advised Zheng to "take the writings of the sages and carefully survey them for publication, so that they were created in the world", and recommended to Zheng Yufu his father's fellow villager Lun Ming (1875-1944), who had a very rich collection of books, that is, "Lun Zhangzheru", and thought that it was possible to "ask for a false one or two" and "publish it" from his collection. However, Zheng Yufu did not have any judgment on what kind of books to choose to publish, and Zhang Jiangzhi specifically recommended to Zheng to publish Liu Shipei's works: "For twenty years, scholars have often called Yizheng Liu Shishen Uncle, which is said to be outside the Taiyan Zhang clan, and the Si people only see it. In comparison, Zhang Taiyan's late-aged and rare work "Tai Ban has already been passed away", but Liu Shipei died early, "the remains are scattered in the world, and obscure people abound", making it difficult for later generations to see Liu Shipei's scholarly works "extremely profound and profound". Fortunately, "Zhe Ruzhang" "Mr. Secret Has a variety of good works, and the copy of the school was extremely profound", if Zhang himself went to ask for a loan to publish, he would be able to achieve his wish. Zhang here also provoked Zheng Yufu, saying that Lun Ming "cherished his promise", and if Zheng Enough published Liu Shipei's posthumous manuscript, he would go to borrow it on his behalf, otherwise there was no need to borrow it. After this persuasion, Zheng Yufu strongly agreed with Zhang Yi and expressed his willingness to lobby Nan Guixin to sponsor the matter. It just so happened that Nan Guixin, who was politically frustrated, also lived in Beiping, and was closing the door to thank guests, "using subliminal confucianism to explain the treasures." Under the persuasion of Zheng Yufu, Nan Guixin finally agreed to fund the compilation of the "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu", "not a few months to discuss all matters." It can be said that for Liu Shipei to edit the collection of posthumous essays, the initiator was Zhang Jiangjue, the person who "Yucheng this matter" was Zheng Yufu, and Nan Guixin, who had strong financial resources, provided the most important financial support, while there were many other scholars involved in the collection, compilation, and proofreading of suicide notes, such as Zhao Xianyu, Yu Jiaxi (Ji Yu), Meng Wentong, Wu Chengshi, Zhang Shaoyuan, and others, all of whom were introduced by Zhang Jiangjue or Zhang Tolunming. [72]
However, readers may question the veracity of Zhang Jiangjue's account here, especially if Zhang Ji, Li Jinxi, Qian Xuantong, and Liu Shiying do not mention Zhang Jiangjue's words throughout the preface, but they praise Nan Guixin's initiation and funding power. Considering that Nan Guixin, Qian Xuantong, Zheng Yufu and others were all alive at the time of Zhang Wen's publication, and Zhang Wenzhong described many insiders in the editing process of Liu Shipei's suicide note, such as the seven relocations of the compilation site, the sloppy handwriting and confusion of Liu Shipei's manuscript, and the controversy over whether to include it in the Book of Stickers. If Zhang Jiang is not a person in the bureau, it is difficult to understand so many insiders. If we compare it with Zheng Yufu's "Afterword" and Lun Ming's "Liu Shipei" article, we will find that what Zhang Jiangjue said should be true. For example, in the "Afterword", Zheng Yufu also mentioned that he asked Zhang Jiang to borrow Liu Shipei's posthumous manuscript from Lun Ming Dynasty, but Zheng Yufu deliberately emphasized that Nan Guixin deliberately planned to edit the anthology for Liu Shipei in order to highlight the deep friendship between his superior Nan Guixin and Liu Shipei and the merits of providing funds, and deliberately did not mention the merits of Zhang Jiang's advocacy:
On May 4, the 22nd year of the Republic of China, Yufu tried Suiyuan on the basis of a simple order, and came to his hometown to prepare the "Guisui County Chronicle". The Shinan Public Council published Uncle Shen's suicide note, and the Battle of The School of Qizong. Yufu did not learn, re-saw and heard, and feared FuKeren. It was from his friend Zhang Juncixi to draft Yu Lunjun, and it was like a dry seed... [73]
And Lun Ming also wrote a poem praising Nan Guixin for "the late Gao Yimiao is difficult to climb", and added a note:
Mr. Liu Shenshu of Yizheng studied and memorized the bo, and the hand proofreading was recorded at most. Yu Yuwei (1919) began to know the face, thin and thin, silent and smiling, unable to release the book, and afraid of the draw. He died of illness for more than thirty-eight years. The manuscripts were scattered, and in addition to the printed copies, the remaining copies were copied from friends' homes in more than ten kinds. NanJun Guixin, Mr. Former Friend also, Tuo Zheng Youyu is between Zhang Cixi and Yu, Shu Nanjunyi, Yu do everything with it. Nanjun donated 100,000 yuan, which belongs to the director of youyu school, and has completed the second project.
Next, Lun Ming also said that he originally wanted to pull Yu Jiaxi to "share the role of Yan Pair", but later the two of them, "were both bitter and annoyed, and zhao Xianyu was replaced by Zhao Xianyu, afraid that he would not be able to do a good job without regrets." [74] Both Zhang Jiangjue and Lun Ming's articles specifically mention that because Liu Shipei's handwriting was difficult to recognize, and because he wrote "when he was arrogant, he did not have time to review the original book, he printed it sloppily, and the words were more fishy and lu", so the proofreading work was extremely heavy, and it was Zhao Xianyu who served as the "director of the whole book" who was "humble and generous to be hired", but unfortunately the contributions of Zhao Xianyu and others were not mentioned in the preface by Nan Guixin and others. However, it is understandable that, like Zhao Xianyu, Nan Guixin should have paid a certain honorarium to all the scholars involved in the compilation of Liu Shipei's suicide note, so he naturally did not want to highlight their contributions too much in the preface. As for the "gentleman's shame and profit", all the parties who received the honorarium, including Qian Xuantong, also said this, and it is no wonder that Zhang Jiang, as a junior, boasted of his initiation after the incident was completed,[75] and vigorously commended the contributions of Lun Ming, Zhao Xianyu and others, and thus showed his merits in intermediary liaison.
