Taijia (birth and death year unknown), surname, first name to. The eldest grandson of Shang Tang, son of Taiding, nephew of Waibing and Zhongren, the fourth monarch of the Shang Dynasty.
Introduction to Taijia
At the beginning of Taijia's succession, Yi Yin, the elder of the four dynasties, assisted him, and Yi Yin Lian wrote several articles such as "Wanton Life" and "Ancestral Empress", teaching Taijia to follow the legal system of his ancestors and strive to be a Ming king. Under Yi Yin's urging, Taijia's actions were passable for the first two years after his succession, but not from the third year, he arbitrarily gave orders, blindly enjoyed pleasure, tyrannized the people, and was in a daze in the dynasty, and undermined the laws formulated by Tang. Although Yi Yin tried his best to persuade, he could not listen to him, so Yi Yin had to banish him to the Tong Palace near the Shang Tang cemetery, let him reflect on himself, and become the regent of the country, known in history as "Yi Yin Fang Taijia". Taijia spent three years in Tonggong, repenting of himself, and Yi Yin welcomed him back to Bodu (present-day Shangqiu, Henan Province) and returned him to government. Taijia, who returned to power, was able to cultivate virtue, and all the princes were subordinate to the king of Shang, and the people were at peace.
Taijia died in the twelfth year of his reign.
The Life of Taijia
Yi Yin auxiliary government
After Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty, he died after thirteen years of reign. The inheritance law of the Shang Dynasty was that if the brother died and the brother died, if there was no younger brother, the throne was passed to the son. Shang Tang had no younger brother, so his eldest son Tai Ding should ascend the throne, but Tai Ding died earlier than his father, so he was succeeded by Tai Ding's younger brother Wai Cing. He also died after three years of reign and was succeeded by his younger brother Zhongren. Zhongren also died after four years of reign. At this time, the founding father Yi Yin was in charge, and Tai Ding's son Taijia succeeded to the throne.
Taijia inherited the throne, and Yi Yin wrote three articles in a row for Taijia to read, teaching him how to be a good monarch. There is an article entitled "Wanton Fate", which is dedicated to how to distinguish between right and wrong, and what should not be done and what should be done. There is also an article titled "After the Wandering", which talks about the legal system in the time of SenseTime, and educates Taijia to act according to the rules set by his ancestors, not to abandon the ancestral precepts, and to love as much as he wants.
Taijia was expelled
After reading these articles, Taijia was able to act according to Yi Yin's teachings at the beginning, carefully following the rules left by his ancestors. By the third year, he got carried away and thought that everything should be decided by him, otherwise he would be the king of a country in vain and be controlled by the slave-born prime minister Yi Yin. He acted arbitrarily. Not listening to Yi Yin's advice destroyed the legal system left by the ancestors. He actually followed Xia Wei's example and dealt with the people with tyrannical methods, and the people complained.
Yi Yin naturally couldn't tolerate Taijia destroying the society left by King Tang. He first repeatedly advised Taijia to check his behavior more, but when he saw that Taijia had repeatedly taught him, Yi Yin ousted him and banished him to Tonggong (桐palace, in present-day Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan Province), where Shang Tang's grave was located. During Taijia's exile, Yi Yin saw that there was no master in the dynasty, so he ruled and managed the country himself.
Live a new life
Taijia was banished to the Tonggong Palace, and his grandfather Shang Tang's grave accompanied him day and night. Although Shang Tang was the founding monarch of the Shang Dynasty, the tomb is similar to that of ordinary people, and there is only a low palace room on the cemetery for the annual ancestor worship. When the old man guarding the tomb heard that Taijia had been banished to the cemetery because he violated the ancestral system, he told Taijia every day the story of SenseTime's entrepreneurship and the various rules set by SenseTime, teaching Taijia to follow the example of his grandfather and be a wise monarch. The great achievements of his grandfather SenseTime made Taijia both fascinated and ashamed, reflecting on what he had done, feeling more and more sorry for his grandfather's spirit in heaven, and determined to correct his mistakes. Following the example of his grandfather, he did his best to help the old and the weak and lonely, and did things that Taijia would never do.
