Western Qin was a regime during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, founded by the Xianbei people Qifu Guoren, and seized the eastern part of Gansu, which was established twice and perished twice. Qifu Xianbei was formed by the fusion of Xianbei and Eile tribes in the north of Yinshan, because of its early activities in Qifu Mountain in Yinchuan City, Ningxia, it was named after the mountain. This Xianbei moved south to the area of Longxi, Gansu Province, and was called Longxi Xianbei. It was one of the six regimes (Qianliang, Houliang, Southern Liang, Western Liang, Northern Liang and Western Qin) that were established in present-day Gansu during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. After a total of 47 years, it has gone through the four monarchs of the four monarchs of the begging country, the begging Qiangui, the begging blazing pan and the end of the twilight, which has promoted the integration of regional nationalities and the eventual realization of a multi-ethnic unified country.
The statue of the first year of the Western Qin Jianhong in the grottoes of Bingling Temple
乞伏国仁立国
The founder of Western Qin, Qi Fu Guoren, can examine the ancestor of Su Gan. He was brave and good at riding and shooting, and could bend a bow for 500 catties, and was promoted as the leader of the tribe. His descendant Youlin is the fifth ancestor of Qifu Guoren. At the beginning of Emperor Taishi of the Jin Dynasty (265-274 AD), Youlin led 5,000 households to migrate to the border of present-day Ningxia and Gansu near the interior of the Central Plains, and adjacent to the Xianbei Lujie who lived in the area of the Qingshui River, a tributary of the Yellow River in present-day Ningxia, and attacked each other. After the defeat of the deer knot, the south runs to the east of Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province. Youlin annexed the remnants of Lujie and moved to Gaopingchuan (now the Qingshui River Basin, a tributary of the Yellow River in Ningxia). Youlin's great-grandson Shuyan crusaded against Xianbei Mohou in Yuanchuan (now northeast of Yuzhong County, Gansu), and reduced his crowd to more than 20,000 people, but settled in Yuanchuan. Shu Yan died, and Ziwei Dahan stood and moved to Maitian (now east of Jingyuan County, Gansu). Da Han died, Zi Si Fanli, Si Fan was attacked by the former Qin general Wang Tong, but surrendered to the former Qin Fujian, was appointed as Nandan Yu, kept Chang'an, and Si Fan's uncle Tulei as the warrior guard. Soon Xianbei and Bohan invaded Longyou, and the former Qin lord Fu Jian appointed Si Fan to resist. Bo Han please descend, Si Fansui Town Warrior River (i.e. Yuan Chuan). After Si Fan's death, his uncle or uncle Qi Fu Guoren guarded the town.
Before the outbreak of the Battle of Weishui, Qifu Guoren was appointed by Fu Jian as a former general and led the vanguard cavalry. Later, Guoren's uncle rebelled in Longxi, and Fu Jian sent Guoren to suppress it. Guoren did not fight with his uncle, but met at a banquet. Guoren threatened to take the opportunity to "become a party's business". After the failure of Fu Jian's invasion of Jin, Guoren gathered all the tribes and set up another mountain, with more than 100,000 people. And Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang of Later Qin, Guoren was in the tenth year of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty (385 AD) proclaimed himself the governor of Dadu, the general, and the Dashan Yu, led the Qin and Heer Prefecture pastors, the year name was Jianyi, established twelve counties, built a warrior city (now northeast of Yuzhong County, Gansu) as the national capital, and established Western Qin.
In the eleventh year of Emperor Taiyuan of Jin Xiaowu (386 AD), Nan'an (located in the southeast of present-day Longxi County) Miyi (name) and Zhuqiang fought with Guoren, Guoren was defeated, and Miyi and his brother Mohou led more than 30,000 households to surrender to Guoren. At this time, the former Qin lord Fu Deng was unable to suppress the rise of Western Qin, so he sent an envoy to appoint Guoren envoys, Dadu Governors, Metropolitan Governors, Miscellaneous Military, Great Generals, Da Dan Yu, and Yuanchuan Wang. Taking advantage of the might of his army, Guoren led 30,000 cavalry to attack the Xianbei Lord Migui, Yugou, and Tilun in Liuquan (now Longxi County, Gansu). At this moment, Gaoping Xianbei did not Yiyu and Jin Xi, a native of Donghu, came to attack Guoren, but was defeated by Guoren, beheading 3,000 people and obtaining 5,000 horses. Mi Gui and the other three heard the wind and immediately descended to Guoren. Then, Guoren sent troops to attack Xianbei Yue Zhi Li Yupingxiang (located in the northwest of present-day Tongwei County, Gansu), and broke it, and obtained his son Jiegui, nephew Fuban (name) and more than 5,000 tribesmen.
