After the Opium War in 1840, the capitalist powers began to carry out crazy aggression against China, sending a large number of troops into China's territory and territorial waters, brazenly trampling on China's territorial administrative and judicial sovereignty, and greatly damaging China's territorial integrity and sovereign independence.
The Opium War, provoked by Britain in 1840, ended with the unequal Treaty of Nanjing due to the corruption and incompetence of the Manchu government.
According to Article 12 of the Treaty of Nanjing:
Zhoushan Island and Gulangyu Island were garrisoned by British troops;
The first British invasion of Tibet
In 1884, a British army sneaked into Tibet from Sikkim; In 1886, the British sent troops to carry out armed harassment of Tibet in the border area south of Yadong in Tibet.
In February 1888, under the condition of careful military preparations, 2,000 British troops assembled in the Tibetan-Indian border area, under the command of General Grant, launched an armed attack on Longtu Mountain, Tibet, which was garrisoned by Tibetan troops, and brazenly launched the first war of aggression against Tibet.
Longtu Mountain, Natang (present-day Natang), and Tsupang successively fell into the hands of the British army.
The corrupt Qing government, fearing a larger offensive by the British, ordered the removal of Wen Shuo, the minister of the Qing central government in Tibet who had supported the Tibetan army against the British, and ordered the Tibetan army to withdraw its troops back.
On March 17, 1890, Sheng Tai, a representative of the Qing Dynasty and deputy minister in Tibet, signed the Sino-British Conference on the Tibet-India Treaty with the British representative and Indian Governor-General Lansdan in Kolkata, India;
In December 1893, the "Sino-British Conference Tibet and Printing Terms" was signed. From then on, the British aggressive forces began to reach into China's Tibetan areas, creating convenient conditions for further invasion of Tibet.
In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the Manchus suffered a crushing defeat and signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which stipulated in Article 8 of the treaty:
In order to ensure that the Qing Dynasty conscientiously implemented the terms stipulated in the treaty, the Japanese army was allowed to temporarily occupy Weihaiwei in Shandong Province. "The number of Japanese troops was set at a brigade (about 8,000 men).
In 1896, taking advantage of China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, Russia forced the Manchu government to sign the Sino-Russian Secret Pact, allowing them to build a branch line of the Trans-Siberian Railway in northeast China, under the pretext of jointly defending Japan.
This became an important turning point in the struggle for hegemony in the Far East. Although the railway was named the Great Qing Eastern Provincial Railway, it actually turned northeastern China into a Russian sphere of influence.
Russia acquired the right to build the Eastern Railway and its branch lines.
In 1898, Russia forcibly leased Lushun and Dalian Bay, named them "Kwantung Prefecture", and occupied the Liaodong Peninsula in a vain attempt to make it a state of Tsarist Russia.
In addition, from the end of the 19th century, the great powers seized leased lands and divided "spheres of influence" in China, and sent troops to station troops in these areas.
For example, Germany forcibly leased Jiaozhou Bay through the Jiao-Macao Concession Treaty in March 1898, and designated Shandong as a "sphere of influence".
In order to consolidate its colonial rule in the region, Germany first worked to build its military rule system, in accordance with the provision of the treaty that "quasi-German officers and soldiers are overtransferred at any time".
The book "The Concessions of the Great Powers in China" also records that the Germans built three barracks in Qingdao, and the number of German troops stationed in this area began at 2,995, and by 1914 it reached more than 9,000.
German troops were stationed in Qingdao for 17 years until it was captured by Japanese troops in 1914.
Tsarist Russia, on the other hand, adopted the Treaty of Lease of Land in March 1898, forcibly leased Lushunkou and Dalian Bay, and designated the northeast as a sphere of influence." According to the treaty, Tsarist Russia had the right to "build the premises needed by the water and land armies, build artillery batteries, and house the defense troops in the leased land."
The Russian garrison in the brigade area initially consisted of 2,500 men and 13 warships, which increased to more than 13,500 by June 1900.