If we do not understand what Nan Guixin did and her previous setbacks in political circles, and did not know the intermediary role of Zhang Jiangjue's proposal and Zheng Yufu, it is not easy for us to understand why Nan Guixin only remembered to compile a collection of essays for liu shipei thirteen years after liu shipei's death, and why Liu Shipei did not appear when he was in distress or even died. When the news of Nan Guixin's willingness to fund the publication of Liu Shipei's suicide note spread, the Ta Kung Pao also reported on it and expressed hope:
Liu Shipei zi Shen Uncle, a Guanghanzi, Jiangsu Yizheng people. He was a modern champion and was only thirty-six years old when he died. Manuscripts of his writings are scattered everywhere. In the past, Zhao Wanlishi had immersed himself in visiting the series, personally copying it, and issuing a lot. Recently, I heard that Guixin of the Nan Peilan clan planned to publish Liu's suicide note, that is, based on Zhao Jun's record, the book has been counted, and it can be published, and it is also a grand event. According to the three rites of Liu's study at the end of the year, the two books of the Old Sayings of the Book of Rites and the Ancient Commentaries of the Zhou Li are particularly refined. In addition to the "Journal of Traditional Chinese Studies" published by Chuan, there are many other works on "Zuo Zhuan", which can be seen in the generalization of his learning. These books are not without copies, and suicide notes are published, and it is advisable to search for them arbitrarily in order to complete Biye. [76]
In order to turn passivity into initiative, and in order to show the rationality of funding the compilation and publication of Liu Shipei's posthumous writings more than ten years later, Nan Guixin had to emphasize on many occasions his deep friendship with Liu Shipei and his care for Liu Shipei and his wife in the past. To this end, Nan Guixin even did not hesitate to exaggerate and change the date, thus not only misleading and deceiving parties like Qian Xuantong, but also successfully influencing the understanding of later researchers about the relationship between Liu Shipei and Nan Guixin.
Now it seems that the most commemorated thing in Nan Guixin's life was that he funded the compilation and publication of this "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu", and Nan Guixin hired Zheng Yufu, a close associate who had followed him for many years, to be responsible for the collection and collation of Liu Shipei's testament, but the actual bearer was mainly Qian Xuantong.
According to Qian Xuantong's diary on February 11, 1934, because of the introduction of his friend Li Jinxi and his past relationship with Liu Shipei, Qian Xuantong agreed to join the compilation of Liu Shipei's anthology. Qian Xuantong's main contact was Zheng Yufu, the chargé d'affaires appointed by Nan Guixin: "Nanjun Peilan, as Liu Jun's close friend, vowed to publish his suicide note and extend Zheng Youyu's affairs." Zheng Junyu was friends with Liu Jun in the past years, and he knew a little about Liu Jun's writings, and wanted Yu to help him collect materials, which Gu Yu was happy about. [77] In his diary, Qian Xuantong wrote:
Zheng is a believer in Nan Guixin, and Nan wants to invest 10,000 yuan to print Liu Shen's uncle's legacy. Zheng Yan is about 2,700 pages in China, and at this time he was writing lin (the original text of the collated version, the author referred to the manuscript, and also found that the words after the manuscript "Lin" were indeed illegible, citation note), and was also printing. Wu Shi's sample is well printed, better than the "Testament of Wang Zhongyu". I intend to refer to the cataloging and search for manuscripts. [78]
At this time, although Qian Xuantong was nominally only hired as a "consultant", in fact he was a "Dong Qi" person. Probably according to the agreement reached between Nan Guixin and Qian Xuantong, Qian Xuantong only took money to do things and could not sign his name, so when the last "Testament" was about to be published, Qian Xuantong had to ask Zheng Yufu not to praise his contribution too much in the "Afterword" of "Mr. Liu Shenshu's Suicide Note". [79] In the process of collecting and sorting, Qian Xuantong, who was lazy and suffering from "encephal disease", was often urged by Zheng Yufu to delay the compilation and revision of the anthology, and in addition to being distressed, Qian Xuantong once scolded Zheng Yufu, who was following his whereabouts that day, in his diary: "Such a disgusting little bureaucrat, as long as he shoots his boss (Nan Guixin), he does not understand the human condition, which is really despicable and disgusting. ”[80]
Qian Xuantong did not take too much care to collect Liu Shipei's words published in various newspapers and periodicals. In the process of compilation, Qian Xuantong often used illness as an excuse to delay the compilation and revision of the anthology, and when he knew that the Alarm Bell Daily, Tianyi Bao, Heng Bao and other newspapers and periodicals contained a large number of Liu Shipei's articles,[81] Qian Xuantong did not focus on collecting them.
Although there are many regrets, it is still mainly relying on Qian Xuantong's efforts, and it took more than three years for the "Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu" to be completed. However, Nan Guixin's great name was actually passed on to future generations, but it was his past political and business ups, including his later degeneration into a Japanese pseudo-"collaborator", and also became the first "Shanxi representative of the National Assembly", as well as taking the initiative to donate family property, real estate and coal mines after 1949, but gradually forgotten by historical researchers, which cannot but be said to be a historical paradox!