Just when the career of Western Qin was in full swing and good news was spreading, Qifu Guoren suddenly died of illness in the thirteenth year of Emperor Taiyuan of Jin Xiaowu (388 AD).
Exterior view of the caves of Bingqing Temple
The first demise of the Western Qin regime and its resurgence
After the death of Qifu Guoren, his younger brother Qifu Qiangui returned to succeed him, changed the name of the year to "Taichu", and moved the capital to Jincheng (the seat of governance is in Xigu District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province). History says that he is strong and mighty, calm and calm, and measured. He has clear ambitions, is brave and good at adapting to changes, and has accumulated practical experience for the construction of a regional country combining Han and Tibet.
In the fourteenth year of Emperor Xiaowu of the Jin Dynasty (389 AD), the former Qin lord Fu Deng continued to implement the policy of entrapment against the Western Qin, and sent an envoy to appoint Qi Fu Qian as the general, the great single Yu, and the king of Jincheng. During the reign of Qiangui, the Western Qin was in a prosperous stage, and some scattered tribes in Longyou were integrated into the Western Qin through wars or automatic annexation. Nanqiang's Duru (personal name), the two departments of Adun and Hou Nian of the retired official clan, Xianbei Douliu and Qi Douhun, Nanqiu Lujie and Xiuguan Hunu, Lu Shuiwei Diba (personal name), etc., could not withstand the political and military pressure of Western Qin, and led the people to surrender to Qiangui. The Tuyuhun chieftain Shilian also sent an envoy to pay tribute to the Western Qin, and the sound of Qiangui shook Longyou for a while.
The former Qin generals did not make an appointment with Qiangui, and joined forces to attack the Xianbei Dadou State (the name of the tribe led by Xianbei Dadou in Longxi, living in Anyang, in the northeast of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu), and Dadou retreated to Mingcia Fort (in the northeast of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu), which was broken by Qiangui. Then, Lu Bao, the younger brother of Lu Guang of Houliang, came to attack Qiangui, and Qiangui was defeated first and then won, killing more than 10,000 people of Lu Bao and his soldiers. Another tribe in Gansu, Yang Ding, led 40,000 cavalry to attack Qiangui, and Qiangui sent Liangzhou Mu Qi to Fu Ke Zhen, Qin Zhou Mu Qi Yi Zhou, and Liyi General Zhu Hui to resist. Yang Ding defeated Yizhou in Pingchuan. Ke Zhen and Zhu Gui took retreat as advance and defeated Yang Dingjun. As a result, Qiangui has all the land of Longxi and Brazil (referring to the border between northwestern Sichuan and Longnan in Gansu).
Later, Liang Lu Guang saw that Qian's return was strong, so he led 100,000 people to attack. Qiangui couldn't resist it for a while, so he declared himself a vassal to Lu Guang, and then repented. In the first year of Emperor Long'an of Jin (397 AD), Lü Guang sent his son Lü Su to attack Qiangui, and made Lü Yan the striker. Lü Yan led the army lightly and was captured and killed by Qiangui. Qiangui sent Qifu Yizhou to take advantage of the situation to conquer the three cities of Zhiyang (now southeast of Yongdeng County, Gansu), Luwu (between now Yongdeng and Yongjing counties), and Yunwu (now the south bank of Huangshui in the northwest of Yongjing County, Gansu), and captured more than 10,000 people. He also sent Beggar Yizhou and Murong Yun and Zhai Yu to lead 20,000 horses to Tugu and ignore it, and broke it. Xianbei Diedug (tribal name) and Hanoi (personal name) saw that the situation was not good, and led 5,000 households to surrender to Qiangui.