In April 1898, France forced the Qing government to agree to lease Canton Bay.
In November, France forced the Qing government to sign the Canton Bay Concession Treaty. France could set up legations in and around Canton Bay and at the same time station troops.
Canton Bay was not recovered by the mainland until Japan's defeat and surrender in 1945
Looking at the foreign troops stationed in China in modern times, apart from the troops who openly launched wars of aggression, the number of other foreign troops sent to China in various ways amounted to hundreds of thousands.
These foreign garrisons belong to the garrisons based on unequal treaty provisions, while the others belong to illegal garrisons without treaty provisions, such as the Hankou Concession Garrison, the Shamian Concession Garrison, the Tsarist Russian Army in Ili, the Japanese Garrison in Qingdao, Shandong, the "Middle East Railway Road Escort Army" of Tsarist Russia, and the Japanese "Garrison" of the South Manchuria Railway.
In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Russia garrisoned the northeast under the pretext of helping the Manchu government suppress the Boxers in northeast China. In the northeast, they burned, looted, and plundered, all evil;
There were also "Jiangdong 64 Tun Massacre" and "Hailan Bubble Massacre" that shocked China and abroad;
In 1900, when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, from the Battle of Tianjin in mid-July to the Battle of Beijing in mid-August, the Japanese army not only invested the most troops, but also fought the hardest, and everywhere it went, it frantically robbed, burned, killed, and raped, and acted as the vanguard and main force in the entire process of the Eight-Nation Alliance's armed invasion of China.
In October 1901, Japan organized the Japanese army stationed in China as the "Qing State Garrison Army", which consisted of three parts: the headquarters, the units of the Northern Qing Garrison (including the guards of the consulates in Northeast China, the guards of the Beijing embassy, the garrison of the Tianjin Concession, etc.), and the Shanghai Garrison Infantry Brigade.
According to the Xinxiu Treaty, Japan not only obtained the right to station guards in the embassy area in Beijing, but also the right to station troops in strategic places from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.
However, as early as 4 months before the signing of the Xinqiu Treaty,
In the name of "protecting overseas Chinese" and "protecting roads", the Japanese government
Announced the establishment of the "Qing State Garrison Army", appointed Lieutenant General Oshima Hisanao as the first commander, the headquarters is located in Tianjin Haiguang Temple, the barracks are located in Haiguang Temple and the eastern suburbs of Beijing, and the troops are deployed in Beijing, Tianjin, Tanggu, Qinhuangdao, Shanhaiguan and other key places;
Before the July Seven Incident, how could there be Japanese troops in the Beijing-Tianjin area? The source is here
At this point, Japan's military presence in China became a de facto existence, and it increasingly served its mainland policy, carrying out "line of interest" defense, and its impact on China's local and political situation became increasingly obvious.
Later, with the expansion of Japanese militarist aggression against China, the number of Japanese garrisons continued to increase. In 1912, Japan will
The "Qing State Garrison Army" was renamed "China Garrison Army"; Humiliate China in the way of the name of the troops.
Because the army was stationed in North China, it was called the "North China Garrison Army". The Lugou Bridge Incident, which broke out in full swing in the 1937 Chinese War of Resistance Against Japan, was provoked by this unit.
In 1903, the British invaded Tibet for the second time, completely bringing Tibet into the "Indian framework"
In June 1903, British Major Younghusband Peng led 200 troops into the Tibetan Dry Dam (present-day Gangpa) under the guise of negotiations. The local government of Tibet sent 700 troops to the dam to fortify it.
In mid-December, more than 2,000 British troops under the command of Commander MacDonald crossed the Zellilla Pass and occupied Chunpi (present-day southeastern Asia) and Pari (present-day northeastern Asia).
The Tibetan army of 3,000 people rushed to Qumei Xianjiao and Gulu (both in the Yadong-Gyantse passage) to fortify the area.