However, after the publication of the "Testament", Nan Guixin immediately showed another side. When Liu Shiying, a descendant of the Liu family who contributed greatly to the compilation and printing of the "Testament", contacted Zheng Yufu about the book donation, Zheng Yufu actually avoided seeing it, and Liu Shiying had to write to Nan Guixin for help: "Please see the gift to the cadres, in preparation for distributing relatives and friends", but Nan Guixin also only let people reply: "Nan Gong was ill and could not meet guests and read letters." [82] This attitude is simply more humble than when Nan Guixin personally wrote to Liu Shipei's family for help. [83] The Liu family was helpless against this, and there was nothing wrong with the original paper type and copyright that they had hoped to reclaim after the publication of the Testament. [84]
In stark contrast, it is Nan Guixin's attitude towards those in the upper position. According to Hu Shi's diary on January 1, 1948, Hu Shi, who was the president of Peking University and a leader in the academic circles at that time, received a set of expensive "Suicide Notes of Mr. Liu Shenshu" that Nan Guixin voluntarily donated: "Seventy-four copies of Liu Shenshu's (Shi Pei)'s suicide note were compiled and printed by Nan Peilan (Gui Xin) at the expense of Nan Guixin. Mr. Nan sent me all, turned over a part last night, and looked at another part today. For this reason, Hu Shi wrote a special letter to Nan Guixin the next day to thank him. [85] As for the original paper type of Mr. Liu Shenshu's Testament, which has always been concerned by Liu's descendants and has always been regarded as a strange commodity by Nan Guixin, it was not until after the founding of the Communist Party of China that it was transferred to the Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House by Zhang Youyu, an old friend of Nan Guixin's who was the vice mayor of Beijing at the time. [86]
Two other things worth mentioning are that Nan Guixin was not just a pseudonym in the compilation of the Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu, and his opinions played a decisive role on many issues. For example, when questioning whether the book should be included in the "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu", Liu Wendian, a disciple of Liu Shipei, and Qian Xuantong, a compiler, had a difference of opinion, and Liu Wendian was full of propaganda and insufficient scholarship because of his department, and "advocated not publishing it", and the principal Zheng Yufu also recognized Liu Wendian's idea. Qian Xuantong, on the other hand, believes that whether it is from the academic value, or from the perspective of its contribution to the anti-Manchu revolution or even its practical significance, the book should be included in the "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu": "Articles that think that Uncle Shen has value must take advantage of this opportunity to publish it, so they do not want to lack this "Book of Silence" alone." [87] The matter was finally decided by Zheng Yufu in nan guixin, and nan decided to handle it according to Qian Xuantong's opinion. [88] Another example is the article "Identifying Non-Chinese Subjects of Manchuria" published by Liu Shipei in the eighteenth issue of minbao[89] which Qian Xuantong had collected,[89] which was also controversial at the time of printing, and in addition to the fact that publishing the article would lead to an increase in the number of volumes,[90] more crucially, Nan Guixin believed that publishing the article again (Nan Guixin mistakenly wrote the name of the article as "Manchuria Non-Jianzhou Wei Kao") would be conducive to Japan's invasion of northeast China: "However, at the time of the Yu School's "Testament", it coincided with the Japanese invasion of northeast China and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo. Fearing the excuse of capital, I thought about it again and again, and finally cut love. [91] At the crucial moment, Nan Guixin, who was scheming and had many dynasties, was not confused, so when he later joined the Japanese puppet organization, including when he was ordered by the Japanese army to go to Taiyuan to organize a puppet government, he claimed to be ill for a while, according to his own words afterwards: "Avoided the German hospital for more than two years." [92] Nan Guixin's words may be suspected of self-glorification and avoidance of the important, but this statement appears in the self-statement of the initial confession to the new organization, and can be generally accepted.
Five
epilogue
In his later years in Taiwan, Yan Xishan (1883-1960) recalled why he did not choose to confront Yuan Shikai, who had restored the imperial system, and claimed to have been advised by Sun Yat-sen to retain the revolutionary party's base in the north. In the next memory of Liu Shipei, who had sold his life for Yuan Shikai, Yan Xishan did not hesitate to play the movie backwards:
Liu Shipei was a left-leaning scholar, he participated in the Preparatory Committee, not on his own initiative, he once went to Shanxi, but never persuaded me to approve of the imperial system, because he and my police commissioner Nan Guixin had a very good personal relationship, and after Nan's introduction, I talked to him more earnestly. I once told him: "Today, the trend of the times, all countries in the world have changed to the democratic approach, China's democratic forces are still in their infancy, but it is also a long day, and the gentlemen are planning for peace, inherently bitter, but they should also be worried about going against the trend." "He did not approve or oppose my words. [93]
Compared with Yan Xishan's deliberate falsification, the statement of Nan Guixin in the reminiscence article quoted above is not too much, but it is easier to mislead the reader. Because although both memoirs are reinterpreting and reconstructing the relationship between the past and the present according to the current situation and needs, they are both in the need of the times and the ideology of the ruler to re-depict their past experiences. However, in terms of acceptance, later historians of related issues were less likely to be confused by Yan Xishan's recollection,[94] but scholars who studied Liu Shipei were almost all misled by Nan Guixin's statements and believed it. Without him, because there are too many materials left by Yan Xishan himself and too easy to find; but for scholars who study Liu Shipei and examine the relationship between Liu Shipei and Nan Guixin, it is difficult to see the material that can be used as supporting or disproof, and it is easy for latecomers and researchers to consciously or unconsciously regard the personal memories of nan Guixin, the historical party, as the truth of past history, thus ignoring the distorted and fictional elements in it. [95]
Studying Liu Shipei, it is easy to involve Nan Guixin, but unfortunately, almost no scholars have paid in-depth attention to Nan Guixin's personal affairs. It can be said that the current research on Nan Guixin in the field of historiography is very weak, which is very inconsistent with her role and actual status in modern history. For this reason, this article makes more use of the newspaper reports of the time, the memoirs of the parties, letters, diaries and other materials, in order to compare with the memories of Nan Guixin, Yan Xishan and others, so as to carry out the reconstruction of historical facts in the form of side-knocking. In the end, the author hopes that this study can help to fully and deeply understand Nan Guixin himself and her relationship with Liu Shipei, and even the situation before and after the "Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu" was finally published, and at the same time, I hope that the humble text can play a slight role in prompting or picking up the gaps in the study of Nan Guixin and Liu Shipei.