Yi Yin put Taijia
Three years have passed. Yi Yin always paid attention to what Taijia did in the Tong Palace, and his actions had already been reported to Yi Yin. Taijia's repentance made Yi Yin very happy, so he personally took the minister of culture and martial arts to take Taijia back to the capital Bo (present-day Shangqiu, Henan Province), and solemnly and solemnly returned power to him. Taijia used to be a teacher, followed the rules and regulations handed down from Shang Tang, listened to the good words and good policies of the ministers around him, and governed everything from major national affairs to the lives of the people in an orderly manner, and the Shang Dynasty entered a period of stable development.
The history books of Taijia record
The Book of Shangshu records
original
Taijia on
Taijia is standing. Unknown. Yi Yin put Zhu Tong. Three years. Revert to Blunt. Siyong. Yi Yin as Taijia three articles.
But the heir king did not favor Ah Heng. Yi Yin wrote a book. The first king Gu Zhitian's clear fate. to carry on the gods from above and below. Sheji Sect Temple. Not to be supreme. Heavenly Supervisor Virtue. With a set of big lives. Fusui Wanfang. But Yin Gongke left and right. Otaku master. King Pi Cheng Jixu. However, Yin bowed first in Xiyi Xia. Since the end of the week. It's the end. Later heir king. There is an end. It's the end. The king of heirs. It's all about it. Not refutable. Ancestral Ancestors. Wang Weiyong. Ignoring the smell. Yi Yin Nai said. The first king is shuang Pixian. Sit back. Side Woo Toshihiko. Enlighten future generations. No crossings to self-defeat. Prudence is thrift. Only Huai Yongtu. Ruoyu machine zhang. To the province includes the degree of interpretation. Stop. Rate is the ancestor's action. But I was afraid. There are words. Wang Weike changed. Yi Yinyue. It is unrighteous. Habit and sexuality. Yu Fu Yu Fu Shun. Camped in Kirito Palace. Tantric first king's training. No fanaticism. Wang Liantong Palace. Worry. Ke Ji Yunde.
Taijia Zhong
There are only three worships. Ten have February Shuo. Yi Yin was crowned. King Fengji returned to the throne. Writing. After the people. Nick Kuang for a living. Post-non-people. Sweep the four directions. The emperor has a good fortune. The king of the heirs is the end of the day. There is no boundless rest. Wang Bai said with his hands. Yu Xiaozi did not know the virtue. Self-defeating is not classified. Desire for defeat. Indulgence. Bow down quickly. Heaven forbid. It's a violation. Self-inflicted. Don't be stubborn. Past recitation of the teacher's training. Foker at the beginning of his life. Shang Lai Kuang's virtue of salvation. The picture is the end. Yi Yin Bai hand bowed. Say. Heal your body. Yunde is in agreement. Only after the clear. The first prince favored the poor. The people serve their lives. There is displeasure. And it has a state neighbor. Yes. After me. There was no penalty later. Wang Maonade. Regard it as the ancestor. Hesitate all the time. Bong Xian Si Xiao. Next, Sigong. See far ahead. Listen to De Wei Cong. The rest of the king is unbroken.
Under Taijia
Yi Yin Shen Yu Wang Yu. Alack. But there are no relatives. Respectful dear. The people are always nostalgic. Be benevolent. Ghosts are impermanent. Enjoy Kecheng. The heavens are difficult. Toku Weiji. No moral chaos. Treat the same way as the ruler. Dying with chaotic colleagues. Always be cautious and consistent. Only after the clear. The first king only respects virtue. Worthy of God. Now the king has an order. Shang Jian Ziya. If elevated. It must come from below. Ruo Shengxia. Be self-defeating. No light civil affairs. It's hard. No resting position. It's dangerous. Caution has finally begun. There are words that go against your heart. You will ask for the way. There are words inferior to Ruzhi. He will seek all wrongs. Tweet. Fergus. Fu for Hu Cheng. One person Yuanliang. All nations are chaste. Jun Yi justified the old government. Success in favor of the courtiers. Bang Qi will always be resting.
