Hello dear readers and friends, I am Dapeng Humanities, the whole network has the same name, mainly in the headlines, Zhihu to publish content, this series will also be released on the public account, headlines, public platform first.
I have long wanted to open this series, pick up Mingyue Teacher's "Those Things of the Ming Dynasty" and talk about the early Qing Dynasty. I have not written, first, because I am still self-aware, I feel that I do not have the level of Teacher Mingyue in the past, and I can't do this series well; second, because many people have a lot of misunderstandings about the Qing Dynasty, afraid that they will be scolded when they write it.
Recently, I wrote several answers about the Qing Dynasty on Zhihu, and the comment area was very lively, and many people had inherent prejudices about the Qing Dynasty. In order to popularize the history of the Qing Dynasty, tell the story of the early Qing Dynasty, and try to restore a real dynasty to everyone, the "Those Things of the Pre-Qing Dynasty" series is specially opened, and it is planned to be fixed and updated every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday nights, three times a week, and write 2 million words first.
Okay, now, let's get started.
On March 19, 1644, li zicheng attacked Beijing, and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on coal mountain, which is usually marked by this event as the end of the Ming Dynasty.
The beginning of our story begins half a year ago, on September 21, 1643. On this day, Emperor Taiji died suddenly in the harem of Shengjing at the age of 52.
52 years old is a normal age of death for the ancients, but for Emperor Taiji, an emperor who has been in battle for a long time, exercised all year round, diet, and medical conditions, it is slightly shorter. The main reason for the deterioration of Huang Taiji's health is the death of a woman, who is the famous Hai Lan Zhu.
Hai Lanzhu was the eldest wife of Emperor Taiji and the niece of Empress Xiaoduanwen Borjigit Zhezhe, and the famous Concubine Borjigit Bumubutai of Yongfu Palace, the sister of the big Yu'er in the film and television drama.
Hyland beads
But it should be noted that the nickname "Big Yu'er" does not exist in history. Whether it is a Qing Shilu or a Qing history manuscript, there is no record of this word. I looked for a lot of information to figure out why the current TV series gave Bumubutai this name. Bumbutei means "heavenly nobleman", and has nothing to do with jade, and finally found a reliable point to speculate that this big jade is likely to have evolved from the Mongolian name of Hailanzhu.
The Mongolian name of Hailanzhu is oyoodai, which means agate in Mongolian, and sometimes refers specifically to jewelry such as turquoise and coral, which can be extended to "beautiful jade" when translated into Chinese. When articles from the Mongol standpoint mention Hailan zhu, their names are mostly Uyuta and Uyud. And Hai Lanzhu and Bumubutai are sisters, and some wild histories may confuse the two sides and install the name Dayu'er on Bumubutai's head.
Although Hai Lanzhu was the older sister, she married Emperor Taiji nine years later than Bumubutai, and she was 26 years old when she was married. Marrying at this age is very rare among ethnic minorities, so many people suspect that she is a second marriage, and the object of her first marriage is mostly Lin Dan Khan.
However, there is no canonical record that Hai lanzhu was once the wife of Lin Dan Khan. Emperor Taiji did rob Lin Dan Khan's wife, but this wife's name was Borjigit Namjong, and she gave birth to Emperor Taiji's eleventh son, Bomu Bogol. And this Hailan Zhu was directly married to Huang Taiji from the Horqin Department.
However, whether she is married for the second time or not, Huang Taiji is very fond of her and his love for her is crowned by the harem.
In the first year of Chongde, Emperor Taiji sealed Hai Lanzhu as a concubine of Guan Ju Palace. Guanju Palace is located in the East Palace of the Imperial Palace district of Shenyang, second only to the Middle Palace. Its name is taken from the allusion of the Book of Verses, which is the one:
"Guan Guan Ju Dove, in the River Continent, Lady, Gentleman Good"
Emperor Taiji gave Hai Lanzhu's residence the name Guan Ju Palace as a way to express his affection for her.
It's quite, quite difficult.