Originally published in Modern History Research, No. 3, 2018, this edition has been changed.
exegesis
* In this article, the anonymous reviewers and editorial department of "Studies in Modern History", Professor Li Fan of the School of History and Culture of Beijing Normal University, Professor Zheng Chenglin of the Institute of Modern Chinese History of Central China Normal University, Professor Huang Xingtao of the School of History of Chinese Min University, Professor Wang Chaoguang of the Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Professor Ma Zhongwen of the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Brother Wang Bo, Professor Lu Weidong of Huzhou Normal University, and Jin Juyuan, a doctoral student at the Institute of Ancient Books of Fudan University, etc., either gave advice or provided help.
[1] The author has only seen the following three articles, all of which are very simple: Wang Shusen compiled the article "Nan Guixin before and after the Xinhai Revolution" based on nan Guixin and other materials such as the memories of the Xinhai Revolution, which was included in the Ningwu County Party History Data Collection Office and the Ningwu County Chronicle Compilation Committee Office: "Ningwu County Literature and History Materials" No. 3, edited and printed by the Ningwu County History Compilation Office, June 1982 edition, pp. 34-43; "Nan Guixin", compiled by the Beijing Literature and History Research Museum: "Biography of the Librarian of the Beijing Museum of Literature and History", Printed in April 2002, pp. 84-86; Zhang Youting, "Pinghan of jin dynasty: A Historical Anthropological Investigation of Wuguancheng, Ningning, Shanxi", Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2012, pp. 285-297.
[2] See Wang Liming, "Nan Guixin and the Beginning and End of the Compilation of The Testament of Liu Shenshu", Shanxi Archives, No. 2, 2013, pp. 45-47; Sanmu: "Collation and Publication of Nan Guixin and Liu Shipei and Liu Shipei's Writings", Historian's Tea House, No. 2, 2008, Shandong People's Publishing House, 2008, pp. 13-26. For the compilation of the Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu and the relationship between Southern Liu and Liu, see also Zheng Shiqu: "Qian Xuantong and the Testament of Liu Shenshu", Journal of Beijing Normal University, No. 6, 2003, pp. 72-82; Li Zhensheng: "Qian Xuantong's Participation in the Compilation of the Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu", "Treatise on Modern Chinese Literature", Vol. 1·2, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2007 Edition, pp. 68-88; Ge Xingming: "Examination of the Publication of Liu's Works in the "Old House of Qingxi" seen in the "Yangzhou Letters", "Examination of the Publication of Liu's Works in the "Old House of Qingxi" as Seen in the "Yangzhou Letters", Monthly Journal of Historiography, No. 4, 2010, pp. 104-108.
[3] Like Qian Xuantong, he originally knew nothing about Liu Shipei's "things that were protected by the Southern Duke in the early years of the Republic of China", but it was all from Nan Guixinzhi's narration. Liu Shipei's disciple Zhang Chongwei also heard Nan Guixin's words in person and realized that Nan Liu was so closely related: "Nan Jun claimed to have been on good terms with Shen Zhang for many years, and this time he vowed to publish a collection of suicides to repay his dead friend. Peeping at its intentions, it is extremely sincere. See Qian Xuantong to Zheng Yufu (六三), included in Qian Xuantong Anthology, Chinese University Press, 1999 edition, vol. 6, pp. 292-293; Zhang Chongwei to Liu Shiying (III), see Yang Lijuan's Compilation: "The Remains of Xuehai: Notes on the Collection of Yizheng Liu's Family", Guangling Book Club, 2014 edition, p. 119.
[4] Nan Guixin: Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution (written by Li Taidi, March 1959), Shanxi Literature and History Materials, Vol. 2, February 1962 Edition, pp. 80-81; Nan Guixin's article was also included in the "Memoirs of the Xinhai Revolution" under the title of "Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution in Shanxi", wenshi data publishing house, 1981 edition, episode 5, but the content is greatly reduced compared with the "Shanxi Literature and History Materials" version.
[5] Tang Zhijun: "Long Compilation of Zhang Taiyan Chronology" (Revised Edition), Zhonghua Bookstore, 2013 edition, volume 1, p. 152.
[6] Nan Guixin: "Preface to Mr. Liu Shenshu's Testament", "Liu Shenshu's Testament", vol. 1, p. 32.
[7] Nan Guixin: "Preface to Mr. Liu Shenshu's Testament", "Liu Shenshu's Testament", vol. 1, p. 33.
[8] According to Qian Xuantong's letter to Zheng Yufu on April 2, 1937, the Southern Order was ghostwritten by "Uncle Guo Yuan". To Zheng Yufu (63), Qian Xuantong Anthology, vol. 6, p. 290.
[9] Zheng Yufu: "Afterword", "Testament of Uncle Liu Shen", vol. II, p. 2408.
[10] Qian Xuantong once said in his letter: "The preface of the gentleman was also written by Guo Gong on his behalf. "To Zheng Yufu" (63), Qian Xuantong's Collected Writings, vol. 6, p. 293.
[11] Zheng Yufu wrote to Liu Shiying that he had been taught by Liu Shipei when he was in Taiyuan: "Nangong Peilan and Mr. Shen Shu were in Dongyang before, that is, they were best. Uncle Shen travels to Jin, and the friendship is Youdu. At that time, his brother was serving in Jin, and he also obeyed each other from time to time, ready to listen to the teachings. Zheng was a close associate of Nan Guixin, and what was said did not exceed what Nan Guixin had said. See "Letter from Zheng Yufu to Liu Shiying", see Yang Lijuan's compilation: "Xuehai Relics: Notes on the Collection of Yizheng Liu's Family Collection", p. 113.
