introduction
The drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty have important value in the history of poetry and history of the Yuan Dynasty, and occupy an important position in the history of Chinese disaster poetry. Influenced by the rule of ethnic minorities in the Central Plains in the Yuan Dynasty, the drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty showed their own unique side.
The drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty not only had their own laws of generation, but also the writing of drought poems in the Yuan Dynasty was diversified, creating a variety of descriptions of drought scenes and different emotional expressions.
1. The generation of drought poems in the Yuan Dynasty
The volume of drought poems left in the Yuan Dynasty is relatively rich, and the root cause of this is the frequent occurrence of drought in the Yuan Dynasty. Compared with previous dynasties, the Mongol rulers, who had lived in the steppe for a long time, paid more attention to drought.
The land area of the Yuan Dynasty was unprecedentedly vast, and the spatial and temporal distribution of drought was extremely complex. In 1260 A.D., Kublai Khan ascended the throne in Kaiping, and in 1271 A.D., he adopted Liu Bingzhong's suggestion and changed the name of the country to "Da Yuan" in the Book of Changes, inaugurating the Yuan Dynasty's reign that lasted one hundred and nine years.
Chen Gaohua calculated in "The History of Disasters and Famines in the Yuan Dynasty": "In the 109 years from the first year of Zhongtong to the twenty-eighth year of Zhengzheng (1260-1368), the drought occurred in about 96 years. It can be seen that the drought years in the Yuan Dynasty accounted for 88% of the years in the entire dynasty.
Regarding the scope of the Yuan Dynasty's jurisdiction, it is recorded in the "History of the Yuan": "Therefore, it is located in the north of the Yin Mountain, the west pole of quicksand, the east of Liaozuo, and the south of the sea surface." "From a spatial point of view, most of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was located in the monsoon climate zone, and floods and droughts were frequent.
From the perspective of time and space, the frequency and density of drought in the Yuan Dynasty were relatively high, which also promoted the prosperity of drought poetry in the Yuan Dynasty.
From the Spring and Autumn Period "Book of Songs" to the drought in the Tang Dynasty, there has been a long transition period in the middle. Later, Tang poetry was the turning point, and it developed to the Yuan Dynasty, and the drought poetry has become a grand spectacle. The drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty were based on the drought and were affected by the spatial and temporal distribution of the poems of the Yuan Dynasty.
Xu Yongming came to the following conclusions in "Visual Analysis of the Geographical Distribution of Authors of Quanyuan Poems": "From the perspective of the distribution of authors' provincial origins, the south is concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang Province and its surrounding provinces and counties, and the north is concentrated in the hinterland area under the jurisdiction of Yuanzhongshu Province, the former is mainly in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and Anhui, and the latter is mainly in Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei. ”
From the perspective of the geographical distribution of poets in the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty was mainly composed of the southern poetry circles dominated by Jiangsu and Zhejiang and the northern poetry circles dominated by Zhongshu Province.
In the early Yuan Dynasty, the boundary between the north and the south poetry circles was relatively clear, with the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, the poetry circles of the north and south of the Yuan Dynasty gradually merged, and in the later period, there was a scene of a hundred flowers blooming, but the creative groups of Yuan poetry were still gathered in Jiangsu, Zhejiang Province and Zhongshu Province.
2. The diversified presentation of drought poetry writing in the Yuan Dynasty
The occurrence of drought and the creation of poets are important factors influencing drought poetry. Poetry comes from poets, and poets are inspired by life. As the oldest form of literature, poetry conveys the most intuitive and profound emotional experience of the poet's heart in highly refined language.
When the disaster came, the poet suffered the pain caused by the disaster, which brought a huge impact on his heart and deepened the authenticity and profundity of the poem.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols conquered the east and west, and the southern and northern wars made the land area unprecedentedly vast, and the exchanges between various ethnic groups and various ethnic groups were unprecedentedly prosperous. The poets of the Yuan Dynasty were numerous and distinctive.
The scale of the "Quanyuan Poems" edited by Mr. Yang Yao far exceeds that of Tang and Song poetry, with nearly 5,000 poets and about 140,000 poems in the Yuan Dynasty.
Compared with the Tang and Song dynasties, the main body of drought poetry in the Yuan Dynasty has undergone new changes, Lin Bangjun wrote in the "Overview of the Characteristics of Yuan Poetry": "The poets of the Yuan Dynasty, in terms of their own quality, were deeply immersed in the acceptance of learning, and in terms of the composition of the team, the number of ethnic minority poets and the high achievements were unprecedented. ”
In the poetry of the Yuan Dynasty, different ethnic groups had different national cultures, and people in different regions also carried the imprint of different cultures.
The poet crowd of the Yuan Dynasty not only included ethnic minorities, but also a large number of outsiders. This gives us multiple perspectives to get a glimpse into the full picture of the drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty.
Ethnic minorities and scholars together form a unique landscape in the drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty, which has become an indispensable part of our research on the drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty.
The literati of the Yuan Dynasty still dominated the concept of disaster based on the idea of "heaven and man induction", but the audience that caused the disaster was different.
After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, Confucianism began to slowly influence the political arena of the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan's Xingzhou literati played an important role, such as Confucian scholars such as Liu Bingzhong, Yao Shu, Xu Heng, and Hao Jing.
Faced with the looted Xingzhou region, Kublai Khan adopted Liu Bingzhong's advice, and the situation soon improved. After ascending the throne, Kublai Khan sent Cheng Jufu to Jiangnan to search for Confucian scholars, summoned Zhao Mengfu, Ye Li and others and conferred official positions.