Translation
Taijia on
The heir king Taijia was disobedient to Yi Yin, and Yi Yin wrote a letter to the king: "The first king Chengtang Gu Niantian is correct, so the worship of the upper and lower gods, and the temple community are all respectful and serious. Heaven saw Tang's good government, so he sent down a great mission to pacify the world. I, Yi Yin, personally assisted the monarch in stabilizing the people, so the heir king inherited the inheritance of the previous king. I, Yi Yin, personally met the monarchs of Xiayi in the West, and achieved achievements with loyalty, and the ministers of auxiliary ministers also achieved achievements; Their successor kings could not achieve anything, nor did the ministers of the auxiliaries. The king must be on guard! You should respect your laws as a monarch, and to be a monarch without fulfilling one's way will be a disgrace to your ancestors. ”
The king did not think about it as usual. Yi Yin said: "At the moment when the heavens are about to be clear, the first king thinks about state affairs and sits and waits for the dawn. He also asked Toshihiko's courtiers to enlighten future generations, not forgetting the teachings of his ancestors to kill himself. You must be cautious and frugal, with a long-term plan. It was as if Yu Ren had opened his bow and had to check that the tail of the arrow was in accordance with the law before firing it; Pay attention to what you want to achieve and follow the measures of your ancestors! Then I am happy that you will have a good reputation for the rest of your life. ”
Taijia cannot be changed. Yi Yin said to the courtiers, "It is unrighteous for the king to do this. Habit combines homogeneity, and I cannot despise those who do not follow the teachings. It is necessary to build a palace in Tong, so that he can get close to the lessons of the previous king, so as not to let him be confused for life. ”
When the king goes to the Tong Palace, he is in a sad environment, and he can achieve the virtue of integrity.
Taijia Zhong
On December Shuo Day of the third year, Yi Yin wore a top hat and a dress to welcome the heir Prince Taijia back to Bodu (present-day Shangqiu City, Henan Province), and wrote a letter to the king: "The people have no monarch and cannot live righteously with each other; The monarch cannot govern the Quartet without the people. Heaven cares for helping merchants, so that the heir king can achieve great virtue, it is really the boundless beauty of merchants for all generations! ”
The king bowed down and kowtowed and said, "My boy does not know virtue, and he has incurred bad deeds. To desire more corrupts the law, and indulgence corrupts the system of propriety, thus summoning oneself to sin. The calamities caused by heaven can also be avoided; Self-inflicted disasters cannot be escaped. In the past, I violated the lessons of Shibao, and I would not blame myself at the beginning; I also hope to rely on your kindness to seek my good ending. ”
Yi Yin knelt down and kowtow, saying, "Pay attention to your own cultivation and use the virtue of honesty to harmonize your subordinates, that is, Mingjun." The first king Chengtang loved the poor people, so the people obeyed his teachings and there was no displeasure. Even his friends and neighbors say this: Wait for our sovereign, when our sovereigns come, there will be no calamity. The great king shall enhance your virtues, imitate your ancestors, and do not slack off for a moment. Serve our ancestors and be filial; Receiving subordinates, be respectful. Observe the distance with clear eyes, obey and have virtue and ears. In this way, there will be no end to my enjoyment of the king's happiness. ”
Under Taijia
Yi Yin repeated the admonition to the king, "Ah! Heaven has no regular relatives, and the heavens that can respect heaven are close; The people do not have a monarch to whom they are often subjected, they are subject to a benevolent monarch; Ghosts and gods do not eat regularly, but eat from people who can be honest. It's not easy to be in the position of the Son of Heaven!
"Govern with virtuous people, and chaos without virtuous people." In the same way as the ruler, there is nothing that does not prosper; In the same way as the chaos, there is no one that does not perish. Always and always carefully choose their colleagues, that is, wise monarchs.
The first king thus worked hard to cultivate his virtues so that he could match God. My king continues to enjoy a good inheritance, and I hope to see this!