[12] Zheng Yufu wrote to Qian Xuantong saying that the author, "Guo Yuanshujun", "did not want others to change his words". To Zheng Yufu (68), Qian Xuantong Anthology, vol. 6, p. 299.
[13] According to Qian Xuantong, Nan Guixin had talked to him in detail about the past events of the revolutionary party in Tokyo, many of which were unknown, but Qian did not say what the specific things were: "When it comes to the situation of the revolutionary party in Tokyo this time, my brother knows it or not, and he is extremely interested in hearing about it. "To Zheng Yufu" (63), in The Collected Works of Qian Xuantong, vol. 6, p. 293.
[14] Nan Guixin, "Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution", Shanxi Literature and History Materials, vol. 2, pp. 81-82. Many critical memories of Zhang Taiyan by Liu Shipei's mother, who was proficient in primary schools, are from the mouth of Nan Guixin, and can also be found in Nan Guixin: "Preface I", including Mei Hesun: "Qingxi Old House Yizheng Liu's Fifth Small Story", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004 edition, page 3.
[15] As mentioned in it, nan Guixin said in her memoirs that it was her own hand that took the lead in the preparation of the revolutionary people's congress. The parties Jing Meijiu, Wang Dong, and Dan Maoxin all recall that the leader is Zhang Ji. See Jing Meijiu: "Crime", Jingjin Bookstore, 1924 edition, pp. 86-88; Wang Dong: "Epitaph of Zhang Cemetery, Director of the Museum of The History of the Homeland", in Shen Yunlong, ed., "The Remains of Mr. Wang Xuchu", Taipei Wenhai Publishing House, 1973 photocopy edition, p. 380; Dan Maoxin: "Several Battles between League Members and Royalists in Japan", Memoirs of the Xinhai Revolution, vol. 6, p. 34.
[16] "To Zheng Yufu" (63), in Qian Xuantong's Collected Writings, vol. 6, p. 293.
[17] "To Zheng Yufu" (五九), in Qian Xuantong Anthology, vol. 6, p. 283. According to Ding Weifen's recollection in May 1927, he was ordered by Liu's mother to send Liu Shipei back to China. See Ding Weifen's Dictation and Luo Jialun's Notes: "Liu Shipei's Experience as a Detective", Shandong Literature, Vol. 22, No. 4, March 20, 1979, pp. 103-104.
[18] Nan Guixin: Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution (written by Li Taidi, March 1959), Shanxi Literature and History Materials, vol. 2, p. 97. For about Min Erchang himself and his relationship with Yuan Shikai, see Bian Xiaoxuan: A Narrative of the Old Population of Holly, compiled by Zhao Yi, Phoenix Publishing House, 2019, pp. 246-249.
[19] Liu Shipei's nephew Mei Hesun recalled that on March 29, 1913, Liu Shipei went to the Fayuan Temple in Beijing to attend a banquet of 100 celebrities organized by Wang Minyun, which should be a mistake. At this time, Liu Shipei was still in Sichuan and could not go to Beijing. In addition, according to the "Declaration", mei said that the conference should be the "Liuchun Conference" held by The Fayuan Temple because of Wang Minyun's going to Beijing, which was initiated by Yi Shunding and others in the spring of 1914, and Celebrities such as Liang Qichao and Yan Fu participated, but Liu Shipei's name was not seen in the report. Mei Hesun's account of Liu Shipei's participation in the party was either initiated by Yuan Kewen on May 2, 1915 or the new one initiated by the Lotus Society on May 6, but neither of these celebrity rallies was included in the list of participants. See Mei Hesun: "The Little Memoirs of Liu Shi V of Qingxi Old House Yizheng", p. 51; "The Sorrow and Optimism in celebrity poetry", "Declaration", April 30, 1914, 6th edition; Yan Fu's Diary, April 24, 1914, included in Ma Yong et al., eds., "The Complete Works of Yan Fu", Fujian Education Publishing House, 2014, vol. 8, p. 592; "Local Correspondence beijing", "Declaration", May 5, 1915, 7th edition; "Beijing's Literary Reception and Compulsory Drama", "Declaration", May 7, 1915, 6th Edition.
[20] Liu Shipei: "Fan Book with Chengdu National University", in The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. II, p. 1741.
[21] See Huang Jinjun, "One of liu shipei's brief examinations on entering the Sichuan form and traces", in Xu Xiping, ed., "The Fusion and Development of Regional Cultures in the Yangtze River Basin (Proceedings of the Second Bashu Lake Xiang Cultural Forum)", Sichuan University Press, 2014 edition, pp. 48-58; Xie Taofang: "Criticism of the Present Literary And Classics School- Liu Shipei in Sichuan Guoxue", Journal of Chengdu University (Social Science Edition), No. 2, 2008, pp. 44-48; Zhang Kai: "Present" and "Ancient" The Controversy: Liao Ping and Liu Shipei in the Sichuan Guoxue Period," Journal of Sichuan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No. 2, 2009, pp. 11-18.
[22] See Wan Shiguo: The Annals of Liu Shipei, p. 239.
[23] If Liu Shipei had donated a large sum of 120 yuan to the National College at this time, it may be proof. See "Appendix I: The Title of the Golden Stone of the Donated Books of the National College", Sichuan Journal of Sinology, No. 4, 1912, p. 1. The article is from the shanghai library's full-text database of periodicals in the late Qing Dynasty and The Republic of China.
[24] Mr. Wan Shiguo's arrival in Chengdu in the spring of 1912 is unknown. See Wan Shiguo: The Annals of Liu Shipei, p. 213.
[25] Liu Shipei: "Fan Book with Chengdu National College", in The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. II, p. 1741.
[26] Wu Yu's Diary, August 4, 1913 (July 3 of the Old Calendar), compiled by the Museum of the Chinese Revolution: "Wu Yu's Diary", Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1984 edition, volume I, p. 96.
[27] "Local Correspondence: The Robbery of Uncle Liu Shen in Sichuan", Declaration, August 24, 1913, 6th edition.
