In film and television works, there are many distortions about Shi Lang's recovery of Taiwan. Taking "Kangxi The Great" as an example, in order to promote the development of the plot, film and television works need to fictionalize some characters and plots, such as Li Guangdi's secret interaction with Kangxi's beloved daughter Lan Qi'er, because there is no such person as Lan Qi'er in history; sometimes in order to create fascinating confrontational scenes, some impossible plots will be fictionalized, such as Yao Qisheng receiving Kangxi Secret Will standing behind Shi Lang with a knife, and if Shi Lang does not send troops to solve him. Such works, hilarious is hilarious, but it does not conform to historical logic. In the local situation at that time, the real scenes that could happen were often not dramatic, and the more we watched the movies and televisions, the real historical plot was rambling.
During the kangxi period to recover Taiwan, the first hero was of course Shi Lang, then Yao Qisheng, in fact, there was an important figure Li Guangdi, and the pearl could also be counted as half. These people had intricate relations with each other, and they were very resolute and made contributions to the issue of recovering Taiwan, but after the recovery of Taiwan, they had different opinions on whether to abandon Taiwan or abide by the principles, but fortunately, Kangxi understood the great righteousness and finally included Taiwan in the territory. We tell the stories of these people one by one.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >, Shi Lang and Zheng Chenggong's grudge. </h1>
First of all, why Shi Lang betrayed Zheng Chenggong and defected to the Qing Dynasty. At first, Shi Lang's cousin Shi Fu defected to Zheng Chenggong's father, Zheng Zhilong. Zheng Zhilong was originally a commercial magnate with maritime armies, and his trade reached all over the East and Southeast Asias: Da Ni (in present-day BeidaNian Province, Thailand), Huan Ni (around present-day Brunei), Jiaotong (present-day northern Vietnam), Champa (a vast area south of present-day Hengshan Pass, Vietnam), Luzon (present-day Philippines), Lugang (in present-day Budai Town, Chiayi County, Taiwan Province), Beigang (on the right bank of the lower reaches of Beigang Creek in present-day Taiwan Province), Dayuan (present-day Anping District, Tainan City, Taiwan Province), Ando (Pingdo Island in the northwestern region of Present-day Ben-Nagasaki County), Nagasaki (present-day port on the west coast of Honkyushu Island), Mumbai (present-day coastal port in western India), Banten (into western Java, Indonesia), Old Port (present-day southern Sumatra, Indonesia), Srivijaya (most of present-day Sunda, Indonesia), Batavia (also known as Bite-Rumba, present-day Jakarta, Indonesia), Malacca (present-day western port of Peninsular Malaysia), Cambodia, Siam (present-day Thailand), and his armed forces included Han Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Austronesians, and black Africans. With 3,000 large and small ships, the power can not be underestimated. However, after he returned to The Ming Dynasty in 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen), many of his subordinates rebelled against the Ming dynasty and entered the sea, leaving only a few of the original followers. Zheng Zhilong reorganized the army with the support of the Fujian government, distrusted his old subordinates, and promoted some people without any background. Shi Fu is a native of Yakou, Jinjiang, not far from the town of Anhai in Jinjiang, where Zheng Zhilong settled, and Zheng Zhilong reused Shi Fu in the name of his fellow villagers. Zheng Zhilong built up a team of 30,000 people. In 1633 (the sixth year of Chongzhen), Zheng Zhilong defeated the Dutch East India Company at the Battle of Kinmen, clearing the barriers to maritime trade and becoming his peak.
China's maritime trade routes in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties
In 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen), Zheng Zhilong recruited tens of thousands of disaster victims in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, Fujian Province, "people gave silver three two, three people gave a cow", and transported it to Taiwan by sea ship to settle in the wasteland. In the history of Taiwan, Zheng Zhilong was the first person to organize large-scale immigration. This created a situation: there were only 2,000 Dutch colonists in Taiwan, while tens of thousands of mainland immigrants laid the foundation for the future Zheng to successfully recover Taiwan.
