Text: Cute eyes explore the world
Editor|Cute eyes explore the world
Preface
"The Analects of Learning" said: "Zeng Zi said: Be cautious and chase the distance, and the people's morality will be thick." We must be cautious and respectful in dealing with the funerals of our loved ones, so that the people will be simple and simple. ”
"The Book of Rites: Four Systems of Mourning Clothes": "The mourning of parents: decaying crown, rope, and suga, eating porridge in three days, bathing in March, practicing crowns in thirteen months, and auspicious in three years. Compared with the end of the three sections, the benevolent can observe their love, the wise can observe their courtesy, and the strong can observe their ambition. Etiquette governs it, and righteousness treats it righteously. Filial sons, younger brothers, and virgins can all be observed. ”
From the first death to the funeral of the third year, it is enough to observe whether a person is benevolent, observant, and ambitious, and whether he is a filial child, a filial brother, or a chaste woman.
Among them, the Zhou people regulated the entire funeral process of women with various identities such as mother, wife, daughter-in-law, etc., "all the etiquette and taboos of a woman run through her life, during and after her death, nothing changes, and the patriarchal society does not relax her imprisonment because of her death." ”
Let's take a look at the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty, before the burial of relatives, what norms do women have that we don't know?
Critically ill, spiritual
When a woman is seriously ill and about to die, guests will come to pay their respects, so the inside and outside of the court must be cleaned. The sick woman's bed was moved under the north wall of the house, with her head facing east, and then the bed was removed and the woman lay on the ground, in the hope that the sick would be cured of the disease and restored to health.
Because the woman was so sick that her limbs could not be bent or extended, four men were to help replace the woman's old and dirty clothes with new clothes.
When the woman's family was waiting for her, in order to determine whether she had lost her breath, they had to carry out a "belonging" ceremony, and Zheng Xuan said: "The silk, the new silk of today, is easy to shake, and it is placed on the mouth and nose to wait. ”
The entire ceremony of changing women's clothes and "belonging to the silk" can only be operated by women of the same gender, and the so-called "women do not die at the hands of men", men and women are different, and they are not close to each other, and they are consistent from birth to death.
The Zhou people have a concept of the soul, believing that the soul is still nearby when a person dies and has not gone far, so they should quickly carry out a spiritualist ritual called "Fu", hoping that the deceased can be resurrected from the dead. The people in charge of summoning spirits are the close ministers of the princes, doctors, and scholars, and he holds the court clothes of the deceased to summon the spirits."
Reuse the sacrificial garments of the dead, so that they can ask God also. The Zhou people believed that women had no lords, and the social status of women should change with the social status of their husbands, so the sacrificial clothes used by the wives of princes, doctors, and scholars when summoning spirits also differed accordingly depending on the title.
The wives of the princes were dressed in a red dress with plain yarn as the lining, the doctor's wife was dressed in a white dress with plain yarn, and the gentleman's wife was dressed in a tax dress with a black dress.
In addition, there is a kind of garment that cannot be used to summon spirits, because "the garment is worn at the time of marriage, but it is the garment of the woman, not the garment of the gods, so there is no need to summon spirits." ”
After climbing to the middle of the ridge with the deceased's sacrificial garments, the retainer shouted the name of the deceased three times in the direction of the north, "Fanfu, the man is named, and the woman is named." ”
Zheng Xuan said: "Women do not walk in their name. "Men have the right to be named at this time, and women are denied even this right, so it is evident that the social status of women is always inferior to that of men.
哭位
After moving the bodies of the princes from under the north wall to under the south wall, the eldest son, the doctor and some male blood groups wept on the east side of the princes' bodies, and the princes' wives, the wives and some female blood groups cried on the west side of the princes' bodies.
"For the doctor's funeral, the master sits in the east and the housewife sits in the west. If they have a husband, they will sit, and if they don't, they will stand. "When the doctor died, the male group, led by the eldest son, wept on the east side of the body, while the female group, led by the housewife, wept on the west side of the body.
The reason why the man is in the east and the woman is in the west, and they cry on the bed is because men and women are different and must not be mixed up; the venerable one sits and weeps, and the lowly one cries, and the woman also sits or stands because of the different status of her husband, for example, the prince's wife can sit and mourn, while the doctor's wife can only stand and mourn.
小敛、迁尸
On the morning of the day after the death of the deceased, a small gathering and removal ceremony should be held for the deceased, such as bathing and dressing.
Pawn, the master Feng Zhizhen, and the housewife are the same. The owner is offensive, fashionable, and brackets his hair with numbness. The woman wore her hair and linen in the room. Through the curtains, men and women worshiped the corpses in the hall and bowed. "At the time of the retreat, the mourner is on the east side of the house, facing west, and the housewife is on the west side, facing east.