If it rises, be sure to start below; If you're traveling far, be sure to start close. Do not take the affairs of the people lightly, but think of its difficulties; Do not take the throne, think of its dangers. Be cautious and start from the beginning!
"Some words do not go your way, and you must ask for them from the point of view of morality; Some words are obedient to your heart, and must be never morally sought.
"Ahhh! If you don't think, how to harvest? How can you succeed without doing things? The Son of Heaven is good, and the world is righteous. The monarch should not use clever arguments to disturb the old government, and his subordinates should not live in peace and success by virtue of arrogance and profit. In this way, the country will remain in good forever. ”
Other records
When Taijia first took the throne, he indulged in wine because he did not change things. Yi Yin wrote three articles, "Yi Xun", "Wanton Fate" and "Linghou", to show Taijia. I hope that Taijia can inherit the law of SenseTime to rule the world. The "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records" says: "Those who are "wanton fate", Chen Zhengjiao should also do it; The author of "Lingering", the law of the soup is also. ”
But Taijia did not listen to persuasion. "Mencius Wanzhang Shang" recorded: "Taijia subverted the punishment of Tang, and Yi Yin put it on Tong." (Yi Yin ousted him from power and banished him to Tonggong, where Shang Tang's tomb was located, under the regency of Yi Yin.) ）
Mencius also said: "For three years, Taijia repented, self-pity, and resigned to Tong. For three years, he listened to Yi Yin's training and returned to Qi. After three years of exile, Taijia repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin returned to politics and Taijia.
The "Records of History" records in more detail: "Emperor Taijia lived in the Tong Palace for three years, repented and blamed himself, and opposed goodness. Therefore, Yi Yin was appointed to the government by welcoming Emperor Taijia. Emperor Taijia cultivated virtue, the princes returned to Yin, and the people were in peace. Yi Yin Jiazhi wrote three articles of the "Taijia Training", praising Emperor Taijia and calling him 'Emperor Taizong'. [3] (Three years later, Yi Yin saw that Taijia had reformed himself and solemnly handed over power to him.) After Taijia was restored, he accepted the lesson and became a diligent and loving saint monarch who worked hard and loved the people. The number of Taijia Temple is Taizong. After "Taijia" Tonggong repented, Xiu De was born and eventually became a generation of Ming monarchs. Mencius honored Taijia as one of the "sage kings" of the Shang Dynasty.
Yi Yin's "Taijia Xun" has been lost, and it is said that "if the heavens are evil, they can be violated; Self-inflicted sins, do not live" is from the "Taijia Xun". The word "live" is written as "逭" in the Book of Rites, which means to escape.
The "Bamboo Book Chronicle" unearthed during the Western Jin Dynasty has a different opinion about Yi Yin and Taijia. Since the ancient book "Bamboo Book Chronicle" has been dispersed in the Song Dynasty, all that can be seen in modern times are the compilations of the Qing people and today's people. Fang Shiming and Wang Xiuling's "Annals of the Ancient Book of Bamboo Books" contains the text of the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" from the bibliography of "Taiping Yuyan", "Book of Jin", "Shi Tong", "Anthology of Literature", "Tongjian Waiji" and so on:
Yi Yin put Taijia in Tong and stood on his own. Taijia sneaks out of Tong and kills Yi Yin. Nai established his sons Yi Shen and Yi Fen, and ordered to restore his father's field house and divide it in the middle.
The "Bamboo Book Chronicle" was written by the Wei state historian during the Warring States period, and it has been five or six hundred years since the Shang Dynasty, which does not have much time advantage compared with the "Shiji". What's more, the 11 oracle bone words with the name "Yi Yin" found so far all show that Yi Yin has a very high status and enjoys the same level of sacrifice as "Shang Tang" and Shang Gaozu "Shangjia Wei". The "Chronicle of the Ancient Bamboo Book" is written about Yi Yin's usurpation of power, but the oracle bone text anyway enjoys the honor of Yin business, and does not seem to be a monarch killer.