The Han Chinese in Taiwan first wanted democracy to come from
Shi Fu was Zheng Zhilong's think tank, and he joined Zheng Zhilong's department and was promoted to the rank of Capital Division of the Chinese Army in only three years. Shi Lang joined the army zhengzhilong in 1643 (the sixteenth year of Chongzhen), and Shi Fu recommended him to be a minor official. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Fujian famine revolted throughout the province, and Zheng Zhilong's troops were able to suppress the uprisings of the people everywhere relatively smoothly, and Shi Fu and Shi Lang played a great role in it. Shi Lang was awarded the title of guerrilla general for his military merits, and Shi Fu's status was even higher. After the establishment of the Nanming Hongguang (Zhu Yousong) regime, Shi Fu was awarded the title of governor, and Shi Lang was awarded the title of deputy commander-in-chief, and the two became the backbone of Zheng Zhilong, in charge of the main force "Zhongjun". After the Southern Ming Dynasty longwu (Zhu Yujian) dynasty, Shi Fu was given the title of Wu Yibo, and Shi Lang was made the governor of Youdu and the left charge. At this time, Zheng Chenggong began to emerge, and was named the commander of the imperial camp, becoming the immediate boss of Shi Fu and Shi Lang. However, in the specific command of the war, Shi Lang's uncle and nephew secretly only obeyed Zheng Zhilong.com. When the Qing army entered Fujian, Shi Lang's uncle and nephew did not listen to Zheng Chenggong's dispatches, did not hold out on the front line of Shanguan, but retreated to Anhai to attach himself to Zheng Zhilong, who was preparing to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. In 1646 (the third year of Shunzhi), Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Zheng Successfully broke with it, taking only a few people from Zheng Hongkui, Zheng Cai, and Zheng Lian to the sea to raise an army, and Shi Lang's uncle and nephew followed Zheng Zhilong to surrender to qing.
After Zheng Zhilong was lured by the Qing army to Beijing under house arrest, more than 5,000 people under Shi Fu and Shi Lang were reorganized into Qing troops, and Li Chengdong's Qing army went south to attack Guangdong. However, Li Chengdong did not give them official grain, but only used Shi Fu and Shi Lang to charge for him, and also risked their battle achievements. However, Shi Lang's uncle and nephew were very desperate on the battlefield, suppressing the Guangdong rebel army and contributing to the Qing Dynasty. By 1648 (the fifth year of Shunzhi), Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren, who had descended to the Qing Dynasty, were in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, opposing the Qing and Returning to the Ming, Li Chengdong was also in Guangzhou, and Shi Fu and Shi Lang followed Li Chengdong to restore the Qing dynasty. Shi Fu was renamed Yanping Bo by Yongli (Zhu Youluo). Shi Lang's uncle and nephew were sent to Fujian and once again became Zheng Chenggong's subordinates. On the way, Li Chengdong's subordinate Hao Shangjiu attacked Shi Lang's troops, only to be saved by Zheng Chenggong. Shi Lang's younger brother Shi Xian also led his family to Zheng Chenggong in Xiamen. Zheng Chenggong's original units had a very poor level of combat, and after the Shi family's troops joined, they quickly changed from repeated defeats to repeated victories. Shi Lang and Shi Xian also became Zheng Chenggong's right-hand men.
Due to the complexity of the internal factions of the Southern Ming, Zheng Chenggong was soon involved in the struggle with other factions within the Southern Ming system, such as Hao Shangjiu and Zheng Chenggong, who had different surnames and surnames of Zheng Lian. With the help of the Shi Lang brothers, Zheng successfully attacked and killed Zheng Lian, annexed his army, and recalled Zheng Cai. In this incident, Shi Lang asked Zheng Chenggong to take a few small boats to Gulangyu Island, pretending to offer a thousand stone meters to Zheng Lian, zheng lian was a drunkard and would not suspect it, and then approached and killed Zheng Lian. Zheng Chenggong felt that the plan was very good, but he would bear the notoriety of killing his brother. Shi Lang cited the example of Li Shimin killing Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji to persuade Zheng Chenggong to give a fierce hand. Zheng Chenggong thus owned Xiamen and had a stable base to resist the Qing army.
The largest sphere of influence of Zheng Chenggong's army
Soon, the Shi family split with Zheng Chenggong. Zheng Chenggong had an army in his hands and was preparing to go south to serve the king. Shi Lang's uncles and nephews had all spent time in the Qing army and had long lost confidence in the Southern Ming Dynasty, and Shi Lang persuaded Zheng Chenggong not to go on the grounds that his dreams were not auspicious, but Zheng Chenggong did not take his advice. Shi Fu was reluctant to participate in the zheng army, Shi Lang was reluctant to serve the king, and Zheng Chenggong was suspicious, believing that the two wanted to avoid fighting the Qing army, so he dismissed them from their posts and returned to Xiamen to defend.
The Shi Lang brothers also have a problem, that is, they like to bully the generals. Zheng Chenggong's subordinate Chen Bin was bullied by Shi Lang and fled to Zheng Chenggong to complain when he could not bear it, and Zheng Chenggong realized that Shi Lang would become a troublesome matter in the army that caused everyone to deviate from morality.
