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preface
Before the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, the mutual exchange of cultures between the north and the south had begun, and the trend of mutual integration had also emerged. However, due to the influence of political and geographical factors such as the establishment of political power and the separation between the north and the south, the pace of such cultural exchanges and integration is still extremely difficult, slow, and has little effect.
The Sui Emperor blended with the cultures of the North and the South
The substantive, all-round and fruitful cultural integration of the north and south began in the Sui Dynasty, in which Yang Guang, the Sui Emperor, played an extremely important role. Confucius Day: "A gentleman does not speak nonsense," and we should realistically investigate and affirm the role and significance of the Sui Emperor in the cultural integration of the north and the south.
Before the unification of the Sui Dynasty, there were three main ways for cultural exchanges between the north and the south: one was the exchange of books, the other was the mutual employment of messengers, and the third was the culture brought by the people of the south to the south. The circulation of books is mainly the flow of books from the Southern Dynasty to the north, and the impact on the culture of the north is self-evident. The mutual employment of envoys has a direct impact on the exchange and learning of bilateral cultures.
At that time, most of the emissaries who traveled between the various regimes were high-ranking and wealthy scholars. Their diplomatic missions also rarely have direct political and military purposes, but often to show the prosperity and humanities of their own countries. Even just to show off the emissary's extraordinary talents.
Therefore, in a sense, this diplomatic activity at that time was simply a bilateral cultural experience exchange meeting. For example, questions and answers between banquets, round-trip debates, poetry singing, etc., all do not contain the factor of cultural exchange. There were two occasions when the people of the south were more concentrated in the north and had a greater influence on the literature of the northern dynasties.
Once was the early Tian'an Dynasty of Northern Wei, Murong Bai, Yao Qingqi, and put the population there in the north of the city of Pingcheng, that is, the so-called "Ping Qi people". Among them are Cui Liang, Cui Guang, Liu Fang and other famous scholars. Another time was when the Houjing Rebellion during the Liang Taiqing period and the subsequent fall of Jiangling, another group of southern literati entered in two ways: one was Yan Zhitui, Xiao Zhi, Xiao Hu, etc. under the Eastern Wei dynasty when Houjing was in chaos with Liang; Along the way were Wang Zhao, Wang Ke, and Yin Bu'an of Western Wei Chang'an after the fall of Jiangling, and Yu Xin, who had previously sent envoys to Western Wei and Jiangling and stayed in the north and never returned.
The influence of these two migrations of southerners to the north and dynastic culture, especially Korean literature, is significant, profound and of long-term significance. Take Yu Xin, for example. Before Xin and the others went north, the Western Wei literary world was almost blank. The arrival of Yu Xin is like a sudden spring breeze with a strong southern atmosphere on this cultural desert, which is refreshing.
Examining the situation of cultural exchanges between the North and the South since the middle and late period of the North-South Dynasty, it is found that: due to the influence of comprehensive factors such as political opposition, geographical obstacle, and cultural and value differences, the cultural exchanges between the North and the South are still in their infancy, and substantive and all-round cultural integration cannot be discussed. Moreover, this kind of cultural exchange also mainly had an effect in the northern regions ruled by Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and the southern regions were almost not affected by the northern cultural and artistic spirit because the people had always despised the cultural level of the north and had no experience in entering the north and making the north.
Nevertheless, after all, the cultural exchanges between the North and the South have made a good start, and their development has always been in the "present tense", and has achieved initial results in some areas, some fields, and a small number of literati. Once the region is settled, the reunification of the north and the south will eliminate the political and geographical barriers, and over time, cultural conflicts and antagonisms will inevitably be replaced by mutual acceptance and integration.
Emperor Sui's fusion of northern and southern cultures: Juyi, is reflected in all aspects. According to the "Sui Shu Pan Hui Biography", Pan Hui, who once served as Chen, praised Yang Guang, the king of Jin: "Diju Zhou, Shao, Ye Guanhe, Chu, Yunwen Yunwu, versatile." Rong clothes and cage the cold, the dynasty sweeps the rivers and lakes, the talent of the harvest, the pavilion of the good village to the six schools of tenant fishing, the entrapment of the hundred clan, the desperate track under the grass, the fall of the wind on Hongsi, there is no concealment, and everything is difficult and must be completed. ”
If the sycophancy element is removed, this passage still summarizes the achievements of the Sui Emperor in cultural construction more comprehensively. The "Sui Shu Music Record" contains: In the third year of the Yongxi reign of Northern Wei in 534, Ziwen Tai welcomed Emperor Xiaowu's pass, and when the capital was Chang'an, "all vocal music was lost". Later. "Gao Chang is attached. It's a trick. Teach in preparation for the feast".