In March 1904, when the main force of the British army marched north from Duila (now Nadu La) to the vicinity of the position of the Tibetan army in Xianjiao, Qumei Xianjiao, while pretending to "negotiate", while secretly transferring troops to seize the hill, and suddenly launched an attack.
The Tibetan army relied on the barrier wall to fight the enemy, and 700 officers and men including Leddingse, who commanded the front, died heroically. On April 13, the British occupied Gyantse, and in order to reduce the pressure on transportation, 500 people were left to camp on the banks of the Nianchu River, and most of them returned to Chunpi. The local government of Tibet mobilized tens of thousands of nationalist troops to gather near Gyantse.
On May 4, the Shigatse People's Army learned that most of the British army in Gyantse had invaded Carola, and immediately penetrated Gyantse with 1,500 men to control the city and launch a siege of the British camp.
On June 26, 4,000 British reinforcements arrived in Gyantse and engaged the nationalists in a village-by-house battle.
On July 6, the British army captured the Zong government, which was held by the nationalist army, and Gyantse fell to the enemy.
On August 3, British troops entered Lhasa.
On September 7, the Qing and Britain signed the Treaty of Lhasa; Tibet completely fell into the sphere of influence of British India.
The Russo-Japanese War, which began in 1904, was an imperialist infighting between Japan and Tsarist Russia over the interests of northeast China, but it was China's sovereignty and interests that were damaged. After the defeat of Tsarist Russia, the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed with Japan in Britain, and Japan replaced Russia in exercising its rights and interests in northeast China;
After that, under the pretext of protecting its rights and interests in the northeast, the Japanese army sent 2 divisions and about 40,000 troops to garrison "Kanto Prefecture"; moreover
The Kwantung Governor's Office was established, and later the Governor's Office was changed to the War Department of the Governor's Office, with 1 army division, 6 independent garrison battalions, Lushun heavy artillery battalions, and gendarmerie, which was the predecessor of the Kwantung Army.
This is also a significant sign of Japan's military strengthening in China.
In 1905, according to the Treaty of Portsmouth between Japan and Russia, the defeated Russian army withdrew from the brigade area.
and transferred the Changchun-Dalian section of the Dongqing Railway to Japan.
After Japan took over this section of the railway, it immediately renamed it the South Manchuria Railway
After that, Russia and Japan firmly controlled the northern and southern parts of northeast China based on the Dongqing Railway and the South Manchuria Railway.
In December 1905, the Manchus and Japan signed a contract stipulating:
The Manchu government granted Russia all its promises in accordance with Paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty.
Accordingly, Japan once again moved its fleet into Lushun, while the army occupied the fortresses of Southern Manchuria and set up garrisons in the "annexes" on both sides of the railway, thus nullifying the clause of "consultation" to the Qing government.
These garrisons later evolved into the notorious Kwantung Army, and the illegal "occupied territories" of the Japanese government also became fortresses and bases for future all-out conspiracy to invade China.
Shortly after the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the feudal upper class of Outer Mongolia declared "independence" with the support of Tsarist Russia;
On December 1, 1911, the prince of Outer Mongolia mobilized Mongolian soldiers of various banners to gather in Kulun, and Russian Cossack soldiers surrounded Yamen, the minister of affairs of Kulun in Kulun, disarmed the Qing army, and officially notified Sanduo, the minister of the Qing government in Kulun:
Khalkha had "protected the whole territory on its own, designated it as the Great Mongol Empire, and publicly elected Jebtsundamba as emperor", and the three were alone and desperate, and the next day they fled to the Russian embassy in Kulun to request protection;
When World War I broke out in 1914, Japan and Britain jointly sent troops to Shandong, China, to fight against Germany, and after the war, Japan remained in Qingdao for a long time.
Before the abdication of the Manchu Qing dynasty, the land of China was full of holes and tattered;
Where did the 11 million territory come from? Only one Forbidden City remains
In 1945, China recovered Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and Northeast China;
In 1950, General Wang Zhen recaptured Xinjiang;
In 1950, General Zhang Guohua led his army to reconquer Tibet;