<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" On September 12, >, in the morning, the author visited the "Xijing Smoke Cloud - Datong Liaojinyuan Cultural Relics Exhibition" held at the Changsha Museum, and many questions arose in my heart: Why is Shanxi Datong a strategic center in previous dynasties? Why has it become a place where the cultures of the North and the South converge? What is the origin of Xijing's becoming an important buddhist town in the Liao Dynasty? What was the grand situation of the Jin Dynasty Xijing Buddhist Dao Confucian parallel? What influence did the flourishing of religion have on the architectural style of Datong at that time? What kind of folklore and industry does the exhibits in this exhibition reflect? </h1>
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On the afternoon of the same day, a lecture entitled "Wangxijing - Overview of the Culture of Liaojinyuan Xijing" was held in the museum, and Cao Chenming, deputy director of the Datong City Museum, was invited to give a lecture, so the author walked into the lecture with many enthusiastic audiences to listen to him dispel the clouds and disperse the fog, and interpret the past of the two dynasties and the three generations of Beijing's Datong in the Liaojinyuan.
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Cao Chenming has long been engaged in field archaeology, datong local history research, museum work, and has a unique insight into the cultural relics of the Liaojin period in Datong. His lectures mainly talked about the history and scope of Liao, Jin, and Yuanxijing, religion and culture, folklore and baiye. The above questions of the author were answered in this lecture.
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Regarding the history and scope of Xijing during the Liaojin and Jin Dynasties:
History: In 942 AD, the Later Jin Dynasty and Ten Kingdoms of the Later Jin Dynasty Jingtang dedicated the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun to the Khitan (Liao), and Yunzhou is now Datong. In the thirteenth year of Liao Chongxi (1044), Datong was promoted to Xijing. The Jin Dynasty followed the Liao Dynasty and still set up Xijing Road. Until the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty to the 25th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1288), Datong was called Xijing. In the same year, Xijing Road was changed to Datong Road. From the time of the Five Dynasties in 942 to the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1367, Datong was under the rule of the Liaojin And Yuan Dynasties for 426 years, of which the time known as Xijing was 225 years (1044-1288).
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Jurisdictional area (pictured): the historical Liao Dynasty Xijing Road and Jin Dynasty Xijin Road, the scope basically coincides, that is, the north to the present Erlianhot, the south to the Yanmen Pass area, the west to the west of Baotou City, the east to the west of Juyongguan. Among them, Datong Province included the districts of present-day Datong City and County, as well as some parts of the area that expanded west and east. The Datong region, located at the junction of farming in the south and nomadic economy in the north, and the place where the ethnic groups of the north and the south converge, has been in a very important strategic position since ancient times.
On the religious and cultural issues of Xijing during the Liao-Jin Dynasty:
The cultural relics left to the Xijing area during the Liaojinyuan period are first of all a large number of ancient buildings on the ground, the vast majority of which are state-level cultural relics protection units, followed by cultural relics excavated underground.
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In the Liao Dynasty, Xijing Datong was an important town of Buddhism, and there was no major construction in the Xijing area in the early Liaoning Dynasty, after the "Tanyuan Alliance" in 1004, the Song and Liao dynasties lived peacefully, and many buildings in Xijing basically began to be built after this time. Guanyin Hall in the western suburbs (1038), the "Ten Temples" of the Liao Dynasty (1045-1064) of the Yungang Grottoes, the Bhagavad Gita Hall of Huayan Temple (1038) and the Daxiong Treasure Hall (1068), the Shaka Pagoda of Yingxian Buddhist Palace Temple (1056), the Brick Pagoda of Jueshan Temple in Lingqiu County (1090), and the Ciyun Temple of Tianzhen County (repaired in 1019), etc. There are also the Liaofeng Prefecture Liaobai Pagoda in the broad sense of the Western Capital.
The prosperity of Buddhism in the Liao Dynasty was also related to the belief and support of Emperor Daozong of Liao and a large number of nobles. For example, Huayan Temple was invested and built by the royal family and has the nature of an ancestral temple.
Ancient architectural styles vary from north to south. The ancient buildings of Liaojin have gentle eaves, large arches, and a large area, which is grand and rough. The pavilion-style pagoda is represented by the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, and the eaves-type pagoda is represented by the Liao Dynasty Brick Pagoda of Jueshan Temple and the Liaobai Pagoda of Hohhot City.
In the Xijing area of the Jin Dynasty, Buddhism and Confucianism were parallel, especially Confucianism flourished and talents emerged. First of all, the Daxiong Treasure Hall and Shanhua Temple of Datong Huayan Temple were rebuilt, and the nine "Lingyan Pavilions" in front of the third cave in the east of the Yungang Grottoes were built, the Chongfu Temple in Shuozhou, and the Yuanjue Temple in Hunyuan County. At the end of the Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, many Buddhist monks and Taoist masters appeared. For example, the huiming monk of Huayan Temple and his disciples have successively presided over the Daqingshou Temple in Yanjing and served as the national monks. The disciple Xue'an monk, Li Puguang, was a senior monk and calligrapher.
