Jinan people have always been a place where celebrities yearn for. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, 52-year-old Gu Yanwu came here to live here for more than 10 years. He roamed, made friends, wrote, and studied in Quancheng, leaving many footprints on the bluestone slab road where the spring water flowed.
The Rizhilu is one of Gu Yanwu's most important works.
Fleeing to the north, the guest lives in Quancheng
Along with Wang Fuzhi and Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, a thinker, a scribe, a historian, and a phonologist, made great contributions to scholarship and was known as the "founding Confucian master" of the Qing Dynasty. His famous saying that "the world rises and falls, and the pirate has the responsibility" has inspired generations of benevolent people.
Gu Yanwu, a native of Zining, Kunshan, Jiangsu, was honored by later scholars as Mr. Tinglin. Why did he come to Shandong and settle in Jinan?
Gu Yanwu was a student of the late Ming Dynasty, and his youth was outstanding. He and his great-grandson and literary scholar Guizhuang, who returned to the light of his hometown, were "iron brothers", and they were very different, so people ridiculed him as "guiqi guwei". After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing army marched south, Gu Yanwu's birth mother was cut off her right arm, her two younger brothers were killed, and her mother died of hunger strike. Faced with the destruction of the country and the death of his family, the 32-year-old rose up against the Qing Dynasty, but he repeatedly failed. At this time, in order to seize the Property of the Gu family, the inferior gentleman Ye Fangheng took the opportunity to kidnap and imprison him and force him to commit suicide, and only escaped from Hukou with the help of friends. However, Ye Mou still did not spare, first sent assassins to attack, causing him to "wound his head and fall on a donkey"; Later, he instructed the gangsters to loot the Gu family and "pass it on for generations to come."
Gu Yanwu, who had lost his family and died, had no choice but to sell the remaining family property and flee alone to avoid disaster. In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi (1657), he drifted north to Jinan, and then traveled to Laizhou, Dezhou, Tai'an and other places, while studying scholarship and contacting anti-Qing zhishi. Eight years later, he lived in Jinan and made his home in Dasangjiazhuang under The Zhenggong Mountain in Zhangqiu. The local landlord Xie Shitai mortgaged ten acres of land to Gu because he owed Gu Yanwu two silvers, so Gu Yanwu was able to "reclaim the land under the Changbai Mountain of Zhangqiu to provide for himself." After that, Gu Yanwu was "half in the calendar, half in Zhangqiu", roaming Shandong and traveling between Beijing and Lu for more than ten years.
Gu Yanwu's choice of the Zhangqiu Dasang family as a place of food and clothing is related to a historical fact. During the reign of Tang Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong Li Shimin crowned his fifth son Li You as the King of Qi. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), Li You rebelled, and the Pingling general Li Junqiu rose up to resist the rebellion. After quelling the rebellion, Emperor Taizong of Tang, in recognition of Li Junqiu's loyalty and courage, named him "Guerrilla General" and gave Pingling the name "Quanjie". Gu Yanwu wrote in "Under the Changbai Mountain of The Blade Of The Grass": "Carrying the people to the Eastern Kingdom, returning year after year. The grass fell in the evening, and the fruit fell among the wild birds. The end of the whole festival, according to the person is still cheeky. Yellow Turban City under the road, unique Zheng Gongshan. Gu Yanwu's poetry and words were to emulate Li Junqiu's loyalty and courage, and vowed not to cooperate with the Qing government to the death.
Another reason why Gu Yanwu chose Zhangqiu as a place to live was probably related to the proximity to Jinan. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jinan became the seat of governance in Shandong and was the center of political culture. Here are famous people, and the academic atmosphere is very strong. Gu Yanwu's residence in Zhangqiu can not only stay away from the hustle and bustle of the downtown, but also often come to Jinan to discuss academics and poetry papers with his peers, which can be described as the best choice. However, what I did not expect was that the real estate of Sangjiazhuang actually laid hidden dangers for a later lawsuit.
Visit fellow travelers to learn
There are mountains outside the city, lakes in the city, springs in every house, and every household. Gu Yanwu, who had just arrived in Jinan, was intoxicated by the beauty of Daming Lake, and wrote a poem that "sees the second peak at sunset, and the hibiscus on the lake is flat". When revisiting the Lingyan Temple, he chanted: "The mountains are quiet and the shrews inhabit the Buddha's land, and the tangkong dragons are scattered in the heavens." "Jinan has beautiful mountains and rivers, and a strong academic atmosphere.
Photography: Dong Chenghua
Zhang Erqi (Zi Jiruo), a master of Jiyang classics, was eager to learn since childhood and was good at writing and poetry. In the last year of Chongzhen, when the Qing army attacked Jinan, Zhang Erqi's father and brother died in the war, so he resolutely refused to study the Yi and Li, specializing in the study of scriptures, "to comfort the silence, but to mourn". The common encounter resonated with Gu Yanwu, who visited the theory many times and said with great surprise: "The three rites of solo proficiency, Zhuo Erjing, I am not as good as Zhang Jiruo." He once inspected the Hanjingyang Monument with Ma Xiao, a historian of Zouping and the author of "Zuo Chuan Shiwei", and also sang with the poet Wang Shizhen and "Autumn Willow Poems". He also befriended Xu Ye, the grandson of Wang Xiangchun, the author of Qi Yin, and participated in the compilation of Shandong Tongzhi with Zhang Erqi.