[28] Ding Weifen, who had been a close friend of Liu Shipei in Japan at the end of the Qing Dynasty, recalled in May 1927 that Liu Shipei's mother had told him that Liu was very timid in life, and asked Ding to escort Liu when liu returned to China. See Ding Weifen's Dictation and Luo Jialun's Notes: "Liu Shipei's Experience as a Detective", Shandong Literature, Vol. 22, No. 4, March 20, 1979, pp. 103-104.
[29] Mo, "Miscellaneous Commentaries II. Uncle Liu Shen", Declaration, August 24, 1913, 6th edition.
[30] Liu Shipei: Records of The Poetry of Zuo Xi, Vol. III, in The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, Vol. II, p. 1929.
[31] See Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) Literature and History Research Committee, eds., Historical Facts of Yan Xishan's Reign in Shanxi, Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1984, pp. 41-42; Li Juyi, Li Qishan's Strategy, Shanxi Literature and History Materials, Vol. 76-77, 1991 Edition, pp. 308-309. See also Wang Shusen: "Nan Guixin before and after the Xinhai Revolution", Ningwu County Literature and History Materials, Vol. 3, pp. 40-41.
[32] See Wan Shiguo, ed., Liu Shipei's Chronology, p. 229.
[33] The Order, Declaration, May 29, 1914, 2nd edition.
[34] In 1962, when Nan Guixin wrote the preface to the "Little Memoirs of Liu Shi V of the Qingxi Old House Yizheng", he recalled that Liu Shipei stayed in Taiyuan for "two years and began to return to Beijing", which was obviously wrong. Nan Guixin: "Preface 1", included in Mei Hesun: "Qingxi Old House Yizheng Liu Clan V Small Notes", page 3.
[35] For information on What Jin Yong did in Shanxi during this period and its relationship with Yan Xishan, see Li Fengxiang and Yu Jiaji: "The Political Situation When Jin Yong Controlled Shanxi," Shanxi Literature and History Materials, Vol. 2, February 1962, pp. 114-119; Nan Guixin: Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution (written by Li Taidi, March 1959), Shanxi Literature and History Materials, vol. 2, pp. 95-100, and so on.
[36] Nan Guixin: Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution (written by Li Taidi, March 1959), Shanxi Literature and History Materials, vol. 2, p. 98.
[37] Nan Guixin: Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution (written by Li Taidi, March 1959), Shanxi Literature and History Materials, vol. 2, p. 98.
[38] "Recent News on the Question of the State System," The Times, September 3, 1915, p. 3, p. 2.
[39] "Shanxi Yan General Telegram", see "Junxian Chronicle", printed by the All-China Petition Federation, printed by the Beijing Falun Printing bureau, September 1915, vol. 1, "Letters and Telegrams", p. 11.
[40] "Recent News from the Preparatory Committee", Declaration, 30 August 1915, 6th edition. See "List of Delegates," The Times, September 4, 1915, p. 5, p. 3.
[41] Nan Guixin: Memories before and after the Xinhai Revolution (written by Li Taidi, March 1959), Shanxi Literature and History Materials, vol. 2, p. 98.
[42] "Tang Jiyao et al. Electrified (December 23, 1915)", in He Zhilin," ed., Yan Xishan Archives: Records of Telegrams, vol. 1, p. 187; see also Tang Jiyao Ren Kecheng to Yuan Shikaidian (December 23, 1915), in Li Xibi, Zeng Yeying, and Xu Huiqi, eds., Selected Materials of the Patriotic Movement, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1984, vol. 1, p. 114.
[43] See "The Return of Yang To the Government", Suncheon Times, April 11, 1915, 2nd edition; Order, Suncheon Times, April 13, 1915, 7th edition; Translated Telegram, Shenzhou Daily, April 13, 1916, 1st edition; Order, Declaration, April 15, 1916, 2nd edition.
[44] For this article, vol. 3 (March 1916), Journal of China, pp. 1-21.
[45] Professor Zhu Weizheng believes that in January and February 1916, Liu Shipei's article "On the Retrospect of Monarchy" serialized in the Journal of China "represents the final end of Liu Shipei's questioning of politics." Zhu Weizheng: "On Liu Shipei", in Zhu's Introduction to Modern Scholarship, Zhongxi Bookstore, 2013 edition, p. 263.
[46] Feng Liberty: A History of the Revolution, Nova Press, 2009, vol. 2009, p. 514.
[47] Qian Xuantong later wrote to Zheng Yufu, saying: "In the seventeen years since the beginning of his reign, there has been no malice or criticism of Uncle Shen, but only Cai Gong. After that, Qian wrote to Cai Yuanpei, saying: "Mr. Shen has always been unswerving in his friendship with Uncle Shen, and he does not discriminate against him because of his late festival. See Qian Xuantong to Zheng Yufu (II), Qian Xuantong to Cai Yuanpeixin (July 5, 1936), Qian Xuantong Anthology, vol. 6, pp. 187, 277.
[48] Cai Yuanpei: "Liu Junshen's Uncle's Strategy", Liu Shenshu's Testament, vol. 1, p. 18.
[49] See Confessions of the Liberal Arts and Academic Affairs Office, Journal of Peking University, January 10, 1918, 1st edition.
[50] Meditation: Beijing Communications, Declaration, November 5, 1919, 2nd, 6th edition.
[51] The Book of Chen Zhongfan (III), Wan Shiguo, ed., Addendum to Liu Shenshu's Testament, vol. II, p. 1457.
[52] "Professor Liu Shipei Died of Illness in Beijing", Journal of Peking University, November 21, 1919, 2nd edition.
[53] "Liu Shi Pei Zuo Gu", Morning Post, November 21, 1919, 6th edition.
[54] Domestic Radio, The Times, November 24, 1919, 3rd, "Yuxing" appendice to The Hourly.