This gap grew deeper and deeper with the flight of the Shi Lang brothers. It was not until 1652 (the ninth year of Shunzhi) that the Zengde Incident occurred. The Southern Ming general Zeng De offended Shi Lang in Xiamen, and Zeng De hid in Zheng Chenggong's home. In desperation, Shi Lang rushed into Zheng Chenggong's home with his troops and arrested Zeng De and killed him. Zheng Chenggong was furious and ordered the arrest of Shi Lang, Shi Xian, and their father Shi Daxuan. After that, Shi Lang's old subordinate Su Mao risked his life to let Shi Lang go. Shi Lang fled, and Shi Xian and Shi Daxuan were executed by Zheng Chenggong. Shi Lang was smuggled from the island to the mainland, and was picked up by a ship sent by Shi Fu in An Hai. Shi Lang was still hesitant about his whereabouts, but the assassins sent by Zheng Chenggong came to Anhai again, and Shi Lang could not settle down and had to defect to the Qing Dynasty. For a long time after that, whenever Shi Lang proposed to recover Taiwan, everyone thought that Shi Lang wanted to declare a personal vendetta, and Shi Lang was always depressed. After Zheng Successfully purged Shi Lang's forces in the army, the morale of the troops was greatly boosted, and the battle against the Qing army was more courageous.
Shi Lang Zhengtai Division Warship (People's Daily Online)
In his later years, Shi Lang's resentment toward Zheng Chenggong's killing of his father and brother gradually subsided, and he was able to more objectively realize that Zheng Chenggong had a noble national righteousness. In the temple dedicated to Zheng Chenggong, Shi Lang "tortured the animals and paid tribute", remembered the merits of Zheng Chenggong, and issued such an exclamation: "Give the surname (referring to Zheng Chenggong) to open the earth, the world is a rock frontier, mo ke who is he!" This is a heartfelt respect for the hero Zheng Chenggong.
Three sacrifices given by Kangxi after Shi Lang's death
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, Yao Qisheng and Shi Lang's feud. </h1>
Yao Qisheng was a Zhejiang Huijian, subordinate to the Red Banner Han Army, in 1663 (the second year of Kangxi) Eight Banners Township Examination First, Guangdong Xiangshan Zhi County. In 1674 (the third year of Kangxi), the "San Francisco Rebellion" occurred, and Kangxi had no time to consider the recovery of Taiwan. In 1676 (the fifteenth year of Kangxi), Geng Jingzhong and Shang Kexi surrendered successively, and Kangxi began to have the energy to deal with the Zhengjing clique, and in this year promoted Yao Qisheng to be a political envoy in Fujian. In 1678 (the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), the Zheng army in Taiwan, led by Liu Guoxuan, defeated the Qing army. Since then, the Qing army has been repeatedly defeated. In this case, the governor of Fujian, Lang Tingxiang, and the viceroy Duan Yingju were dismissed, and at the critical moment, Kangxi immediately promoted Qisheng to the position of governor of Fujian, specifically responsible for platform matters.
Yao Qisheng
Yao Qisheng had just taken over the governor of Fujian, and he was also helpless against the offensive of Zheng Jing's army. When Hai Cheng was in danger, Yao Qisheng sang Kangxi: "The situation has been corrupted, and it is difficult to save it." After calmly analyzing the current situation, Yao Qisheng believed that in order to change the current passive situation, it is first necessary to eliminate Zheng Jing's forces in the coastal area of Fujian and force Zheng Jing to retreat to the isolated island of Taiwan. On July 28 of that year, the counties of Yongchun, Dehua, and Anxi fell, and Liu Guoxuan, the Zheng army, divided his troops to defend the town. When Yao Qisheng learned of this, he was very happy, and he was overjoyed: "The thieves are only 30,000 soldiers, and they are worried about their gathering and strength, and now that they have obtained the zhuyi, they will be rejected by the people." If the crowd is divided, it is weak; if it is weak, it is easy to break. Yao Qisheng seized on this weakness of Zheng Jun and began to fight back, repeatedly recovering the lost ground. On the twenty-eighth day of the first month of 1680 (the nineteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Yao Qisheng asked "first attack the Sea Temple, take the Zhengjing Portal, and then advance into Kinmen and Xiamen." "After that, Kefu Haicheng. At this point, "the coastal islands of Fujian have been recovered." ”
As early as 1679 (the eighteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Yao Qisheng had been on the Shuping Sea against the Opportunity of The Fourteenth Shu, the seventh shu was "Please transfer Dutch ships to assist in the war", which was the strategy of the war, and the tenth shu was "Please first use the civil and military officials who surrendered to the city to encourage surrender." "This is Fu's strategy. After the reconquest of Kinmen and Xiamen, Yao Qisheng again played a game to the imperial court, proposing a platform strategy of "Taiwan must be attacked in a second order, and the waves will never be raised.". Yao Qisheng's platform strategy has been summarized as "three must be suppressed, three must be cared". "One must suppress" is to suppress his heart; "two must suppress" is to suppress his soldiers; and "three must be suppressed" is to suppress his sea route. "One must be caressed" is the work of comforting the ancestors of the Zheng clan; "two must be caressed" is to care for his people; "three must be caressed" is to comfort Zheng Jing, the king of Yanping. Kangxi commented on this strategy as "en-wei to help each other, suppress and use both".