After the end of the collection, the housewife and the mourner should weep bitterly with the body of the deceased. The woman returned to the west room and tied her hair with linen, and tied a mourning girdle around her waist. The draperies that had been placed around the deceased were removed, and the deceased was moved from the room to the main hall for the next memorial and condolence activities.
After the body is moved to the main hall, the mourning position of the man and woman is still the east side of the body and the woman is west of the body, but if there is a mourner who comes to mourn, the woman must move from the west side of the body to the north side of the body, facing south, and leave the position west of the body to the mourner, "Weeping the body in the hall, the master in the east, the outsider in the west, and the women in the south country." ”
When a guest comes to offer condolences, "The woman does not go down to the hall to welcome and send off the guests, and she does not cry when she goes down to the hall." Women are generally not allowed to go down the main hall to greet and greet guests, even if there are particularly distinguished guests who need to go down to the hall to greet and send, they cannot cry in the hall, Zheng Xuanzhu said: "Women have everything from the hall to the room.
Men have everything, from the room and the door. Crying without having something to do, and crying wildly. The Zhou people stipulated that the scope of women's mourning was only between the inner room and the main hall, and beyond this range, it was not allowed to cry and mourn at will, and the scope of men's mourning could be expanded to the dormitory.
There must be a mourner in the mourning family, even if there is no mourner or housewife, someone must replace him in the mourning, if there is no mourner, the guests will feel at a loss when they come to mourn, and the mourning family will be rude.
Da Qiang
On the third day after the death of the deceased, a funeral ceremony is held to transfer the body of the deceased to the coffin. "The Book of Rites and the Great Funeral": "The monarch will be the greatest, the son will be in the south, that is, at the end of the order; the doctor is located in the west of the hall, north to the east, under the father's and brother's hall, to the north, to the west and east of the corpse of the lady and the wife, and in the outer sect room, to the south. ”
At the time of the funeral, the lady and the wife were on the west side of the king's body, facing east, and the king's foreign daughter was standing in the west room, facing south. The reason why the funeral ceremony is held three days after the death of a person is that under certain conditions, it is possible for a person to enter a state of suspended animation, and if he has not come back to life after waiting for three days, it is not a suspended death, and the children will no longer have the illusion that the deceased can be resurrected.
In the process of carrying the body of the deceased to the coffin, "the woman should not be clothed, so she is breast-chested, heart-beaten-hearted, and grief-stricken and sick." "Therefore, it is said that the funeral is mainly mourning. The woman wept and mourned, and the chest was sad, and the man wept and mourned, and his face touched the ground with no tolerance, and he was so sad that he was also mourning. ”
It was not fitting for women to show their left arms like men, so they beat their breasts and wept loudly to express their grief over the loss of their loved ones.
Diet, scepter
From the determination of the death of the deceased to the three days before the funeral, the woman's diet was also relatively simple, "The Book of Rites and Funerals": "The funeral of the king, the wife, the wife, and the wives all eat and drink without water, and there is no food to eat."
At the doctor's funeral, the master, the elder, and the son's surname all ate porridge, and the gentlemen ate and drank water, and the wives and concubines ate and drank water. The same is true for taxis. "You can only eat some coarse food, drink some water, and you can't quantify it regularly, Kong Yingda said: "Yan is bereavement, can't eat, eat as needed, so there is no basket" Three days or five days after the death of the deceased, due to excessive grief, there is no basket to eat, resulting in the housewife being sick and weak, and she needs a mourning cane to support her body.
Under normal circumstances, a woman can only master the mourning rod when she is the mourning master, but there are several special circumstances, even if she is not the mourning master, she can also master the mourning rod, "Rites and Mourning Clothes Notes": "If the woman does not wear the rod for the Lord, the aunt is the husband's staff, and the mother sharpens the rod for the eldest son." If a woman's son is in the room as her parents, and her chief mourner does not have a rod, then the son has a rod. ”
First, if the mother-in-law is still alive and her husband dies, the wife will be the mourning rod for her husband, second, the mother will be the eldest son, and third, the eldest daughter who is not married will be the mourning rod for her parents.
Funeral rites
In order to express the grief for the death of the deceased, a "corpse ceremony" should be carried out after the small and large funeral, and the way of touching the corpse is also different according to the different respect and inferiority.
Feng, lying on his stomach at the mouth of the heart, Feng, holding the clothes at the mouth of the heart with both hands, caressing, pressing the clothes at the mouth of the heart, holding on to the clothes at the mouth of the heart, and holding the clothes at the mouth of the heart slightly. The deceased is a person of noble status, so he uses the method of "Feng" and "Feng" to care for the corpse, and the deceased is a person of low status, so he uses the method of "caressing" and "clinging" to touch the corpse, and the concept of respect and inferiority is consistent from life to death.