[55] "Regular Advertisement for Mr. Liu Shenshu's Funeral", Peking University Journal, December 1, 1919, 1st edition.
[56] Ye Yun: "The Withering Away of important people in the Beijing Academic Circles", Declaration, November 27, 1919, 2nd edition, 7th edition.
[57] Ming Shi: "What Liu Shipei Heard After His Death", The Times, November 30, 1919, 3rd, appendix to the hourly newspaper "Yu Xing".
[58] "Letter from Chen Pei Ninjun to the President", Journal of Peking University, December 5, 1919, 3rd edition.
[59] "Special Road Electricity", The Times, December 11, 1919, page 3, p. 7, "The Hourly Appendix : Afterglow". The association was also transcribed by Xu Zhaowei in his diary of December 12, 1919, Xu Zhaowei's Diary, vol. 3, p. 2053.
[60] Wu Yu's Diary, December 25, 1919, compiled by the Museum of the Chinese Revolution: "Wu Yu's Diary", Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1984, vol. 1, p. 509.
[61] Ye Yun, "The New Atmosphere of Beijing Communications and the Highest School", Declaration, December 15, 1919, 2nd, 6th edition.
[62] Liu Fuzeng: Epitaph of the Deceased Nephew Shi Pei, Nan Guixin et al., eds., Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. 1, p. 16.
[63] Liu Fuzeng: Epitaph of the Deceased Nephew Shi Pei, Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. 1, p. 16.
[64] "Notice of the Miscellaneous Affairs Section of the Ministry of General Affairs", Journal of Peking University, December 27, 1919, 1st edition. See Liu Shiyingbao, The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. II, p. 2407.
[65] Yang Lianggong, Teaching Life in the Early Thirty Years, p. 20.
[66] See Nan Guixin: "The Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu, Preface", "Testament of Uncle Liu Shen", vol. 1, p. 32.
[67] Zheng Yufu: "Later Introduction", The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. II, p. 2408.
[68] See The Order, Official Gazette No. 1352, 12 November 1919, vol. 149, p. 274.
[69] Nan Guixin: "Preface 1", included in Mei Hesun: "The Small Notes of Liu Shi V of qingxi Old House Yizheng", p. 3.
[70] Regarding the relationship between Nan Guixin and Yan Xishan during this period, the author has included in this book a separate article, "Nan Guixin and Yan Xishan".
[71] Zheng Yufu: "Later Introduction", "Testament of Uncle Liu Shen", vol. II, p. 2408.
[72] See Zhang Jiangjie above, "The Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu of the <> The Beginning and End of publication", Guoxue On Balance, No. 8 (November 20, 1936), "Foreign Manuscript", pp. 7-12.
[73] Zheng Yufu: "Later Introduction", The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. II, p. 2408.
[74] See Lun Ming: Chronicle Poems from the Xinhai Collection, Liu Shipei, in Dongguan Library, ed., The Complete Works of Lun Ming, vol. 1, pp. 107-108. Lun Ming said here that Nan Guixin donated 100,000 yuan to edit the "Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu", which was an exaggeration or misrememberment of the literati, in order to show Nan's "high friendship" with Liu Shipei.
[75] Zhang Jiangjie said that he wrote this article not to recognize his own contributions, but only to name his own "initiation" of merit: "Yu also only lived in the initiative, and had no big plan. A little word? Gu Zu is known as a laborer? This must be foreshadowed by the narrator. "Zhang Jiangjie: "The Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu of the <> The Beginning and End of publication", Guoxue On Balance, No. 8, "Foreign Manuscript", p. 8.
[76] "Liu Shipei's Testament Will Be Published," Ta Kung Pao, February 10, 1934, 11th edition.
[77] Qian Xuantong: "General Catalogue", in The Testament of Uncle Liu Shen, vol. 1, p. 18.
[78] The Diary of Qian Xuantong, Vol. II, Diary of February 12, 1934, p. 990.
[79] See Li Zhensheng, "Qian Xuantong's Participation in the Compilation of The Testament of Mr. Liu Shenshu", Treatise on Modern Chinese Literature, vol. 1.2, p. 78.
[80] The Diary of Qian Xuantong, Vol. II, Diary of April 5, 1935, p. 1091.
[81] See Liu Shiying's Letter to Liu Baoru (V) and Qian Xuantong's Letter to Liu Shiying, respectively, in Yang Lijuan's Compilation: "The Remains of Xuehai: Notes on the Collection of Books of the Liu Family in Yizheng", pp. 68 and 85.
[82] "Letter from Liu Shiying to Liu Baoru" (XVII), compiled by Yang Lijuan: "The Relics of Xuehai: Notes on the Collection of The Yizheng Liu Family", p. 75. According to the author who later proposed to write the biography of Nan Guixin, Nan Guixin was indeed ill at this time and was hiding from the persecution of the Japanese and false. Talk about it for the reader's reference. See Yang Lijuan's compilation: "The Relics of Xuehai: Notes on the Collection of the Yizheng Liu Family", p. 75, note 1.
[83] See NanGui Xin to Liu Shiying's Book, compiled by Yang Lijuan: Notes on the Collected Books of the Liu Family of Yizheng, p. 84.
[84] See Liu Shiying's Letter to Liu Baoru (XII), compiled by Yang Lijuan: Notes on the Collected Writings of the Liu Family of Yizheng, p. 72.
[85] See Cao Boyan' Collected Works, Anhui Education Publishing House, 2003, vol. 33 Diary, p. 693.
[86] See Nan Guixin: Preface I, in Mei Hesun: The Little Tale of Liu V of the Qingxi Old House Yizheng, p. 5.