Due to the collapse of the Nanjingmen Gate where Qiangui lived, he thought it was a bad omen, so he moved to the west city of Yuanchuan (now the northeast of Yuzhong County, Gansu). Later Qin lord Yao Xing sent Yao Shuode to lead 50,000 troops to set off first, and Yao Xingmi followed him to attack Qiangui. Qiangui sent his guard Murong Yun to lead an army of 20,000 troops to Baiyang (now Boyang Town, Maiji District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province), and the town army Luo Dun led 40,000 troops to guard Houchengu (now the east of Longxi County, Gansu), and Qiangui led thousands of light cavalry to meet the Qin army behind the enemy. While the two armies were facing each other, the weather changed suddenly, and the wind was foggy. Qiangui lost the Chinese army and strayed into another unit, which was very embarrassing. The next day, he was defeated by Yao Xing's army. Qiangui fled back to Yuanchuan and then to Jincheng. In desperation, he prepared to disband his subordinates and find another way to survive. At this time, the lord of Nanliang received the return of the Qiangui and placed it in Jinxing County (now the south bank of Huangshui in the northwest of Minhe County, Qinghai). Soon, under the lure of Nanqiang Liang Yi and others, Qiangui not only wanted to leave Nanliang and go, but was also afraid of being plotted by Lilugu. For the sake of safety, Qiangui decided to send the two brothers to Xiping (now Xining City, Qinghai), the capital of Southern Liang, as hostages, and surrendered to Later Qin. Yao Xing Feng Qiangui Zhijie, the governor of Henan Military, Zhenyuan General, Hezhou Assassin History, Guiyi Hou, with his original troops, continue to guard Yuanchuan. The Western Qin regime was temporarily destroyed.
In the first year of Emperor Yuanxing of Jin An (402 AD), Qianguizi fled from Xiping to Chang'an, and Yao Xing appointed Chipan as the general of Zhenzhong and the Taishou of Xingjin. Yao Xing ordered Qiangui to join the Later Qin general Qi Nan to meet Lulong in Hexi, fight against the leader of the Qiang Party, and attack Yang Sheng's general Fu Bo, both of which won. He also broke the Tuguhun general (name) and captured more than 10,000 people. Qiangui led his troops to attack Yang Sheng's general Yang Yuyu and also won. Yao Xing was afraid that Qian's return would eventually be a hidden danger in Xizhou, so he stayed in Chang'an when he met with him, and served as the host and guest, and took Chipan as the general of Jianwu.
Predicting that there would be a rebellion in Chang'an, Chi Pan gathered 27,000 troops from all his tribes to build the city at Shan Mountain (southwest of present-day Xiahe County, Gansu) and conquered the city of Caohan (present-day Linxia Prefecture, Gansu). Qiangui fled from Chang'an back to Yuanchuan. Xianbei Yue Dajian (name) led 5,000 people to join Qiangui. Qiangui then stayed in Chipan Town to guard Caohan, and led 30,000 people to move to Dujian Mountain (now northeast of Yuzhong County, Gansu), and in the third year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (407 AD), he was called the King of Qin, and the year name was "more beginning", and a hundred officials were replaced, and the officials below the secretary were reinstated, and the Western Qin regime was rebuilt.
The Qiangui faction persuaded Bo Di Yan to surrender, and Di Yan led the people to surrender. Qiangui let him be a scholar, and moved his tribe to Yuanchuan. He also sent Longxi Qiang Changhe to conquer Yaoxing Jincheng County (located in Xigu District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province), and begged for the east Jincheng with his horsemen and horses. Qiangui once again took Yuanchuan as the capital, and captured Later Qin Luoyang, Nan'an, Longxi and other counties, and migrated 25,000 households to Yuanchuan and Caohan. Yao Xing was unable to fight westward, and was afraid that Qiangui would continue to be troubled in the west, so he sent envoys to appoint Qiangui as an envoy, a regular attendant, a military governor of Longxi Lingbei, the Xiongnu and Hu Zhujun, the general of the expedition to the west, the pastor of Hezhou, Da Danyu, and the king of Henan. At this time, the beggar was preparing to use troops to Hexi, and in order to prevent worries, he accepted the title of Hou Qin and called it Yao Xing.