Mourning
After the funeral ceremony, the wives of the princes go to the home of the doctor and the scholar to mourn, there is also a set of corresponding etiquette, "The Book of Rites, the Great Funeral Record": "The lady hangs the doctor and the scholar, and the master goes out to greet the door, and when she sees the horse's head, she enters the right first."
The lady entered, and was promoted to the throne. The housewife descended from the west steps and bowed down to the bottom. Mrs. regards the son of the world as a gift. The lady retreats, and the housewife sends her inside the door to worship her, and the master sends her outside the door and does not worship. ”
The lady walked up the east steps to the main hall like a prince, standing facing west, and the housewife walked down the west steps to bow to the lady. When the lady returned, the housewife bowed to the dormitory door and bowed and thanked her.
The master sent his wife to the outside of the gate, not to bow and thank him, and in the same way, the doctor went to the retainer's house to mourn, "Doctor, do not welcome outside the door, and enter the hall is located under the hall." The master was on the north, and the master was on the south, and the woman was in the house. If there is a king's order, the life of the husband and the wife, the guests in the neighbors, the queen and the master will worship. ”
Although the doctor does not enter the main hall, the housewife is still not in place in the hall and needs to stand in the east room, even if the princes come to mourn, it is the same etiquette. At the same time, if there is an envoy who comes to mourn on the order of the wife of the doctor, then the doctor must pay tribute to the messenger on behalf of the mourner. ”
The woman went to mourn
The Zhou people stipulated that if it was not for the death of her father and mother, the woman would not go to other countries to go to the funeral to mourn, "The Book of Rites and Miscellaneous Notes": "The woman is not a three-year mourning, and she is not hanged without a seal." If it is three years of mourning, Mrs. Jun will return.
Mrs. also returned, with the condolences of the princes. He also treats it, if it treats the princes. Mrs. to, enter from the door, rise from the side steps, Jun is in the Yan. Others such as the funeral. ”
If her parents die, the prince's wife will also return to China to mourn, and the lady's home country will treat her with the courtesy of the princes. After the lady returned to China, she entered the palace not from the main gate but from the small door, and entered the main hall from the stairs on the east side.
"The woman went to mourning, and ascended up from the east steps, and sat on the east and west sides, and wept and mourned. Dong Hair, enthroned, and the master picks up. The woman went to the east side of the coffin and sat down facing west, weeping loudly and grief-grieving.
Then he went to the wing room on the east side and tied his hair with sackcloth, and then returned to the church and took turns jumping with the mourner and weeping bitterly. In addition, unlike men, women do not have to live in simple straw huts made of rafters or sleep on straw mats during mourning.
If a woman has a funeral of her parents, she can return to her mother-in-law's house after the annual sacrifice, and after a year or nine months of mourning, the deceased can return to her mother-in-law's house after being buried. ”
Funeral car, burial
After the funeral ceremony, when the housewife has a major accident such as greeting the princes' orders, she needs to take a funeral car to go, Jia Gongyan said: "Yun worships the king's order, worships the guests and has a reason to ride, and its master is crying in the mourning house. ”
"Etiquette and Evening Ceremony": "The master takes the evil car, the white dog, the pu, the royal pu, the dog clothes, the wooden spoon, the covenant Sui, the bridle, the wooden hammer, the horse is not fashionable. The same is true of the housewife's chariot, sparsely clothed. The two cars are white dogs, and everything else is like a car. ”
The funeral chariots in which the housewives rode were of poor material, unadorned and unadorned, covered with white dog skins for the chariots, with the stems of cattails as horse whips, with dog skins as weapons and sacs, and without trimming the mane of the horses.
The Zhou people determined the date and place of the burial through the form of divination outside the funeral palace, "Bu Riji, obey the housewife." Housewives cry. And all the women wept. Housewives ascend to the church, and those who cry stop. "If the result of the divination is auspicious, the result is told to the housewife, the housewife weeps, and the women weep with her, and when the housewife walks to the main hall, it marks the end of the funeral ceremony, and the women stop weeping.
Author's point of view
The status of women in the funeral of the Zhou Dynasty was weaker than that of men, such as the death of parents at the same time, adhering to the principle of first priority and then weight, to hold a funeral for the mother first, and then for the father to hold a funeral, after all, the father is heavy, the mother is light.
Women should be subordinate to men, the so-called "women have no lords", and whether a woman's status in the funeral is inferior or not depends on the level of her husband's title; funeral ceremonies also strictly abide by the rules that distinguish between men and women, and men and women cry between beds and stand on graves in order to maintain the order of men and women.
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