Many people may not know that for most of Huang Taiji's life, his Chinese level was very average. Unlike his father Nurhaci, who has been messing with Han Chinese since he was a teenager, speaking Chinese and writing Chinese characters. Huang Taiji grew up among the Manchus, did not learn the Chinese language environment, completely rely on words, learn grammar, its early Chinese level is roughly equivalent to the current college students' English level six, early communication with Han ministers need to use translators to communicate normally, he also requires all Han officials must learn Manchu.
At such a level, he was able to find such an allusion from the Chinese classics, which was probably equivalent to confessing to the little girl in English now.
At that time, the five highest-ranking concubines of the Emperor Taiji Harem lived in the five palaces, that is, the five palaces of Chongde. The five palaces, in order of status, are the Middle Palace Qingning Palace (Emperor Fu Jin Zhezhe), the East Palace Guanju Palace (Hai Lan Zhu), the West Palace Lintong Palace (Lin Dan Khan's ex-wife Namu Zhong), the Second East Palace Yanqing Palace (another ex-wife of Lin Dan Khan), and the Second West Palace Yongfu Palace (Bumubutai).
The above ranking illustrates three truths. First, the status of Hailanzhu is second only to Guofu Jinzhezhe, and Zhezhe is ten years older than Hailanzhu and married Emperor Taiji twenty years earlier, which is enough to see the Emperor Taiji's deep affection for Hailanzhu.
The second is the wife or someone else's good. The status of Lin Dan Khan's two wives is second only to zhezhe and Hailanzhu, and their palace names are both used as codex. The Lin toe Palace of The Namo Bell (a really nice translation of the name) is taken from the meaning of "rare toe", indicating that the beauty of the Namo Bell is difficult to find in the world. And Yanqing means "extending auspicious celebration".
Third, although Bumubutai is ranked among the five concubines, she is also related to Guofu Jinzhe and Hai Lanzhu, and the time of marrying Huang Taiji is also very early, but she is not too favored, and she has the lowest status among the five.
Bumubutai, looking at the appearance, it is indeed Hai lan zhu to look better
The reason, from a relatively vulgar point of view, is likely to be that Bumubutai was too young when he married Huang Taiji, and it is difficult to arouse the interest of middle-aged huang taiji. When he was married, Bumubutai was only 12 years old. And Hai Lanzhu was 26 years old when she got married, and Na Mu Zhong gave birth to a child when she remarried Emperor Taiji, and this clinical experience was very good.
Solemnly declare that the above is a personal speculation and has not been found in historical materials.
In the second year of Chongde, Hai Lanzhu gave birth to a son for Emperor Taiji, and Emperor Taiji was overjoyed and issued the second amnesty since the founding of the Qing Dynasty.
This amnesty is a way for the emperor to benefit the people's livelihood and prisoners for various reasons, and the release time is not fixed, usually only once in the face of major events. Like the new emperor's ascension to the throne, the emperor's wedding, natural disasters, and the emperor's and the empress's entire ten birthdays, and the amnesty related to the emperor is usually only the crown prince.
In the first year of Chongde, Emperor Taiji issued the first amnesty decree of the Qing Dynasty to celebrate his ascension to the throne. At the juncture of the amnesty decree issued in July of the second year of Chongdeok, the more important things in the dprk were: the Emperor Taiji sent Kakai and others to divide the way to conquer Varkha; and the King of Zhishun was still happy to be a teacher of Phi Dao. It seems that neither of these things deserves amnesty. Therefore, this amnesty decree was issued by The Emperor Taiji to celebrate the birth of Hai lan zhu.
According to this trend, if all goes well, there may be no mess of Hauge, Dorgon, and Fu Lin fighting for the throne. However, a year later, the child died prematurely, and Hai Lanzhu was in pain, and her physical condition began to deteriorate. Despite the meticulous care of Huang Taiji, she was still worse than a day.
In September of the sixth year of Chongde, the Ming and Qing Dynasties Battle of Songjin, Emperor Taiji personally went to the Songjin front to supervise the battle, and suddenly Shengjing came to report that Hai lanzhu was critically ill. He hurried back to Shengjing, by which time Hai Lanzhu was dead. The Emperor Taiji was overwhelmed with grief, and since then, the emperor, who had always been physically strong, suddenly fell into a coma, suddenly reduced his food, and his physical condition deteriorated sharply.