As early as 1678 (the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Yao Qisheng issued proclamations everywhere in Fujian, announcing that he would be appeased, and the main regulations were: (1) to make silver medals and give rewards to those who came to surrender; (2) to mobilize the coastal people and mobilize their neighbors and relatives to come and surrender; (3) to stipulate various reward regulations for bringing horses, weapons, soldiers, warships, etc. to surrender; (4) to arrange for officers and soldiers who came to surrender, and those who were willing to return to the peasants should be ordered to return to the peasants, and those who did not want to return to the peasants would be given to the peasants, "give one or two silver and three buckets of rice every month, as rations, and give them on a monthly basis." ”。 Yao Qisheng sent spies to Taiwan to spread the news of appeasement, to alienate and disintegrate the Zheng clique, and he also attached great importance to the defectors who had been recruited.
The following year, Yao Qisheng changed the Zhangzhou Wei into Xiulaiguan, managed it with Huang Zhizhen, and specially recruited the Zheng Jingbu people, "All civilian officials who are demoted, please ask with the original title; those who are demoted military attaches, please change the title." Soldiers and civilians were each given a reward of 50 to 20 taels of silver, and those who were willing to join the army were paid, and those who returned to the peasants were willing to return home and install. From June 1678 (the seventeenth year of Kangxi) to May 1680 (the nineteenth year of Kangxi), more than 130,000 officers and soldiers were recruited to appease the Zheng clique and the Zheng clique, and the disintegrated zhu Tiangui, the commander-in-chief of the Zheng army, "led more than 600 civil and military officials, more than 20,000 soldiers, more than 300 large and small warships, and arrived at the sea to surrender to chengcheng", and was awarded the title of Zuo Dudu by the imperial court. This greatly weakened the military strength of the Zheng clique and shook the hearts of the military.
While doing these appeasement work, Yao Qisheng is also stepping up preparations for the recovery of Taiwan. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was seriously corrupt and the training was disorderly. After obtaining Kangxi's permission, Yao Qisheng eliminated the miscellaneous members of the Green Camp and recruited soldiers on his own. By 1682 (the twenty-second year of Kangxi), Yao Qisheng's newly built Fujian Marine Division had 20,000 elite soldiers and 300 warships, including 2,000 gunners selected by Kangxi from Jiangnan. Yao Qisheng personally formulated the regulations on rewards and punishments, which made the fujian water division look new.
Next, when selecting the post of Admiral of the Fujian Water Division, Yao Qisheng thought of recommending Shi Lang of the Sea Thunderbolt. Yao Qisheng always believed that Shi Lang was "incorruptible and courageous, well-known, well-versed in water, and proficient in practicing talents", and he was the admiral of Fujian. But Kangxi had other ideas.
First of all, Shi Lang once went back to Taiwan, but did not succeed. In 1664 (the third year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Shi Lang suggested that Yu Wei, who had won the victory of the Qing army at Jinxia, "attack Penghu and directly attack Taiwan" so that "the four seas will be unified and the border people will be free". The Qing Dynasty appointed him as the general of Jinghai and commanded the army to conquer Taiwan. In May 1665 (April of the fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Shi Lang led a large number of warships to attack Taiwan, and on the night of May 13 (15th), he arrived at Penghu Port, where he suddenly encountered a hurricane and a fierce wave impact, the ships were scattered and could not be queued, and the ships were seriously damaged, so Shi Lang had to gradually gather the ships and return to Xiamen, and Shi Lang's first expedition to Taiwan was blocked by a hurricane and lost. This military defeat gave the imperial court lords and factions the upper hand, and the Zheng Jing clique also believed that it could rely on military strength and sea barriers to continue to divide and oppose reunification. In 1667 (the sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Shi Lang saw that the Qing Dynasty sent the general Kong Yuanzhang to Taiwan to recruit fu fu and returned without success, and on January 7, 1668 (November 24, the sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), he wrote "Border Troubles YijingShu". In May, he was also on "Exhausting What You See". In these two recitations, Shi Lang discussed in detail the importance of Taiwan's status, analyzed the necessity and possibility of reunifying Taiwan, and put forward a series of propositions to the imperial court, proposing to take Taiwan by force and achieve reunification. However, his suggestions were not adopted, and he was also dismissed from the post of admiral of the Fujian Marine Division, and stayed in Beijing to be reappointed as the minister of the interior.