The legend of the tomb of Taijia
"Later Hanshu Junguozhi" notes "Huangyan" cloud: "Taijia has a tomb on Lishan", and attached to the "Jinan Guolicheng". Tang's "Tongdian" also says: "There is a taijiazuka in Alexandria. Later, the ancient Lishan disappeared, and the folk legend transferred and the mausoleum was installed in Taijia Mountain, "more than forty miles south of Licheng".
In the picturesque southeast of the Wohushan Reservoir of Jinan Zhonggong, there is a Taijia Mountain.
According to folklore, Taijia's son was very unfilial and never listened to his father. Taijia told him to go east, he would go west, and if he let him beat the dog, he would be partial to the chicken. In order to educate this son well, Taijia was angry with him for a lifetime, but in the end it was fruitless.
Until Taijia was dying, he asked Mr. Feng Shui to pick a good cemetery for him, which was on the edge of the South Spring under the mountain. Taijia also took a fancy to this place where three rivers converged and wanted to be buried under the mountain. Considering that his son always worked against him, he told him that he must build his grave on the top of the mountain, implying that he expected his son to bury him by the South Spring at the bottom of the mountain. After the explanation, Taijia closed his eyes in confidence. Unexpectedly, the son suddenly repented after his father's death, feeling ashamed of his father for most of his life, and thought: "My father never heard of him once when he was alive, so listen to him this time when he dies!" Therefore, he buried Taijia on the highest mountain according to Taijia's "instructions". This is why the Taijia Tomb was built on the highest mountain, which later became the Taijia Mountain.
Whether there is a Taijia Tomb on Taijia Mountain, the villagers are convinced of this. Experts take a different view. Fang Daoguo, a research librarian at the Jinan Institute of Archaeology, said that although the theory of the Taijia Tomb on Taijia Mountain has been spread by villagers, whether it is really true remains to be verified by the archaeological department. Later, according to the reporter's investigation, there were only two large holes on the top of the mountain, and according to the situation, these two pits were probably dug by people robbing tombs, and it is unknown what they dug. Nearby villagers said that a few years ago, people went up the mountain to rob the tomb and dig a hole in the top of the mountain, but the deeper they dug, the more the soil collapsed, and then people did not dare to dig again. But some people say that Taijia Ling has long been stolen.
Except for these two pits, no other evidence has been found on the entire mountain that can show that there is a Taijia Tomb.
Predecessors have long had doubts about the above legend. Sun Xingyan considered this to be "wrong" in his "Taijia Tomb Examination", pointing out that Taijia's mausoleum should be in Alexandria northeast of Heze. Qianlong's "Licheng County Record" and the poet Dong Yun also disagreed with Taijialing, saying that "there is really no grave on the mountain today", which is really "none". Dong Yun once wrote "Taijia Tomb Debate" and wrote the poem "Taijia Tomb" saying: "Who in the stone path is thin with vines, and the monks of the sunset are loose and remnants of snow." There is no trace of the empty mountain in ancient times, who hangs the Taijia Tomb back then. "That is, this mountain has not had any mausoleums since ancient times, how can Taijia be involved? Later, the Jinan poet Qiao Yue made an unsuccessful investigation, saying that "there is no way to find the Taijia Tomb".
Combing through the above statements, the reason why the legend of the Taijia Tomb was produced was caused by the predecessors mistakenly attaching the Taijia Mausoleum to the "Jinan National Licheng". And Jinan's ancient Lishan is too famous, so that "Nanshan gets the name of 'Li'", and Taijia Mountain and the tomb of the Shang King are only distant annexes.
Historical evaluation of Taijia
As an early king of the Shang Dynasty, Taijia's actions are still remarkable. Judging from Yin Wubu's speech, the subsequent Shang king still had great respect for this monarch, and his sacrifices were also very solemn. Some records that it was also sacrificed with other monarchs of the Shang Dynasty.
Personal conclusions:
Everyone makes mistakes, and if they know that mistakes can be corrected, they can be corrected.