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Taoism prevails, Taoist temples are lined up, and the important ones are Longxiang Palace, Kaiyuan Temple, Jade Void Temple, and so on. Qiu Zhiji once promoted the Quanzhen Sect in Xijing. After the Jin Zhongdu Ten Fang Great Heavenly Changguan (now the Baiyun Temple in Beijing) was rebuilt during the Dading period, Tianzi issued an edict to open the altar and preach the Fa, "ordering the abbot of Yan Deyuan, the master of the Altar of The Western Jing Road, to teach him something to observe."
The Jin Dynasty attached great importance to Confucianism, and Xijing set up schools at all levels, such as the establishment of academic officials to teach children from various ministries to learn Jurchen script, and at most the number of students was up to 3,000, and after graduation, they went to Shangjing on the basis of merit, and after the professors in Shangjing, they also chose the officials of various ministries. There are also two Jurchen schools, each with more than 600 students.
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Two course opening exams. Some private academies have also been set up, such as hunyuan's "Cuiping Academy". It was built for The Hunyuan Jin Dynasty Liu Shu and others. The Liu family in the Jin and Yuan dynasties, five generations of a total of ten people, of which the famous Liu Qi "literary name is all over the world", is one of the leading figures in the literary circle in the late Jin and early Yuan dynasties, and authored "Gui Qianzhi", which has high literary and historical value.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the Xijing area was more open and inclusive, and there were many Taoist Taoist temples and Taoists, such as the tombs of Feng Daozhen and Li Miaoyi. The cultural prosperity of Xijing led to the emergence of outstanding political and cultural figures in Xijing in the early Yuan Dynasty. The chancellor Liu Bingzhong, a monk of Nantang Temple in Xuande County, Xijing, served as the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, and he planned the capital of the Yuan Dynasty; the painter Gao Kegong was a Datong person, and the place of household registration, that is, the place where he was born and grew up, was Datong; the miscellaneous dramatist Wu Changling, according to the Yuan Dynasty Zhong Sicheng's "Record of Ghosts", recorded that he was the Datong clan of Xijing.
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On the issue of folklore and hundreds of industries in Xijing during the Liaojin and Jin Dynasties:
Because the Xijing region is in a semi-arid and semi-humid area, nomadic culture and farming culture coexist. Different cultures, such as the Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols and Han Chinese, blended and coexisted with each other. The folk customs of the north have appeared here, but a large number of cultural elements from the Central Plains and even localities have emerged. In the 225-year-long history of Xijing and the accumulation of nearly 420 years of time in the three dynasties of the Liaojin and Yuan Dynasties, a scene of prosperity in Xijing has emerged.
First, the popular Northern Tang style:
Northern customs can be seen in many aspects of clothing, food, housing, and transportation, and some are the result of absorbing the culture of the Central Plains.
In the tomb murals, there are common images of children with hair, and the bronze mirrors used for dressing also have images of Haidong green catching swans and pisces. The maids in the tombs and the liao statues in the monasteries are plump, all of which follow the legacy of the Tang Dynasty.
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The iron plate in the cooking utensils is a common item in the Liao tombs and is used for flapjacks. There are many bronzes, copper plates are more begonia-shaped, and it is found in the porcelain form of Shangjing and Zhongjing. The porcelain chicken leg bottle is larger in the Shangjing and Zhongjing regions, called the ox leg bottle. These items are common to nomadic life. After the nomadic people later began to settle down, the use of porcelain and pottery items increased greatly.
The form of residence, judging from the circular plane of the brick tombs of the Liao Dynasty, represents a circular felt tent. The tomb plane of the Jin Yuan period was mainly square, indicating that settlement became the norm. Moreover, judging from the remaining temple buildings, the level of wooden architecture is quite high.
In the form of travel, horses and camels can be seen from the frescoes in the tomb. Some special objects show the beginning of new customs, such as the appearance of cats in Liao Dynasty tomb murals, the appearance of Ming pottery willow buckets and pottery dustpans, and the appearance of some auspicious motifs (such as the Liao tomb in Dongfengli.
Many of the images and objects in these customs are different from those in the Central Plains. In addition, because the folk believe in Buddhism and Taoism is also more extensive, there are more statues of the tomb owner and his wife, luohan statues (also known as zhenrong idols) in the tombs, and there are also a large number of offering tables, incense burners, candlesticks and other items dedicated to Buddhist and Taoist idols.
