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In ancient Chinese military history, the highly revered "Ten Philosophers of the Martial Temple" emerged. This honor differed slightly in different dynasties, and the Tang and Song dynasties had their own versions, among which the Tang Dynasty version included Bai Qi, Han Xin, Zhuge Liang, Li Jing, Li Wei, Zhang Liang, Tian Wantho, Sun Wu, Wu Qi, and Le Yi; The Song Dynasty version replaced some of these names, no longer including Bai Qi, Wu Qi, and Zhang Liang, but added Guan Zhong, Fan Li, and Guo Ziyi. This has aroused people's curiosity, why does the Song Dynasty version of the "Ten Zhe of Wumiao" no longer include Bai Qi, Wu Qi and Zhang Liang in the Tang Dynasty version?
To answer this question, we need to go back to the era of the Tang Dynasty's promotion of martial virtue, and in the first year of the Shangyuan Dynasty (760), Emperor Suzong of Tang, Li Heng, issued an important decree honoring Jiang Taigong as King Wucheng and creating a Wumiao with the same status as the Confucius Temple of Literature. In addition to Jiang Taigong himself, the Tang Dynasty also selected ten outstanding military experts in accordance with Confucius's "Ten Philosophers of the Temple of Literature", which is the famous "Ten Sages of the Temple of Wumiao". The Tang Dynasty is known as one of the most virtuous dynasties in Chinese history, so their criteria for selecting the "Ten Philosophy of Wumiao" are more focused on actual achievements and contributions to military theory, and the requirements for morality are relatively low. Therefore, Bai Qi and Wu Qi, two morally controversial military experts, both successfully entered the "Ten Philosophers of the Martial Temple", of which Bai Qi ranked first.
However, the head of the "Ten Zhezhe of Wumiao" officially determined by the Tang Dynasty was not Bai Qi, but Zhang Liang, as the only deputy worship. This contrasts sharply with the selection criteria of the Song Dynasty. In the history of the Song Dynasty, especially after the Song emperor Zhao Kuangyin came to power, he began to pay more attention to the role of moral models, and they placed morality in a more important position than their achievements. Zhao Kuangyin once made it clear: "The killing of the (white up) has fallen, and the unmartial arts are great, what is the benefit of this?" This remark led to Bai Qi being kicked out of the ranks of the "Ten Zhe". In the first year of Qiande (963), Zhao Kuangyin again ordered that Wu Qi be removed from the "Ten Zhe". Since then, discussions about the candidates for the "Ten Philosophers of Wumiao" have never stopped in the Song Dynasty.
It was not until the fifth year of Xuanhe (1123) that Emperor Huizong of Song ordered Zhang Liang to be promoted to the sole vice-chancellor under the Duke of Jiang, and at the same time selected ten military experts, namely: Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Le Yi, Zhuge Liang, Li Wei, Tian Wanju, Fan Li, Han Xin, Li Jing, and Guo Ziyi. These people were entitled to the temple, while the other sixty-one were enshrined in the outer chamber of the temple. This change elevated Zhang Liang's status, and also led to the elimination of Bai Qi and Wu Qi, forming the Song Dynasty version of the "Ten Zhe of Wumiao".
The changes of the "Ten Philosophers of Wumiao" not only reflect the different views of different dynasties on military experts, but also reflect the evolution of the values of the times. The Tang Dynasty placed more emphasis on actual achievements and military theory, so Bai Qi and Wu Qi were able to occupy an important position. By the Song Dynasty, moral and ethical values had emerged, leading to adjustments to the selection criteria, with Bai Qi and Wu Qi excluded for their controversial behavior.
In the long history of China, the changes of the "Ten Philosophers of Wumiao" not only represent the evolution of military concepts and ethical views in different eras, but also reflect the diversity of people's expectations and evaluations of military leaders. Although the Tang and Song versions of the "Ten Philosophers of Wumiao" are different, they are the culmination of outstanding military figures of ancient China, leaving a valuable historical legacy and inspiring future generations to contribute to the peace and tranquility of the country.
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