[87] Qian Xuantong to Zheng Yufu (IV), Qian Xuantong Anthology, vol. 6, pp. 193-194. Zhang Jiangjie also believes that the "Book of The Book": "It is inevitable for those who see it to be humorous, and the first historical evidence is conclusive, and those who dare to speak out from the historians of the past generations have said it." Si Gu can't be sick for the sages either. See Zhang Jiangjue: "The Suicide Note of Mr. Liu Shenshu of the <> The Beginning and End of publication", Guoxue On Balance, No. 8, "Foreign Manuscript", p. 12.
[88] "Letter from Liu Shiying to Liu Baoru" (XI); "Nan Guixin to Liu Shiying's Book", respectively, is included in Yang Lijuan's Compilation: "Xuehai Relics: Notes on the Collection of Books of the Liu Family in Yizheng", pp. 71 and 84.
[89] The Diary of Qian Xuantong, Vol. II, Diary of April 5, 1935, p. 1095.
[90] Qian Xuantong to Zheng Yufu (58), Qian Xuantong Anthology, vol. 6, pp. 280-281.
[91] Nan Guixin: "Preface 1", Mei Hesun: "The Little Tale of Liu Shi V of qingxi old house Yizheng", p. 4.
[92] "Registration Form for Librarians of the Beijing Research Museum of Literature and History", reproduced in Zhang Youting, "Pinghan of the Jin Dynasty: A Historical Anthropological Investigation of Wuguancheng, Ningning, Shanxi", p. 286. See "Beautiful Taiyuan", Declaration (Hankou Edition), July 27, 1938, second edition.
[93] Yan Xishan: Memoirs of Yan Xishan's Early Years, Taipei Biographical Literature Publishing House, 1968, Biographical Literature Series No. 29, p. 52.
[94] There are some exceptions, such as the Kuomintang Party History Committee's short biography for Yan Xishan, which completely adopts Yan Xishan's own account. See Du Yuanzai, ed., Chronicles of Revolutionary Figures, 1972 edition of the Party History Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, vol. IX, "Yan Xishan", pp. 383-406.
[95] Here we may try to borrow from Mr. Qian Zhongshu's discussion for a reference. Qian Shi quoted an 18th-century French woman in the "Pipe Cone Compilation" as saying: "Those whose deeds are damaged by morality, I compensate them with words." In the relationship between Nan Guixin and Liu Shipei, we may be able to say that Nan Guixin did indeed fail Liu Shipei in her later years, so when she repeatedly recalled Liu Shipei to others later, Nan Guixin repeatedly used her remarks to show and construct her intimate relationship with Liu Shipei in that year, so as to win the trust of people and hide guilt. As Qian Zhongshu said: "The article does not illuminate the 'truth' of the author's life as a person, but it is quite enough to indicate why he can do it and wish to be like a person, and why he is conceited and wants others to regard himself as a person." For a discussion, see Qian Zhongshu: The Pipe Cone Compilation, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1994 edition, vol. 4, pp. 1388-1390.
Good book recommendation
Zhang Zhongmin, "Ye Luo ZhiQiu: Historical Events and Characters in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Ming Dynasty"
Author: Zhang Zhongmin
Publisher: Shanghai People's Publishing House
Publication year: 2020-6
Number of pages: 331
Pricing: 65.00
Binding: Hardcover
Book Series: On Balance
ISBN: 9787208163805
Introduction to this book
From various newspapers, archives, diaries and later memoirs of the late Qing Dynasty, the author reveals the unknown or obscured aspects of academic masters such as Hu Shi, Chen Yinke, Liu Shipei, Liang Qichao, and Yan Fu.
How do we face the past, and how do we face the present and the future? While maintaining hope and confidence, feel the subtle collision of history and reality.
This book mainly involves Hu Shi, Chen Yinke, Yan Fu, Liu Shipei, Liang Qichao and other academic "masters" in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. From various newspapers, archives, diaries, and later memoirs of the late Qing Dynasty, the author examines some actions or texts unknown to these famous figures, such as discussing some of Hu Shi's experiences and published texts when he studied in Shanghai in his early years, whether Chen Yinke was a graduate of Fudan University, what Yan Fu did during the Fudan Public School period, how Liu Shipei called Yuan Shikai emperor Zhangmu, kang youwei Liang Qichao and Yuan Shikai's relationship, etc., which greatly enriched our understanding of the history of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty and these important figures. Reveal another side of that past history.
About the Author
Zhang Zhongmin is a professor at the Department of History and the Research Center for the Process of Chinese and Foreign Modernization at Fudan University, and a researcher at the Asia-Pacific Development Research Center of Nanjing University, with research interests in modern and contemporary Chinese history. He has published monographs such as "Publishing and Cultural Politics: A Study of "Hygiene" Books in the Late Qing Dynasty" and "Planting Melons and Beans: Reading Culture and The Politics of Acceptance in the Late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty", and has published many papers.
directory
Why did Hu Shi "become famous"?
-- Rethinking the study of the history of the "May Fourth New Culture Movement"
The young Hu Shi was in Shanghai when he was in the historical materials
Chen Yinke and Fudan Public School
Between words and deeds
——Yanfu and Fudan Public School
Yan Fu and Xiong Jilian's "father and son" friends
——Yan Fu's interpretation of an essay
"When you learn to be martyred"
- Liu Shipei during the Reign of the Hongxian Emperor
Nan Guixin and Liu Shipei
Nan Guixin and Yan Xishan
An example of the relationship between Xinhai Qiankang and Liang and Yuan Shikai
——Starting with a passage by Liang Qichao
A New Sexual Moral Discourse in the Late Qing Dynasty
——Yang Yi's "Azuma Mirror" and its readers
Late Qing Dynasty thinkers He Qi and Hu Liyuan recounted their deeds
Special thanks
College China Cultural Development Foundation
Dunhe Foundation
The original | copyright of the article| forward please note the source
Editor-in-chief of the public account: Meng Zhen, Xie Yan, Dong Jingchen
Editor-in-Charge: Feng Keran
Some of the pictures come from the web