Burial customs:
The Khitan people first practiced open-air tree burial and earth burial, and later practiced cremation under the influence of Central Plains culture and Buddhism, and the same custom was also followed during the JinYuan period. The burial tools of the Liao Dynasty are diverse, ordinary people use clay pots, porcelain pots, etc. to load the ashes, pay attention to the use of sarcophagus, carved patterns, the most luxurious is a glass coffin of the Liao Dynasty. Pottery soul bottle soul pagoda originated from tang dynasty customs in other regions, but also influenced by Buddhism, when the datong area of the soul bottle soul pagoda is the largest, the highest artistic appreciation, concentrated hollowing, plastering, painting technology, the art level of craftsmen and Huayan Temple Liao sculpture in the same period, can be compared.
Tomb murals: Liaojinyuan have both.
The early days of the Liao Dynasty brick tombs were simple, dividing the space with doors and windows to reflect the situation inside the house. The content of the later period is complex, but the layout is chaotic, dividing the space with hangers, etc., reflecting the situation inside and outside the house and the courtyard, and the content includes the service chart, the feast map, the travel map, etc., and the clothing pattern is outlined with a round pen.
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The layout of the Jin Dynasty is relatively fixed, the front reflects the tomb bedroom, and there are prepared feast maps (with wine or tea preparation contents) and scattered music maps on both sides. The Song Dynasty royal family had a "flower viewing song feast", which did not discuss state affairs, and had a wide influence on poetry purely for the pleasure of flower viewing and fishing, drinking and drinking. There are images of boys and servants on both sides of the entrance of the Liaojin Brick Tomb. The tomb passage of the Tomb of Xu Gui in the Jin Dynasty has a travel map, and its clothing pattern is outlined with a square pen.
The murals of the three Yuan Dynasty tombs found in Datong are mainly landscape maps, and a small number also have feast maps (wine preparation tea map). The Yuan Dynasty had a landscape plot, which reflected the form of retreating from the world, not asking about politics, and sending affection to the landscape under the high-pressure policies of the Yuan Dynasty, and was also the embodiment of the development of ink landscape painting in the Yuan Dynasty. The colors are a single black and white ink color. Such as Feng Daozhen's tomb "Shulin Evening Photo", gear factory yuan tomb "Four Seasons Map", "Preparation Feast Map" and so on.
The second is the prosperity of hundreds of industries:
Liaojin Xijing has made great progress in metallurgy, porcelain making, architecture and other aspects, on the one hand, it has absorbed the central plains technology in technology, and on the other hand, it has partially retained the use and shape of the northern grassland.
Bronze making: Many bronzes have been excavated from the Liao tombs, such as tableware basins, plates, saucers, turns, spoons, chopsticks, etc., daily necessities candlesticks, musical instruments (similar to plucking, cymbals) and so on. Some are made of imitation silverware. Unlike the Northern Dynasty before the Tang Dynasty, the bronze ware at that time was cast, and the Tang and Liao dynasties were made of hammer plates. The tire is thin and light, not easy to break, easy to carry immediately, so it has the atmosphere of grassland nomadic life. In particular, the begonia-shaped long plate is consistent with the porcelain custom of the begonia-shaped long plate in Liaoning. The traditional casting process was used in the copper mirrors of the Jin Dynasty, and excellent pisces copper mirrors were also produced.
Iron smelting and coal mining industry: iron tools are common items in Liaojin tombs or sites, including agricultural tools iron ploughs, cooking utensils iron kettles, iron hammers, food processing tools tea mills, iron mortars and so on.
During this period, the north was able to cast iron. Cast iron remains of crucibles arranged in diameter of about 10 cm and length of about 50-80 cm have been found underground in the basement of the four arches in the central part of Datong City. A large site of a cast iron bell from the Liaojin period was found at the top of the Yungang Cave, with a crucible diameter of about 20 centimeters. Many iron tools have been found at the site of Shanxi Celadon Kiln Village, and quite a few Liao Dynasty iron plows have also been found in the cellar site of Xiajiagou in Tianzhen. In the tomb, a large number of iron objects such as Xu Congyun's tomb reflect the love and importance of the Khitan (Liao) people for iron tools. The iron casting industry has improved the productivity of the Liaojin region and the productivity of weapons. The armor made by Sun Wei, a Hunyuan man in the Yuan Dynasty, was almost difficult to enter with swords and arrows, and became the first choice of the Yuan army.
The development of the metallurgical cast iron industry in Xijing during the Liaojin period benefited from the widespread mining and use of local coal. In the ruins of the Liaojin Temple in Longwanggou on the east side of the fifth cave of the Yungang Grottoes, archaeology has found that there are ruins such as ground stoves and earth kang flues in the house, indicating that coal has been used indoors. Relics and relics using coal are commonly found in various sites and tombs such as porcelain kilns. The mining of coal in the Datong region of the Yuan Dynasty has become an important source of tax revenue for the state.