For the time being, there was no need to worry about the begging and returning to the east, and sent Chi Pan and his second son Shen Qian to lead 10,000 cavalry to attack Nanliang, and obtained more than 100,000 horses and cattle (heads). He also captured Yao Xingbei's generals Yao Long in Boyang Fort, Wang Jing in Shuiluocheng (now Zhuanglang County, Gansu), more than 4,000 households in Yuanchuan, and more than 3,000 households in Tanjiao (now northwest of Linxia County, Gansu). Then, Qiangui led 30,000 cavalry to conquer Xiqiang Penglifa in Caohan, Lifa abandoned his troops and fled south, and was chased and beheaded by the Qiangui generals in Qingshui (now Qingshui Town, northeast of Yuzhong County, Gansu). Qiangui entered Caohan and collected 13,000 Qiang households. He also led 20,000 horsemen to fight Tugu Hun A number in Chishui (now southeast of Gonghe County, Qinghai), and won a great victory.
In the sixth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (410 AD), under the excellent situation of successive victories, Qiangui and more than ten of his sons were killed by his nephew's mansion (name). The Gongfu was killed by Chipan and others. This was a great setback in the history of Western Qin.
Western Qin perished
After Qifu Qiangui was killed, his son Qifu Zhipan succeeded him. History records that he was brave and decisive, wise and resolute, improvised and resourceful, surpassing his father in many ways.
In the ninth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (413 AD), the Chipan Dispatch Department will beg Fu Zhida, Songshou and others to attack Tugu Hun Shuluo in Shuihe County (the seat of governance is in the south of present-day Guide County, Qinghai), and won a complete victory, capturing more than 3,000 households. He also sent Tan Da and Songshou to ride 10,000 horses, and Dongpo Xiuguan (tribal name) Quan Xiaolang, Lu Pohu, etc., captured more than 10,000 men and women, and entered Baishi City (now northwest of Qingshui County, Gansu), and more than 10,000 people surrendered. Later Xian's relatives retired official Quan Xiaocheng, Lu Nujia and others launched a rebellion, were captured and killed by Tanda, and won the first rank of 4,700, and all the retired officials of Longyou Zayi surrendered. Qi Fu Chipan led the generals to attack the Tuyuhun branch at Changliuchuan (suspected to be at the meandering of the Yellow River in the southeastern suburbs of present-day Qinghai), and attacked and excavated at Yuyuhun River (northeast of present-day Yuzhong County, Gansu), capturing 28,000 people before and after.
In the tenth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (414 AD), Chi Pan heard that the bald hair of the lord of Nanliang was going to conquer Yifu Xianbei, so he took the opportunity to lead 20,000 cavalry to attack the county seat of Ledu. After Wei Tan returned, he had no way out, so he had to surrender to Western Qin the following year, and Southern Liang perished.
In the eleventh year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (415 AD), Qifu Zhipan defeated Beilianghe Huangtai Shou Fuqu Hanping. Surrender Yifu Cave Gan, Nanqiang Mijie Kang Bo and so on. Attacking the tribes around Luochuan (i.e., Taohe), the army reached Yuzhong (now west of Zhouqu County, Gansu). Frustrated Qu Mengxun led his troops to the rescue, and Chi Pan heard the news and retreated. Chipan also sent Tanda, Songshou and others to ride 10,000 to attack Yao Ai in Shangtai (now Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province), and won, Yao Ai surrendered, and migrated more than 5,000 households to Caohan. Then, begging for Zhipan, Mu Yiyu led 7,000 cavalry to defeat Tugu Hun Shuluogan, broke his brother Achai's army, captured more than 5,000 people, and Shu Luogan retreated to Bailan Mountain (that is, Burhan Buda Mountain in the northwest of the source of the Yellow River in Qinghai) and died. The leader of Yifu Xianbei, Wu Diyan, led 20,000 households to fall to the blazing rock. The leader of Yifu Xianbei, who was sent back by the begging Blazing Rock, his son (personal name) crusaded against the Tugu Hun Seeking Land (personal name) in the south of the weak water (that is, the Heihe River in present-day Zhangye), and broke it, and led 6,000 people to descend on the Blazing Rock. Chipan sent his left guard Pi Kui, Jianwei Tijun and others to fight against the Qiang people Peng Li and Yu Luochuan, and won. Lihe fled to Qiuchi (now south of Xihe County, Gansu), and the Western Qin army captured his wife, and migrated to Qianghao 3,000 households in Caohan.