Huang Taiji did not designate a successor before his death, and many people explained that it was not too late, which was unreasonable. You must know that Huang Taiji did not suddenly fail, from the year of Hai Lanzhu's death, that is, the sixth year of Chongde, he often "violated the peace of the Holy Bow". He himself knew this, and tried many ways to pray for blessings and prolong life, such as issuing amnesty orders and praying on his own. The year of his death was the eighth year of Chongzhen, that is to say, in these two years, he had enough time to choose a crown prince, and there was no situation in which it was too late to establish a reserve.
So, why didn't Huang Taiji stand?
The first reason is that the system of succession to the throne is not clear. Unlike the traditional Han inheritance system, the ethnic minorities in the north have never had a clear inheritance system. There is an unwritten rule called "the eldest son inherits the inheritance, the younger son inherits the inheritance", that is, the older son inherits the status of his father, while the younger son inherits his father's inheritance.
I looked up a lot of information to find out why there were such strange regulations, but there were many opinions. One of the more plausible explanations is this.
The tribal leaders of the ethnic minorities in the north often need to go out to fight when they are young, and may be half a month or a month, and often not at home. Because there is no ethical and moral constraint of our Han people, the wives or wives in the family are likely to be unable to bear loneliness and have some indescribable relationships with the old kings next door. And once the child is born, the wives will insist that it is the husband's seed. In an era without DNA testing, it was impossible to determine whether the sons born early were their own species.
And when the sons are grown up and can go out on behalf of their fathers, then the old man can get his wife and children hot every day, and then plant at this time, it is absolutely his own right.
Therefore, let those "suspicious descendants" who have prestige and can fight inherit their position, that is, the title of leader, let them continue to fight and protect their own property; and leave those who have fought down by themselves to their young sons for safekeeping.
Although it is funny, I think it is the most reliable explanation.
In fact, Nurhaci's arrangement for the posthumous is very much in line with this custom. Before he died, the structure of the Eight Flags was like this. The lord of the yellow flag and the lord of the yellow flag are Nurhaci, the lord of the red flag and the lord of the red flag are Dai Shan and his eldest son Yue Tuo, the lord of the white flag is Huang Taiji, the lord of the white flag is DuDu, the lord of the blue flag is Mang Guertai, and the lord of the blue flag is Amin.
Among them, Daishan, Mang Gultai and Huang Taiji were nurhaci's second, fifth and eighth sons, respectively, and Amin was his nephew, all of whom belonged to the eldest heirs.
After Nurhaci's death, he gave the two yellow flags he personally led to his two young sons, not dorgon, but Dordog and Azig. Both Dordor and Azig were dorgon's half-brothers and the son of Princess Abbahai. Among them, he especially valued Duoduo, and gave him the yellow flag that he had originally personally led, which was also the flag with the most cattle records, and Duoduo was only 12 years old that year.
The second reason was the situation set up by Emperor Taiji to balance the forces of all sides during his lifetime. To explain this reason, we must first explain what the Eight Flags are all about.
In ancient times, the so-called "effective rule" had two symbolic means, one was "taxation" and the other was "conscription", which was colloquially to ask for people and money. To complete both tasks, there is a prerequisite, a sound household registration system.
The "Eight Flags System" was actually a military household registration management system in the early days.
First of all, you can understand it as the current military establishment. The largest unit is the "Banner", called "Gushan" in Manchu, which is equivalent to the current "Division"; further down is the "Jia La", which is equivalent to the current "Regiment"; further down is the "Niu Lu", which is equivalent to the current "Battalion". In the early days, 300 people were recorded as one cow, 5 cattle were recorded as one kola, and 5 kola was a gushan.
And these flag people, they are soldiers in wartime and for the people in peacetime. In their daily lives, they married wives and children, bought slaves, etc., and were all managed in their flag books. Therefore, the Eight Flags is still a household registration management system.
This is the earliest Eight Banners, and it is also the Eight Banners with the Manchus as the main body.
With the continuous expansion of Nurhaci and Huang Taiji, their jurisdiction continued to expand, especially after Huang Taiji destroyed Lin Dan Khan and occupied the central and eastern regions of present-day Inner Mongolia. In order to effectively manage the Mongols in his areas of rule, Emperor Taiji ordered a census of the Mongol tribes, and the Mongolian Zhuangding was uniformly registered and registered, and a number of Mongolian cattle were officially grouped into eight banners. At this point, the Eight Banners of Mongolia appeared.