Secondly, Shi Lang had a son and a nephew serving in the Zheng Jing clique at this time, and the Kangxi Emperor had doubts about Shi Lang and did not dare to reuse it. In April 1679 (the eighteenth year of Kangxi), Kangxi appointed Wan Zhengse as the admiral of the Fujian Water Division, "to oversee the affairs of the entire Fujian Water Division, with full-time control." ”
In June 1679 (the eighteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Yao Qisheng asked for shi lang to be used, and he pointed out: "Shi Lang has one son in the sea, and six sons in Beijing. With hundreds of families in Beijing, how could he give up six sons and hundreds of families for one son? "On the first day of July, Yao Qisheng went up to Pinghai against the opportunity to be fourteen, and the third was to protect Shi Lang as the admiral of the water master. On the nineteenth day, Yao Qisheng once again went up to the temple, "with Shi Lang as the general and president of the water division." And with the life of the whole family as a guarantee, "with a hundred mouths of assurance, there will be no him." Kangxi dismissed Yao Qisheng's request.
In February 1680 (the nineteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), "Shi Hai (Shi Shize), the chief soldier of the Zheng Jingbu Department, and his nephew Shi Qi and others conspired in Xiamen to capture Zheng Jingxian Yao Qisheng and submit to the imperial court. This incident played a key role in dispelling the kangxi emperor's doubts, and also provided conditions for Yao Qisheng to once again protect Shi Lang.
In 1681 (the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Zheng Jing died, and Yao Qisheng and Li Guangdi asked them to take the opportunity to advance into Taiwan. Kangxi immediately "commanded Yao Qisheng and Inspector Wu Xingzuo, Admiral Nomai, Wan Zhengse, and others, as well as the generals Lahada and Wu Nuchun, the attendants, to take the lead and seize the opportunity to advance into Taiwan and Penghu." "But Admiral Wan Zhengse" is still unpeaceful, and there is a 'three difficulties and six must not' omission. Kangxi was furious after seeing this, "I have the ability to entrust him with heavy responsibilities, but he is afraid of the thief and the enemy, and he does not speak." Yao Qisheng took the opportunity to go to The Shu Bao again to raise Shi Lang, and this time the Kangxi Emperor listened to the advice of the university scholar Li Guangdi, and finally issued a decree on July 28 of the same year, "Now all the rebels and thieves have been annihilated." It should be seen in the boat master, and the pirates should be destroyed. Shi Lang, the former Governor of the Right Capital, surrendered from the sea, and was once the Admiral of Fujian, and was familiar with the geographical advantages and situations of the Sea Kou. However, he was still the commander-in-chief of the Fujian Water Division. Add Prince Shaobao and go to Fujian. On the day, he consulted with the generals, governors, inspectors, and admirals. KeQi commanded the boat division and advanced into Penghu and Taiwan. Through Yao Qisheng's strong recommendation, Shi Lang was finally reinstated as an official. Shi Lang's use made the Fujian water division more powerful.
The Dutch colonial governor who invaded the island of Taiwan, Yi Yi, described in the book "The Lost Formosa" the inland naval battle between the Qing Dynasty and the Zheng army
However, after Shi Lang arrived at his post, there was a fierce conflict with Yao Qisheng in terms of the direction and time of the army. Yao Qisheng believed that the north wind should be used to enter the army in winter and spring. First, Penghu and Taiwan have many north winds, such as the north wind, which can attack separately. The South Wind can only be moored in one part of the Niangma Palace. Second, Penghu is in the north of Taiwan, such as after the south wind captures Penghu, it cannot take Taiwan against the wind. If you take Penghu by the north wind, you can drive straight to Taiwan. Third, typhoons occur from time to time in May, June and July every year, hindering logistics and supply, and there is a concern for food. Shi Lang adopted the opinion of the sea merchant Chen Ang, believing that by riding the letter of the southern wind on the summer solstice, "driving from Tongshan Mountain, riding the waves with the wind, the ships must be combined and integrated, the soldiers have no dizziness, and they are deeply prepared in the time, place, and people."