In the twelfth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (416 AD), Qifu Chipan sent troops to attack Beiliang.
In the first year of Emperor Gong of Jin Dynasty (419 AD), Qifu Zhipan established his second son Qifu Duwilight as the crown prince, leading the general of the Fu army and supervising the Chinese and foreign military.
In the fourth year of Emperor Yuanjia of the Song Dynasty (427 AD), he died of begging and blazing, and succeeded at the end of the twilight, and changed the name of the year to Yonghong. He abused cruel punishments, domestic and foreign affairs fell apart, people's minds were distraught, and natural disasters such as drought were frequent, which led to the rapid decline of Western Qin. During the reign of Begging Blazing Pan, Shangshu Xinjin once traveled with Blazing Pan in the back garden, and he used a stone bullet bird to accidentally injure Twilight's mother's face. After the end of the twilight ascended the throne, he killed 27 people of the five clans of Xinjin for this matter. There are many other such indiscriminate killings. His internal affairs were unstable, and he was coerced externally by Helianding of the Xia State, so he burned the city, destroyed the treasures, and led 15,000 people to defect to the Northern Wei Dynasty. On the way, he was intercepted by Helianding. In the eighth year of Emperor Yuanjia of Song Wen (431 AD), more than 500 people from his clan surrendered to the Xia army at the end of the twilight, but were killed by Helianding, and Western Qin perished.
Bingling Temple grottoes in the "West Qin Jianhong first year inscription"
The contribution of the Western Qin Dynasty to traditional Chinese culture
As a regional state established by the Xianbei people, the Western Qin Dynasty made many positive contributions to China's traditional political culture despite its small size.
The first is to promote ethnic integration. Through war, plunder, migration, and other means, it brought members of the Han, Xianbei, Tuyuhun, and Zahu tribes into the same regime, subtly and imperceptibly recognized each other, and promoted the formation of a multi-ethnic state in China.
Second, we should devote ourselves to the establishment of a "great unification" country. The Xianbei people first originated from the Xianbei Mountain in the Great Xing'an Mountains in the northeast, moved westward to the north of Yinshan, merged with Rouran, and then went south into the Longxi area. Its political goal is to further "swear to the remnants of Longzhi and peek into the Aoqian area of Kuihan" on the basis of "becoming the cause of one party", that is, to lead the strong soldiers of Longyou, to capture the hinterland of the Central Plains, and to realize the great unification of the country. Its ambition to "think about the rule of the troubled times", that is, to pity the troubled times and think about the desire to govern the world, and the efforts made to this end, are of positive significance and contribution.
The third is to practice a progressive national system. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, China's political system, with the Han nationality as the main body, is the most suitable for the national conditions, and is conducive to national stability and long-term peace and stability. After the founding of the Western Qin Dynasty, the Han system was combined with Hu Rong's "Da Dan Yu" system to form a set of unique national management models, which were not only suitable for the management of a multi-ethnic state, but also inherited the past and the future, and accumulated experience for the establishment and management of a unified multi-ethnic state.
The fourth is to inherit the culture of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. In its more than 40 years of history, the Western Qin regime embraced the traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism culture, and reused Han celebrities in the management of the country. For example, Jiao Yi, a native of Nan'anshi, had both ability and political integrity, and was the prince and prince at the time, and participated in the planning of national politics. The beggar Qiangui was very important to him. He once said to the crown prince begging for blazing pan: "Jiao Sheng is not a special Confucian, but Wang Zuozhi's talent." "Thou shalt do as I do." "It means that Jiao Yi has a very high level of Confucianism and has the ability to assist the emperor in governing the country, so you have to treat him like me. After that, he was ordered to worship in front of the bed. The rulers of the Western Qin Dynasty were very concerned about the auspicious culture and Buddhist culture of Taoism. According to research, the largest cave 169 of Bingling Temple in Linxia, Gansu Province was excavated by the upper class of the Qifu clan. (Text/Gansu Daily Special Writer Li Qingling Photo/Data Map)
(Source: Database)