Iron smelting has also promoted the production of farming in Liaoning and enhanced the self-sufficiency and combat effectiveness of the army's weapons. The mining of coal promoted the settlement of life and the construction of houses in the north, and also pushed the urban distribution line to the North.
Wood craftsmanship: In addition to a large number of existing wooden temple buildings that can reflect the high level of rigorous woodworking technology, it is also reflected in the small and subtle woodworking technology. For example, the Heavenly Palace Pavilion and the Closet of the Bhagavad Gita Of huayan Temple are classic small wooden working works of art in the Liao Dynasty.
Small wood furniture production: 11 wooden furniture models excavated from the tomb of Yan Deyuan in the Jin Dynasty are typical Song-style furniture. Prior to this, including the Tang Dynasty, the furniture structure was more bulky, and the leg materials were coarser, which was a style of transition from horizontal to high furniture. Song-style furniture is typical high-style furniture. The structure is influenced by the tenon structure technology in the wooden building, the structure is reasonable and strong, the material is small and lightweight, and the decoration is simple and unpretentious. These cultural relics are precious physical materials for the study of ancient Song-style furniture.
Porcelain industry: Datong is the earliest place where the porcelain industry appeared in the Five Capitals of Liaoning, and the Tang Dynasty already had a Hunyuan Jiezhuang porcelain kiln. During the Liaojin Period, with the Qingci kiln in the north of Jiezhuang Village as the center, a number of regional kilns such as Hunyuan Ancient Porcelain Kiln, Datong Western Suburb Qingci Kiln, Huairen Xiaoyu Kiln, Huairen Goose Hair Mouth Kiln, Zuoyun County Porcelain Kiln and so on were formed.
The tire quality of early porcelain in the local kilns of Xijing in the Liao Dynasty was coarse yellow and loose, and the white porcelain was yellow. Usually, makeup is applied before glazing, and there are four irregular small nail marks on the inner bottom of the dish. The quality of the late stage is improved, and the tire quality is fine and white. Judging from the porcelain unearthed in the Datong Liao Dynasty, there are more porcelains influenced by Liaoshangjing and other places: such as sauce-glazed chicken leg bottles (known as beef leg bottles in the Liaoshangjing region, larger in size), carved flower jars, flower picking pots, white glazed carved flower pots, flower pick pots and plum vases. The shape of the pot is more abundant. Special utensils such as glazed pottery three-in-one pots, glass coffins, etc. should also be more influenced by the technology of porcelain kilns in Shangjing and other places.
The white porcelain tires of the Jin Dynasty are fine and white, the quality is better, and the outer wall has silk bamboo spiral marks and transparent oil, but the bowl and the bottom of the plate leave seven or eight or more oval mud nail marks a week, or there are "astringent circle" marks that expose the tires for a week. White porcelain is influenced by the kiln, such as the plates and bowls of Mangkou, and the form of the pot is also influenced by the Song style of the pot.
Black glazed chicken thigh bottles continue to be produced, and the deflowering process is more common. Such as the most local characteristics such as black glaze jars and black glazed plum bottles, the product technology of the Green Magnetic Kiln in the western suburbs of Datong is the highest.
In the tombs of the Jin Dynasty in Datong, you can also see small bowls of blue glazed carved flowers from the Yaozhou kiln, small cups of black glaze oil drop glaze from the kiln, jun porcelain incense burners, and churning bowls from the (Jiaozuo) Dangyang kiln. The increase in the variety of porcelain in the Jin Dynasty is related to the Fact that the Jin Dynasty occupies the middle reaches of the Yellow River. From the middle of the Liao Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, a large number of wine utensils and tea sets were found in the porcelain excavated in Xijing, and the wind of tea drinking was also transmitted from the Central Plains to the north. This can also be seen in tomb murals. Drinking wine and tea with porcelain is a fashionable style of life.
In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the vast territory and rich commodities, the types of utensils increased, and the local production of jun porcelain, foreign porcelain such as Longquan kiln celadon porcelain, Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain and shadow celadon and so on.
Generally speaking, the period of Xijing, the capital of Liaojin and Jin, was the second period of prosperity in the history of Datong after the Pingcheng of Northern Wei, and also the second period of great national integration in Chinese history after the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
In the two-hour lecture, Cao Chenming sorted out and interpreted the history, religion, folklore, culture and other walks of life in Xijing during the Liaojinyuan period through a large number of pictures and text materials, which benefited the audience a lot. #History Cold Knowledge##This is the national style ##涨知识了 #
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