On November 5, 1681 (the sixth day of october in the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Shi Lang arrived in Xiamen, learned about the situation at sea, and Shangshu asked for a special conscription to "lead the water division of the subjects, and to take charge of the matters of conquest and suppression, and should be the sole task." The overseers all had seals and resented the territory, and now Yao Qisheng and Wu Xingzuo were determined to enter the army. The words of the second minister are earnest, which cannot be prohibited by the minister, and have not been ordered to supervise the same advancement, and are heard accordingly. On November 24, Yao Qisheng received a manuscript transferred by Shi Lang, "he couldn't help but feel like a drowning in his heart, but he couldn't help himself", and immediately went up to oppose Shi Lang's sole special expedition. On December 6, the imperial court issued an order explicitly requiring Shi Lang to march with Yao Qisheng, and Wu Xingzuo to be responsible for rear administrative affairs and logistics. In April 1682 (March of the 21st year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Shi Lang again wrote in the "Secret Chen Special Expedition": "The Governor Yao Qisheng ... However, growing in the north, although there are all-rounders in longitude and latitude, in the midst of the huge waves of the ocean, I am afraid that it is not good. ...... The gills of the subjects are said to be stationed in Xiamen, and the governors should be stationed in Xiamen, in the middle of the moderation, and there is no dispatch, and the subjects must advance in a unified manner. If the soldiers in the line know that there is a grain transportation plan after the governor, then there is no shortage of grain, and the soldiers have the courage to compete for the lead. Yao Qisheng "couldn't help but be amazed and wanted to die", and wrote again on May 6 to oppose it. He firmly stated: "I would rather die at sea than return to Xiamen to steal my life." "Advocate and Shi Lang each take people and horses out on the battlefield." In August, Shi Langshang 's Decision to Advance and Suppress Neglected's Orders": "The sole minister is a thief, and the second minister of the governor is ordered to urge the grain to be paid." According to the Kangxi Notes on The Residence of the Emperor, "On the sixth day of october, the Council of Ministers of the Council of Ministers discussed the matter of Admiral Shi Lang's request to invade Taiwan on his own. The university scholar Mingzhu thought that if one person led the army to attack, he could do his own will, and if the two went together, it would inevitably hinder each other and it would be inconvenient for them to act. According to the request of the king, there was no need to make Yao Qisheng go with him, and it seemed feasible for Shi Lang to enter the army alone. Shang yue ran". Eventually, Kangxi agreed to Shi Lang's special conquest.
Yao Qisheng wrote with resentment "Eight Songs of Favored Houses", using the metaphor of a big woman working hard to take care of the housework, but being taken over by a concubine, suggesting that after years of hard work, the ripe fruit was seized by Shi Lang. At this time, Yao Qisheng dispatched military equipment, rewarded soldiers, donated ships, and prepared all the soldiers and materials needed for the conquest of Taiwan. But later, Yao Qisheng finally put aside his personal grudge and vigorously supported Shi Langzhengtai. He sent Shi Lang the silver two needed to appease the officers and men of the Zheng clan, and told Shi Lang: "All those who surrender will be sent home in a big way, so as to carry the hearts of the Taiwanese." After the officers and men who received the favor returned to taiwan, they "told each other and cheered." The hypocrites will hear of the pseudo-soldiers, and they will fight for their own returns, and the prohibition cannot be stopped." Yao Qisheng sent people to continue to appease Liu Guoxuan, and after Liu Guoxuan replied, "Qisheng leaked his past to alienate him from above and below." Under these circumstances, the people of Taiwan were scattered, and Zheng Ketui and others led the masses to return to the Qing Dynasty. In the process of being cared for in Taiwan, Yao Qisheng also sent people to Taiwan to appease the people.
Before Shi Lang's army set out, it needed to pay 170,000 taels of grain in advance and 25,000 taels of silver in advance. In order not to delay the date of his departure, Yao Qisheng temporarily misappropriated other funds. He also cobbled together 10,000 taels of silver to reward shi Lang for soldiers, and another 100,000 taels of silver and 10,000 stones of rice, and gave them to Shi Lang as an advance payment for autumn grain and the cost of recruiting Zheng's officers and men. In the Battle of Penghu, the consumption of military supplies was severe, and he "moved the treasury silver fifty-four thousand eight hundred and twenty-three hundred and twenty-five dollars" to prepare sufficient military supplies. It is worth mentioning that during the later debate on whether to abandon Taiwan, Yao Qisheng died of illness, and the Qing Government found out that Yao Qisheng had built ships and falsely reported 47,000 taels of money, which according to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty needed to be repaid by Yao Qisheng's descendants. However, Li Guangdi, who disagreed with him, reached out to Kangxi and argued in front of Kangxi that Yao Qisheng had embezzled all the funds for Shi Lang's attack on Taitai, so Kangxi thanked Yao Qisheng for his hard work and gave up the recovery of these funds.
Shi Lang was very clear about Yao Qisheng's merits, and on July 19, 1683 (June 26, Kangxi 22), the "Flying News of the Great Victory" said: Yao Qisheng "donated ships, donated sailors, and made a big move with his subjects, but still came to Xiamen to suppress the bombs, and he was eager to collect grain and pay, and he did not have enough money to reward the generals, and the three armies could not but inspire Si Fan." Today's great victory in Penghu is rewarded by the overseers for their encouragement, and this effect is also achieved." It can be seen that Shi Lang has a high evaluation of Yao Qisheng.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, Li Guangdi and Shi Lang's feud. </h1>
Li Guangdi, a native of Anxi, Fujian Province, served as an official in the Qing Dynasty for 48 years during the Kangxi Dynasty, and successively served as an editor of the Hanlin Academy, a bachelor of attendants, a cabinet scholar and a waiter of the Ceremonial Department, a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and a waiter of the Ceremonial Department, a general envoy of the General Political Department, a right attendant of the Military Department, a waiter of the Ministry of Works, a directly subordinate inspector, a shangshu of the official department and a directly subordinate inspector, and a member of wenyuange University, making important contributions to the recovery of Taiwan.
