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With the development of human society to this day, manufacturing is undoubtedly the top priority in the standard of measuring the strength of a country.
At present, the global manufacturing industry can be described as a four-part world, the traditional manufacturing power still retains a place, and the rapid rise of China's manufacturing industry is constantly influencing the world, and the old pattern has been broken.
How did China rise, and how did it become a manufacturing powerhouse in the midst of difficulties?
North America: Reaganomic and Hollowing
The last century was undoubtedly the highlight of the United States, and before and after World War I, the United States' economic aggregate was already the largest in the world.
During World War II, the United States was unaffected and seized the opportunity to achieve historic leapfrog development, and the post-war world pattern underwent fundamental changes, and the United States became a world superpower.
After the end of the Cold War, the United States suffered a large wave of Cold War dividends, and the rapid rise of emerging capital led to the gradual decline of the American manufacturing industry.
Nowadays, only the whole of North America can be bundled together, especially Canada and Mexico, to be considered a pole of the world's manufacturing industry.
During the Cold War, President Reagan's economic policies in the 80s were successful, and the neoliberal "Reaganomics" advocated by the United States was widely recognized by all walks of life in the United States.
The policy encourages business investment, cuts taxes, reduces fiscal spending, controls the amount of money, and argues that the government should reduce its intervention in the market.
The market-led U.S. manufacturing industry was a well-deserved global hegemon before the 90s, but Reagan didn't know that the purely market-led U.S. manufacturing industry laid the groundwork for the future unemployment crisis.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the influence of "Reaganomics", the power of American capital has finally unleashed its true nature, and the views of global layout and industrial chain optimization have become loud.
Since 1990, the United States has begun to transfer its domestic manufacturing industry chain to foreign countries, constantly pursuing lower costs, including automobiles, electronics and a large number of manufacturing industries have gone overseas.
Domestic capital began to focus on the financial industry, real estate, do not need to work hard to develop the real economy, only need to play with capital can be a million profits, emerging capital for the manufacturing industry sneered.
As a result, a large number of industrial workers lost their jobs and the manufacturing industry gradually declined.
Wall Street's financial tycoons have become the masters of the United States, and the once prosperous cities of San Francisco, Philadelphia, Detroit and other cities have only empty factories left, becoming a "rust belt" that makes people sigh.
The trend of industrial hollowing is difficult to reverse, and today, although the United States is trying its best to reverse this situation and try to achieve a breakthrough in the high-tech industry, it has achieved little success, the entire manufacturing industry chain has been incomplete, and the characteristics of capital profit-seeking are difficult to change.
According to the data of 2021, the added value of the manufacturing industry in the United States accounts for 15.29% of the world's total, and together with the rest of North America, it can account for 17. 74%, which is nearly half compared to the heyday of American manufacturing in the last century.
Despite this, the North American manufacturing industry is still a non-negligible existence, but where the future direction is, I am afraid that many Americans cannot predict.
Europe: Yesterday's yellow flowers are still there
Europe's manufacturing industry has a long history, as the birthplace of the first and second industrial revolution, Europe has a deep manufacturing base, the industrial revolution once became a symbol of Europe, in the 19th century, Europe was the ceiling of the world's manufacturing industry.
But after two world wars, Europe was in ruins, and the entire social system was destroyed.
After World War II, with the help of the United States, it staggered again, with a deep manufacturing tradition, Europe began to exert force in the fifties of the last century, and in only ten years, it became an important force that cannot be ignored in the world's manufacturing industry.
However, the European economy is greatly constrained by the United States, especially after the formation of the "petrodollar", once the United States launches the "dollar tide", Europe will inevitably be affected, and the previous financial crises have made the European manufacturing industry fluctuate.
In the mid-to-late 90s of last century, the European manufacturing industry ushered in a peak moment, and a large number of industries such as machine manufacturing, chemicals, electrical appliances, and automobiles jumped to the forefront of the world.
Although this has a certain relationship with the transfer of the industrial chain in the United States, the key is that Europe at that time attached great importance to the manufacturing industry.
Continuing this momentum, in fact, the European manufacturing industry is very powerful, but it is always in a certain cycle, suffering from various problems.
For example, in the Russia-Ukraine war, Europe had to follow the United States in imposing an embargo or price limit on Russian energy products, which directly led to the energy crisis in Europe and brought a series of chain reactions such as inflation and capital flight.
If the impact of the disease in 2020 disrupted the rhythm of "re-industrialization" in Europe, then the Russia-Ukraine war has put Europe under the threat of a new round of "deindustrialization".
At the same time, Europe is also facing multiple pressures such as high labor costs and energy costs, an aging population, declining innovation, and a high welfare system, resulting in the slow development of Europe's manufacturing industry, and even stagnate.
In 2021, the added value of manufacturing in the 27 countries of the European Union will be 2.54 trillion US dollars, the UK will be 0.28 trillion US dollars, and the total value of 28 countries will be 2.82 trillion US dollars, accounting for 17.25% of the world.
The former manufacturing leaders have long passed their "best era", but with a long period of accumulation, Europe's manufacturing industry still has considerable strength, especially in some "traditional projects", still occupy a leading position in the world, such as machine manufacturing, automobiles, shipbuilding and other industries.
China: Self-reliance and courage
China really began to develop its own manufacturing industry, but it was only after the founding of New China and with the help of the Soviet Union that it gradually started.