With the addition of Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty, Confucian views such as "benevolence and righteousness" gradually flourished.
In the face of drought, the Confucian concept of "heaven and man induction" became one of the important factors influencing the disaster concept of poets in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the concept of "heaven and man induction" involved different objects, including not only monarchs, but also officials and ordinary people.
3. The description and emotional expression of drought in Yuan poems
The country is unfortunate that it is precisely because of the frequent droughts in the Yuan Dynasty that the prosperity of drought poetry in the Yuan Dynasty has been promoted. The idea of thinking about chaos has been a consistent theme in the development of Chinese literature, and this idea has become more prominent in the Yuan Dynasty.
Compared with the Confucian scholars of the previous dynasties, the policy of selecting scholars in the imperial examination of the Yuan court was intermittent, and poetry was not only a tool for the literati to interfere, but the role of poetry itself gradually became apparent. When it was difficult for Confucian scholars in the Yuan Dynasty to enter the court, they could only inject their own experiences and talents into literary works.
Mr. Yang Yao wrote in "Research on the Characteristics of Yuan Poetry Narrative Documentary": "Yuan poetry provides rich details for the history and culture of the Yuan Dynasty as a narrative documentary, leading the trend of the times. "The drought poems of the Yuan Dynasty have become an important part of our research on the drought of the Yuan Dynasty by virtue of the characteristics of narrative documentary.
In addition, Cha Hongde wrote in the General Theory of Yuan Dynasty Poetics: "Yuan Dynasty poets believed that poetry was the free expression of the poet's independent spirit. This is a theoretical reflection of the independent values of the literati of the Yuan Dynasty who were not attached to politics. ”
It can be seen that in the Yuan Dynasty, when there was no imperial examination and literary prison, the independent spirit and value of literati began to awaken. The realism of the poems has also been greatly improved, which has become the unique feature of meta-poems.
In the face of the frequent droughts in the Yuan Dynasty, the poets created a large number of epic works, which profoundly recorded the whole picture of the drought poems in the Yuan Dynasty.
The presentation of drought poems in the Yuan Dynasty is mainly divided into three aspects: the tragic scene when the drought occurs, the relief measures when facing the drought, and the emotional expression after the disaster.
Compared with the objective records of drought in historical books and agricultural books, for the literati of the Yuan Dynasty who experienced the drought themselves, the drought poems they created recorded the drought situation in the Yuan Dynasty in more intuitive and detailed terms.
Through these poems, we can confirm the authenticity of the drought records in the history books, so as to achieve the role of mutual evidence between poetry and history.
As recorded in the "Yuan History": "In May of the tenth year, Gyeonggi was drought. "The history books only record the time and place of the drought, and do not say much about the specific situation.
Liu Minzhong provided us with more specific information about the drought in "Wang Zhongming, the Governor of Pingluan": "People are suffering from drowning, and Jingdong Pingluan is especially bad", "This year's spring and summer drought is like fire, please call on the government and the opposition to be the same".
As the saying goes, "a great drought must be followed by a great flood", this is due to the poor permeability of the soil after the drought, and the sudden heavy rain does not penetrate the soil better.
Therefore, through the poems, it can be seen that the more serious drought should be Pingluan, and the severity of the drought can also be seen from the phenomenon of shaking the government and the opposition. In addition, the poets not only described the drought situation in the Yuan Dynasty, but also discussed the relief measures during the drought.
The poets describe different relief measures, and also contain different emotional attitudes in their poems. The disaster relief measures of the Yuan Dynasty were relatively perfect, and there were a variety of disaster relief and relief measures.
The poets of the Yuan Dynasty recorded many disaster relief measures in the Yuan Dynasty from different perspectives and in different identities, which provides a basis for us to understand the disaster relief during the drought in the Yuan Dynasty. According to the classification of disaster relief subjects, the poets of the Yuan Dynasty recorded three kinds of disaster relief: government disaster relief, common people disaster relief and Fang Shi disaster.
Starting from the position of the main body, the poems describe their different disaster relief measures. Drought poems not only profoundly describe the harm and losses caused by drought to the people, but also contain the poet's inner emotional attitude to a certain extent.
This paper mainly discusses the emotional expression of drought poems in the Yuan Dynasty from three perspectives: the love of rain, the timely praise of disaster relief, and the criticism of poor disaster relief, and excavates the different emotional attitudes of poets in the poems towards drought.
epilogue
From the Yuan Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was in the Xiaoice period, which caused the global temperature to drop and various meteorological disasters to occur frequently. In addition, most of the mainland belongs to the monsoon climate zone, with four distinct seasons and uneven distribution of precipitation.
There are various types of natural disasters in the Yuan Dynasty, and the research focuses on drought and drought poetry in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, from the first year of Yuan Shizu Zhongtong (1260) to the twenty-eighth year of Emperor Shun of Yuan (1368), droughts occurred frequently, which had a huge impact on the production and life of the people and social stability.
Starting from the connotation of drought poems, the poems that record the historical facts of drought and the impact of drought on production and life are selected for research.
From the perspective of the extension of drought, it also includes drought poems that record drought conditions, disaster relief, and post-disaster descriptions. Through the analysis of the above poems, the literary characteristics and historical value of drought poems in the Yuan Dynasty are further explored.
bibliography
"Ming History"
Selected Yuan Poems
Xunzi Collection Explanation
Commentary on the Thirteen Classics