Kangxi Zhizhi Directly Subordinate Inspector Li Guangdi's "Inspector Fu Zhen" (partial)
In the first month of 1681 (the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Zheng Jing died, and his son Zheng Ketui took the throne. Kangxi believed that the time was ripe to recover Taiwan, and ordered the Governor of Fujian and the Manchu generals to "use both the period of suppression and the use of the sea frontier", but the minister of the DPRK and the Central Government was afraid of the tail, "Those who say that the sea can be peaceful, there is no one in a hundred." Fujian generals also went up one after another, believing that Taiwan could not be attacked. In mid-July, Kangxi finished deliberating with his ministers, leaving Li Guangdi and Mingzhu alone to discuss again.
Kangxi asked, "Can the pirates recruit peace?" Li Guangdi could not say anything, for the reason that "He was afraid of the danger of the wind and waves on the sea, and as soon as he heard about it, he said that he would not cut his hair, would not land on the shore, would not be a vassal, and would not pay tribute, and that he would be a country of brothers." How can a country be so grand that it is willing to be a brother? Kangxi asked, "However, can soldiers be used at this time?" Li Guangdi replied flatly: "Wen Zheng died, and his military master Chen Yonghua also died, at this time... However, the Manchurian soldiers were not accustomed to water warfare, and they were dizzy when they got on the ship, but they could not go. It is necessary for the southern soldiers to learn from the boat, to know its form, and to be usable. Kangxi asked, "Is there an acquaintance in Ru's chest who can be appointed as a general?" Repeatedly asked several times. Li Guangdi considered for several days and prudently recommended Shi Lang, believing that "his whole family was killed at sea, it was a feud, and his heart could be protected; he was familiar with the situation on the sea, and there was no one who had surpassed it, and he also had some strategy, not a brave husband." And the sea is feared, but this one is the only one. Use it to "take its qi first." On the 28th of the same month, Kangxi appointed Shi Lang as the admiral of The Fujian Admiralty, and added the title of Prince Shaobao to Fujian. He was ordered to "consult with the generals, governors, inspectors, and admirals at the end of the day, and to command the boat division and advance into Penghu and Taiwan."
Initially, Li Guangdi did not look down on Shi Lang, believing that Shi Lang had failed to take Taiwan for the first time, and that this person was just talking big. Li Guangdi recalled, "After returning to Beijing, General Shi said that his skills were peaceful at sea, and Yu did not care. Thinking that this person is arrogant may not be able to achieve things, and I do not know how it actually is. Until one day, Li Guangdi and Shi Lang met at the home of Fu Hongji, a waiter in the Rebbe, and Shi Lang talked about the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659) when the Qing Dynasty and Zheng Chenggong fought in Nanjing, Shi Lang had a profound insight into the strengths and weaknesses of Zheng Chenggong's army, which made Li Guangdi admire. Since then, Li Guangdi has had the heart to love talents. Li Guangdi's recommendation of Shi Lang also adopted a clever delay recommendation technique, so that Kangxi produced Li Guangdi after careful consideration and prudence before grandly recommending Shi Lang.
In May 1682 (the twenty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Yao Qisheng used the 3,000-gold buyer to give Sun Hui a "fear of ships entering the ocean and losing soldiers and insulting the country" to slow down the attack on Taiwan. Li Guangdi once again sponsored Shi Lang in front of Kangxi, "The sea is only a matter of wind, and if you can enter, you can enter, and if you can stop, you can stop." Admiral Shi Lang is familiar with the water master, and he will not be afraid. Finally, Kangxi forced the public to re-appoint Shi Langshui as the Admiral. Li Guangdi personally visited Fujian as a cabinet scholar to participate in the recovery of Taiwan. In order for Shi Lang to successfully attack Taiwan, Li Guangdi and Yao Qisheng talked on their knees, resolved the contradictions between the two, and coordinated their relations with each other, saying: "On that day, Shi Zun hou was recommended by his husband's grandfather, and his merit was also the merit of his husband's ancestor. One sentence dissolved Yao Qisheng's heart knot, and the grain and silver that had been stopped were sent to Shi Lang's army in time.