Although the quality of the products produced at that time was not internationally competitive, China's manufacturing industry has a very significant feature since its birth, that is, it covers a wide range of industrial categories.
From heavy industries such as iron and steel metallurgy, machinery and energy, to light industries such as textiles and garments, food and daily chemicals, everything that can be had must be available, and everything that is not available for a while must be available.
This may be because of the sense of crisis caused by the international environment at that time, or perhaps because of the pursuit of prosperity and strength in the bones of the Chinese. In short, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the complete industrial chain of the manufacturing industry was actually in the making.
But the Soviet Union changed its face, and in the late 50s of the last century, aid from the "big brother" came to an abrupt end, and China had to be self-reliant, stumbling forward like a weak child in a world full of manufacturing powers.
Even if it is difficult and slow, China has not given up, has a strong manufacturing industry has always been the consensus of the country, relying on their own hands and wisdom, even in the difficult sixties and seventies of the last century, still created the myth of "two bombs and one star", and at the same time in shipbuilding, machinery manufacturing, medicine, chemical and many other industries continue to achieve breakthroughs.
After the reform and opening up, the country's focus shifted to economic construction, seizing the development opportunities in the 90s of the last century, China started from undertaking the industrial chain of developed countries, connecting with the world's manufacturing industry, and becoming an important production area of the world's low-end manufacturing industry, "world factory" worthy of the name.
In the 21st century, "Made in China" has become a popular product in the world, China no longer meets the labor-intensive traditional manufacturing industry, and begins to make efforts in "Made in China", guided by scientific and technological innovation, and soars all the way on the road of independent research and development.
Shipbuilding, high-speed rail, photovoltaic, new energy vehicles, aerospace industry...... The jewel in the crown of modern manufacturing has been picked off by China one by one, and it seems that overnight, China has become a manufacturing power.
After Obama took office, the "pivot to the Asia-Pacific" strategy was put on the agenda, and the encirclement of China gradually increased, but it did not stop China's progress.
In 2010, China's total manufacturing volume surpassed the United States in one fell swoop and became the world's first, and since then, China has firmly occupied the top position in the world's manufacturing industry.
Despite the obstacles that the United States often creates, China's manufacturing industry not only shows no signs of decline, but is becoming more and more courageous.
Up to now, China has 39 industrial categories, 191 medium categories and 525 sub-categories, and is the only country in the world that has all the industrial categories in the United Nations Industrial Classification.
What is even more impressive to the world is that almost all of China's industries can enter the top five in the world, and some advantageous industries can become the top three or first in the world, which means that as long as China wants to, even behind closed doors, it can make anything.
In 2021, the added value of the mainland's manufacturing industry will be 4.87 trillion US dollars, accounting for 29.79 of the world's total, and this proportion is increasing year by year.
At the same time, China's independent innovation of patented technology is also growing rapidly, relying on the development of science and technology, China's manufacturing industry is constantly becoming stronger.
Others: Every family has a scripture that is difficult to read
In 2021, the total added value of the manufacturing industry in more than 100 countries will be 5.76 trillion US dollars, accounting for 35.23% of the world.
Some of these countries include Japan, South Korea, India, Brazil, Russia and other countries, each with its own special circumstances.
Japan recovered rapidly after World War II, and by the '70s and early '80s, Japan's manufacturing boom was unprecedented, making it the world's second-largest economy after the United States.
This made the United States deeply anxious, and the United States, which controls Japan politically, signed the Plaza Accord with Japan, demanding a sharp appreciation of the yen, which, combined with Japan's own irrational economic policies, led to a huge economic bubble in Japan.
Beginning in 1990, Japan experienced a "lost decade" and a sluggish economy that today accounts for only 6.2% of the global manufacturing share.
Today, although Japan is trying to revive its manufacturing industry, it has no choice but to return, and the legendary "craftsman spirit" is only left with the "counterfeiting scandal" that continues to emerge.
As the world's most populous country, India also hopes to make a breakthrough in the manufacturing industry, Modi put forward the concept of "Made in India", trying to promote the development of the manufacturing industry by attracting investment and using low labor costs as a bargaining chip.
However, India's title of "capital graveyard" is daunting, short-sighted and "unruly" style, making it difficult for India to gain enough trust, poor business environment, poor infrastructure, have become a stumbling block in the development of India's manufacturing industry.
As for other countries, in fact, they all understand the importance of manufacturing to their own countries, but for various reasons, it is difficult to achieve a comprehensive rise at this stage, and can only wait for historical opportunities.
The global manufacturing industry is "divided into four parts of the world", China has been the leader for 13 consecutive years, whether it is in the face of the technological blockade of Western powers, economic sanctions, or in response to various complex and changeable natural and man-made disasters, China's manufacturing industry has always maintained the momentum of development, and now, no one has been able to shake China's position.
But it should also be noted that China's manufacturing industry in the field of high-tech still has a gap with the world's powers, some important key technologies still need to break through, at the same time, science and technology transformation, brand addition, talent training and many other links, but also need to further improve the development.
There are many countries in the world regard China as a competitor, and even some countries will do whatever it takes to restrict China's development, China must be prepared for danger in times of peace, not arrogant or impatient, and constantly enhance its own strength, so that the manufacturing industry has become a firm cornerstone of national development.