And then on. Emperor Wudi of Northern Zhou wrote Wenyong "Empress Jiao in Northern Di, and obtained the music of Kang Guo, Guizi and other music, mixed with the old Gao Chang, and learned in Dasi. Using its voice, it was taken by Zhongshi and taken from "Zhou Guan" to Chen Zhi." It can be seen that the Northern Zhou used mainly Hu Le. After Emperor Wen Yang Jian established Sui, he was completely due to the old Northern Zhou in terms of music, "the system is all from the Hu people. Greeting the gods is a side song." The tradition of Chinese has always been disrespectful to southern culture and has not been adopted. At the beginning, the Zhou people captured the Liang Dynasty, where Jing moved north, "the workers had confidants, and they were incorporated into Guanzhong, and they were not slaves as usual"; In the ninth year of the emperor's reign, Sui annihilated Chen, "and most of them were households."
It is just that the old music of Song and Qi obtained this time will be "edicted to the Qing Department to manage it." Therefore, Niu Hong, who always knows how to be happy, "Former Kejingzhou, get Liang Jiaya Qu, now Ping Jiangzhou, and get Chen's Zhengle." History is passed down and thought to be ancient. And look at its composition, the sound is used, please repair it, in case the Yale will be used in the future, it is all newly made, mixed with the sound of the border descendants.
Rong sound is chaotic, and none of them are available. Please stop it" Niu Hong's request was rejected by Emperor Wen, who had never liked music, especially southern music, on the pretext that "Unai Chuhei, the righteousness has not been negotiated, and if there is a change, I have not had time". Later, Yang Guangfu, the king of Jin, requested the above-mentioned table, and Emperor Wen allowed it.
In the second year of the emperor's reign, Yan Zhitui, in view of "now too often elegant music, and use Hu Sheng", requested to determine Sui Zhizhengle based on "the old affairs of the Liang state, and the study of the classics", but was also rejected by Emperor Wen on the grounds of "the sound of Liang Le's death of the country". In the fourteenth year of the founding of the emperor, although southerners such as Xu Shanxin, Yu Shiji, Yao Cha, etc. participated in the production of ceremonies and music many times, the power to determine was in the hands of northerners Niu Hong and Xin Yan.
From the southern crossing of the Jin Dynasty after the Yongjia Rebellion, until the Sui Dynasty unified the north and south, in the past three hundred years, the north and south formed their own different cultural traditions. Wei Zheng in the Sui Shu Literary Biography Comparative Culture's most important wing of the North-South Literature Difference said: "Jiangzuo Palace Shang Fa Yue. Expensive than Qingqi; Heshuo is chaste and temperamental.
The temperament is better than the words, and the Qingqi is the meaning. Those who are deep in reason are convenient for the times, and those who are literate are suitable for singing. This is a big comparison between the gains and losses of the northern and southern lyricists. "How to integrate the two different cultural traditions of the North and the South, each with its own weaknesses and their strengths, is a long and complex process, which is by no means something that the short Sui Dynasty could accomplish.
That is, in terms of the integration of poetry, from the Sui Dynasty, it has gone through more than a hundred years, and it was not completed until the early Tang Dynasty. Nevertheless, a series of cultural policies, cultural behaviors and considerable literary creations of Yang Guang, the emperor of Sui, after all, made their own contributions to the further deepening of the cultural integration of the north and the south.
bibliography
Cultural Characteristics and Literary Progress of the Northern Dynasties Wu Xianning Publisher: Oriental Publishing House
Essay on the Political History of the Tang Dynasty Chen Yinke Publisher: Shanghai Ancient Books
Preface to Xi Xue Ji Ye Shi Publishing House: Zhonghua Bookstore