It should be noted that the so-called Mongolian Eight Banners are not the newly established Eight Banners, but the Mongols formed the "Niulu" unit and incorporated them into the original Manchurian Eight Banners. That is to say, although it is called "Mongolian Eight Banners", it is not an additional eight flags, but it is mixed with the Eight Banners of Manchuria, or eight banners, and the same is true for the later Eight Banners of the Han Army. The independent armed forces that are truly dominated by Han Chinese are called the "Green Camp."
When it comes to the management of the Han people, in fact, even in the Nurhaci period, it was not as rough as teacher Mingyue described in that year.
Nurhaci's attack on Fushun's slaughter of the city described in "Those Things of the Ming Dynasty" is quite different from that recorded in the "Manchu Old Archives".
"The thousand households that came and descended from the city of Fushun did not distinguish between their fathers and sons and brothers, nor did they leave their husbands and wives. Brothers, fathers and sons, couples, relatives, domestic slaves and utensils who have been separated as a result of the war shall be returned. In addition, horses, cattle, slaves, clothes, bedding, grain, etc. were given. Another thousand cattle were given for consumption. Each household was given two large sows, four dogs, five ducks, and ten chickens for breeding, and a number of utensils and other items. Still in accordance with the Ming system, large and small officials were set up and handed over to the jurisdiction of their original master, Li Yongfang. ”
That is to say, the Han people captured from Fushun City were not punished as slaves, but still managed according to the customs between them, and each household also paid a lot of welfare.
Of course, in general, the Han chinese management system in this period was still relatively rough. Nurhaci did not establish a special household registration management system for the Han people, and although many Han people were incorporated into the Eight Banners, their components were not bannermen, but slaves. The so-called "those who resist are killed, and those who take captives are enslaved."
These people have no personal freedom, property, marriage and children, etc., and can only work like an animal for the rest of their lives. Of course, some of them were still relatively lucky, especially the officers and men of the Liaodong Army who surrendered, most of whom were incorporated into the Houjin army and treated as the same banner people.
After Emperor Taiji came to power, the situation changed. The post-Jin of the Nurhaci era, at large, is a larger tribe, and at a smaller level, it is just a bandit gang of tens of thousands of people, which cannot become a climate. After Huang Taiji took over, he began to develop this gang of robbers in the direction of the separatist regime.
To this end, he promulgated a series of measures aimed at alleviating the contradictions between the Manchu and Han nationalities.
On the eighth day of his reign, Emperor Taiji issued the Manchu Han edict to "divide and live separately".
"According to the rank, each preparation of the imperial court (that is, referring to the cattle record) shall be given to Zhuang Ding Viii and Niu Er to prepare for the order, and the rest of the Han people shall be divided into separate residences, and shall be organized into civilian households, and the clean and upright han officials shall be chosen to administer them."
In this way, the number of Han Chinese served by Manchu officials in each manor was reduced from thirteen to eight, and nearly 40% of the Han people were liberated from slavery and became relatively free "households".
"The Manchu and Han people are all one."
This means giving Han Chinese "citizenship" qualifications.
"The Officials and Han Chinese people in our country, who in the past had selfish desires to abscond, and those who are now in cahoots with each other, although they raise their heads, they do not care."
This means that the Han people committed things before I ascended the throne, and then they were raised in time after that, and they were not counted, which is equivalent to leniency and no blame in the past.
"Those who take cattle, sheep, chickens, and dolphins from the squatters (referring to the Han chinese) are guilty of sin."
The Manchus who forcibly took the property of Hanzhuang would be convicted, which was equivalent to giving the Han people property rights.
"Whoever tries criminals and sends them on official business will not cause any difference."
Give Han Chinese equality to justice.
"The wise men who have surrendered, that is, our people, the minister of Van Belle, who plundered the property of the land, killed without forgiveness, and killed the people without mercy to atone for their sins."
"All those who are old and new should be nurtured."
The policy of deposing Han Chinese as slaves encouraged legal immigration.
The above policies have greatly eased the contradictions between the Manchu and Han nationalities.