Speaking from the heart, on the issue of recommending Shi Lang, Kangxi was more willing to listen to Li Guangdi's opinion, which was where Yao Qisheng could not reach. Because later Kangxi once said to the Qunchen: "If Pinghai recommends people, who has undertaken the burden of Heman and Han officials?" Only Li Mou always said that he could be flat, and recommended Shi Lang to use it, and the fruit could be achieved. The "Donghualu" records that Kangxi praised Li Guangdi: "Li Guangdi has never played anything deceitful, such as ping Taiwan, those who have no suggestions for the dynasty, and Li Guangdi can be peaceful in his words, and he can succeed in his death." ”
After Shi Lang became the admiral of the Fujian Admiralty, he was greatly appreciated by the fact that the general Wu Ying had shown extraordinary military ability in quelling the geng jingzhong rebellion and stabilizing the southeast coast. Wu Ying, a native of Jinjiang, Fujian Province, was later naturalized in Putian, and was a famous general and a relative of Li Guangdi. In March 1682 (the twenty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Shi Lang recommended eight senior generals to the imperial court in the "Secret Chen Special Expedition", the first of which was Wu Ying: "Wu Ying, the general officer of the Tong'an Army, is wise and courageous, and loyal to himself, and can be the deputy of the minister, And you wang Enjia reward." Wu Ying was worried that Shi Lang and Yao Qisheng's discord would affect the grand plan of conquest, and Wu Ying later recalled: "In the year of Nongshu, the Viceroy Shi (Lang) Gong and the Governor Yao (Qisheng) Gong were at odds. When Shi Gong went to Tong'an, please give tongzheng. He did not dare to allow it. In March, Shi Gong consulted Yao Gong and wanted to suppress Xiamen, and he could respond to the advance and retreat. When Yu was ordered to command the troops to Xiamen, the Shi Guild said: "It is necessary to attack Pengtai. 'Again and again. Yu Yue: "If gong ruo is deflated with his heart, he is in harmony with Yao Gong, and asks him to allow me to march together, and the broken platform is also in me." Shi Gong said: "If you promise, you will do great things." Sure enough, Shi Lang reconciled with Yao Qisheng, and Wu Ying went to war.
The Kangxi Emperor gave Wu Ying the plaque of "Being an Enemy of Ten Thousand Men"
In the Battle of Penghu, Wu Ying offered advice and advice, took the lead and fought a victorious battle. Shi Lang exclaimed, "This trip is based on the wisdom of the Gong Dynasty, boarding the boat in three days, succeeding in January, sweeping away the giant Kou who have been overseas for decades. "After the penghu victory, Taiwan fell without a fight, and the Qing government completed the great cause of reunification.
Fourth, the final contest in front of Kangxi is to abandon Taiwan or defend Taiwan?
Qing Qianlong's "Map of Victory in Pacifying Taiwan" and "The Battle of Fangliao"
After the recovery of Taiwan, the Qing dynasty ministers were clearly divided on the issue of Taiwan's abandonment. Li Guangdi, out of concern that the establishment of officials in haijiang might support the army and stand on its own, and then there would be another "San Francisco rebellion", so he proposed to abandon Taiwan. He and some officials argue that "empty land is left to live in, and pay tribute", believing that the Netherlands has no "great ambitions" and that even if Taiwan is occupied by the Netherlands, it will do whatever it wants, saying that this is the way to long-term peace and tranquility.
In September 1683 (August of the 22nd year of the Kangxi Dynasty), Yao Qisheng clearly stated that Taiwan should not only be defended, but also could not be delayed, which was the result of this and a natural reason, and he died of illness during the debate. Shi Lang was deeply aware of the seriousness of this "dispute over abandonment", and in January 1684 (December of the 22nd year of The Kangxi Dynasty), he wrote the famous "Gong Chen Taiwan Abandonment" with his personal experience in Taiwan. Shi Lang resolutely advocated ruling Taiwan, consolidating border defenses, safeguarding reunification, and preventing foreign aggression. ”
For a time, the courtiers held their own opinions and argued.
In March 1684 (the first month of the 23rd year of the Kangxi Dynasty), the university scholars Li Li and Wang Xi supported Shi Lang's ideas. The attendant Subai and the Metropolitan Governor Zuo Du Yushi Zhao Lin also agreed with Shi Lang's views. At this point, Kangxi clearly said: "Taiwan's abandonment of the take is very important. "Abandoning and not keeping, especially not!" We have made up our minds to include Taiwan in the territory of China.
Needless to say about Kangxi's role in the recovery of Taiwan. "There are a thousand mouths in the family, and there is one person in charge." In the midst of the personnel struggles, Kangxi was able to distinguish between right and wrong, from good to good, and could be regarded as a good king. If we re-evaluate these historical figures without regard to personal grievances, it is a bit unconventional to be able to focus on the overall situation.
Finally, I pointed out the shortcomings of literary, film and television works such as "The Kangxi Emperor", which too much elevated the wisdom of the monarchs of the feudal dynasty. In fact, through this article, we can see that if the emperor is in front of a group of thoughtless, bottomless courtiers who rely on flattery and praise the moon, even if the monarch has great talent and strategy, no great cause can be achieved! The sad situation of "ten thousand horses and horses in the late Qing Dynasty" is relatively different from the situation in which people were able to emerge when the Kangxi Dynasty recovered Taiwan, which is worthy of deep consideration by future generations.