In addition, gu Yanwu also had close contacts with more than 20 people, including Cheng Xianzhen of Dezhou and Yan Guangmin of Qufu. Cheng Xianzhen was a former Ming widow, a member of the Fu Society, and a member of the Ministry of Works, and wrote the "Collection of Chen Ren of haiyou" and "Yanshan Travel Draft". When Cheng Shi died, Gu Yanwu wrote a poem "Weeping Cheng Gongbu" to mourn it. Yan Guangmin was the 67th grandson of Yan Hui and one of the "Ten Sons of Kangxi", and was a sibling of Gu Yanwu.
Photo: Li Feng
In his contacts with scholars in Jinan, Gu Yanwu used the collection of the Shandong Tongzhi Bureau to conduct academic research and achieve many results. In a letter to a friend, he said that "when he is over fifty years old, he knows that he cannot establish his purpose without learning etiquette" and "he is determined to be devoted to the history of scripture." "Over fifty years old" is exactly the 20 years that Gu Yanwu roamed the land of Qilu with Jinan as the center. In the past 20 years, he has studied and studied, and has written such works as "Rizhilu", "Five Books of Phonology", "Zhaoyu Zhi", "Jinshi Script Record", "Shandong Archaeological Record" and so on. Gu Yanwu's traces in Jinan and even Shandong have always been accompanied by academic culture, which not only had a profound impact on Shandong scholarship from the aspects of literature, history, classics, epigraphy, geography, etc., but also played an important role in his becoming the first master scholar in the Qing Dynasty.
Photo: Gu Jixue
Two lawsuits drift again
Originally, Gu Yanwu's life of "half is half and half travel" is quite comfortable, and he does not want a lawsuit that "started in Zhangqiu and became a disaster in Jimo" fell from the sky, and he was forced to drift away from home.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the literary prison continued one after another. In the fifth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1666), a terrible literary prison occurred in Jimo, Shandong, which is the famous "Huang Peishi Case" in history. Huang Pei was originally an official of the Ming Dynasty, and after the ming dynasty, he returned to his hometown of Jimo, and often expressed the pain of the subjugation of the country in poetry, including the phrase "a banana is on the sea, and there is no sun and moon shining on Shandong". Jiang Yuanheng, the grandson of Huang Pei's hereditary servant Huang Kuan (originally surnamed Jiang), wanted to dissociate himself from the name of the master servant of the Huang family and change his surname to Guizong after entering high school, so he turned against the old owner and sought revenge. Jiang Yuanheng privately collected Huang Pei's poems to misinterpret them, and then fabricated ten major crimes and denounced Huang Pei's "yin knotted warriors and slandered the new dynasty" to the Governor of Shandong. Upon learning of this, the Qing court immediately issued a decree ordering the Inspector of Shandong to detain people related to the case and others to be strictly interrogated.
During the trial of the case, Xie Shitai, the landlord who mortgaged the land to Gu Yanwu because of his debts, tried to regain the land property, so he took the opportunity to make waves and went to Zhangqiu County to complain to Gu Yanwu for occupying property, and at the same time secretly instigated Jiang Yuanheng to falsely accuse Gu Yanwu of plotting rebellion. In the "Trial of the Yellow Case" in the first month of the seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1668), Jiang Yuanheng's spearhead went straight to Gu Yanwu and framed him for saying that there was also a book called "Zhongjie" in the "Reverse Poem", which was "engraved by the Gu Ning people of Kunshan to the Huang family". In fact, the book "ZhongjieLu" was originally compiled by Shen Tianfu in the name of Chen Jisheng to collect the posthumous poems of the Ming Dynasty Tianqi and Chongzhen Dynasties, which had nothing to do with Gu Yanwu.
At the end of February of the seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1668), Gu Yanwu heard about the case in Beijing and remembered that "it is a matter of justice, and it is not appropriate to hide; Fearing that over time, it will cause trouble to the same people", hurried to the inspector yamen in Jinan to surrender and clarify the truth, but unexpectedly fell into prison. During the interrogation, Gu Yanwu explained the facts, argued on the basis of reason, and resolutely denied that he had ever been to Jimo, which liberated many people who were affected by the strain. Relatives and friends Li Yindu, Zhu Yizun, Xu Qianxue, Yan Xiulai, and others all tried their best to rescue them, and Gu Yanwu was released on bail. Then he returned to Zhang Qiu and Xie Shitai to confront the court, and concluded that "although the feeling of framing is unknown, the law of hegemony is correct", and finally won the case.
Gu Yanwu, who was engaged in two lawsuits, was exhausted, and the eight-month prison disaster also made him "live with a few words and burn cakes every day" and live like a year. Destroyed by this, Gu Yanwu was very cold and sad in the poem "Jinan"
Indignantly saying that "the lotus flowers on the lake are old and old, and the time sequence in the guest is hurting themselves", he left sadly and continued to embark on the road of wandering.
In the twenty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1682), Gu Yanwu died of illness in Quwo, Shanxi.
Author: Zhu Ye
Source: Shun.com-Jinan Daily