Written by Wu Han
"Reading Historical Notes" is a historical research essay published by Wu Han in major domestic historical academic journals in the thirties and forties of the twentieth century, arranged in chronological order of writing, with very strong readability and historical value.
This series consists of eleven articles, among which the article "Wang Maoyin and the Currency Reform in the Xianfeng Era" has profound content for the research of Xianfeng big money and banknote law, and has very important reference value for the study of Qing Dynasty economy and numismatics. This public number will be serialized in installments, and this issue is the second issue.
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Wu Han||Wang Maoyin and the Currency Reform in the Xianfeng Era (Series 1)
Three
In Wang Maoyin's life's political experience, the most important thing is his relationship with the Xianfeng era token system. He advocated the introduction of a banknote law to alleviate the financial difficulties of the time, and he strongly opposed the "big money" system.
Regarding the implementation of the banknote law, Wang Maoyin was the first proposer in the Xianfeng era. In the "Reconsideration of the Banknote Law Fold" published in March of the fourth year of Xianfeng, he said: "Although the current official banknotes are not the original laws of the ministers, the banknotes are actually started by the ministers. "In fact, before the Xianfeng era, the implementation of the banknote law was not only proposed, but also promulgated in the Shunzhi era. The fifth record of the "Qing History Manuscript and Food Goods Record" "In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), the 128,000 banknotes were made, and it was only ten years. Jiaqing Room attendant Cai Zhiding asked for banknotes. "In the twenty-third year of Daoguang (1843), Li Enqing played the banknote again:
At that time, the two rivers overflowed year after year, and the production and use were very complicated. ...... Yushi Li Enqing asked to make banknotes, and sent them to the merchants to hand over. ...... Greetings: ... The law of the Chinese currency is found in the Tang Zhifei coupon, and since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there has been a system of treasure banknotes for the Jiaozi Huizi. The former Ming Hongwu used the banknote law, and it was bad in a few years. Now the need to use holes urgently, if waiting for the ministry to issue the printing of money, recruit businessmen and people to pay money for application, it is really not urgent. Moreover, when it comes to founding, businessmen and citizens may not be happy to follow, and there should be no need to discuss what they play. (Qing Shi Lie, volume 41, "Jingzheng Biography")
It was refuted on the grounds of "slow and unhurried" and "businessmen and citizens may not be happy to follow".
The Xianfeng era was an era of external humiliation and internal repression, and before this period, the common currency in the country was silver and money. Due to the relationship between foreign trade and supercurrency, especially the import of opium, silver has flowed out in large quantities year by year, and silver in the country has gradually decreased, and the price of silver has been rising day by day. Money is cast in copper, the largest source of copper is Yunnan, after the Taiping Army, the communication between Yunnan and Beijing was blocked, copper transportation could not be reached, and the raw materials for casting money became a problem. At the same time, due to the civil war, some places were occupied by the Taiping Army, some localities withheld tax revenue for local military expenses, and some localities lost revenue due to the war, and the central finance became increasingly unable to support it. Income is getting less every day, but spending is getting more every day. In this case, financiers and historians in the government cited scriptures to propose two solutions, one was to implement the banknote law and the other was to mint large amounts of money. Politically, it is also divided into two factions, one is the banknote law faction and the other is the money law faction. Wang Maoyin is the main figure in the former group.
In the fifteenth month after Hong Xiuquan's uprising, Wang Maoyin published the "Article Discussion Banknote Law Fold". He thought that "the military affairs in western Guangdong are not stopped, the river workers are especially useful, and the state funds are constant, so how can they be used for additional purposes." Historically, there are two ways to remedy financial difficulties, one is to mint large amounts of money, and the other is to use banknotes. The benefits of the two are the same, but they are difficult to endure and slightly similar. Comparing the gains and losses of the two, the benefits of the banknote are ten times the big money. And the disadvantage is that counterfeiting does not stop. Before proposing a specific new banknote law, he pointed out ten drawbacks of banknotes in the past:
One bans silver and sets up more sections, disturbing the people first before convenience; the second is to seek profit and repeatedly change the law, and suspect the people before believing in the people; The third is that there are divisions who are happy and evil, and suitable to show lightness; Fourth, the people replace the old with the new, and it is not free to pay more; Five pieces of paper are too light and easy to break; Six truths are easy to confuse and difficult to recognize; If you make too many banknotes, you will be stagnant, and material resources will be expensive; Eight banknotes are too trivial, and fraud breeds; Nine officials and cashiers, the people are afraid and unaffectionate; Ten are sloppy in production, and the workmanship is stolen and uneven.
These are all conclusions drawn from studying the history of banknotes in the past. He then proposed nine methods, all of which were aimed at remedying the ten evils listed. The first is the value of the proposed banknote: because of the relationship between silver and money at that time, the fixed banknote was based on silver, calculated in two, divided into 12 and 522 types, and less than 10 taels were still exercised with money. The second is the number of banknotes: the result of excessive issuance of banknotes will inevitably lead to low banknote values and higher prices. To keep the banknote value fixed, there must be a fixed number. He advocated imitating the example of the Shunzhi era, "100,000 taels of banknotes are first made every year, counting 10,000 taels of 10,000 taels, and 1,000 pieces of 50 taels." If it is tried for one or two years, if it can be circulated, it will be doubled every year, and if it is circulated, it will be doubled every year. The number of extreme banknotes is limited to 10 million taels. "The fixed amount of this ten million taels is determined according to the discretion of the state's revenue, and the total amount of the state's revenue is only forty million taels, and the total number of banknotes issued is only a quarter of the annual revenue, and it will not be out of circulation. The third is the system of fine banknotes: in order to prevent the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and tenth of the ten evils, he proposed the establishment of a banknote bureau: "The workers in the selection and weaving office, the above grade of ripe silk weaving is like a ministry, divided into two classes, those with a square ruler of five inches are of the first class, and those with two inches of the square ruler are of the first class." The four encirclement seals are woven with a horizontal embroidery of the six characters of 'Daqing Pass Treasure Banknote' on the forehead, and the eight-character Chinese character 'Daqing Treasure Banknote Passage to the World' is directly embedded on both sides. According to the number of banknotes that should be made per year, the square ruler five is the Kuping foot color pattern silver fifty taels, and the ruler two is the Kuping foot color pattern silver 10 taels. The scribes who selected the ability to write a double book in the Manchu and Han banknotes, drawing up numbers every year, one thousand numbers per word, and compiled into one book. Before the banknote, fill in a certain character and number according to each sheet in the book, and after the banknote, the household department of a certain year, month, and day allows the use of the Daqing treasure banknote and silver money, and the counterfeiter is beheaded, and the arrester is rewarded with a certain amount of silver, and the prisoner's property is still given. False accusers sit. All Hanshu. Please also cast another Daqing treasure banknote, and seal it on the middle Chinese silver number. The first word and a certain number on the banknote and the book riding stitch print. The banknote quality must be thick and thick as the fine river silk; The seal must be meticulous; Manchu Hanshu must be uniform; The printed text must be complete; The ink must be distinct. Those who supervise the officials who are sloppy and inferior are punished for crimes. It is forbidden for the people to privately weave money like a pattern, and those who commit crimes will be punished. Then I ask the bureau to send one or two scheming officers, and another secret room, and set up a number of marks on each banknote, and only these one or two people know about it. A book of signs is still set up indicating how many banknotes are marked each year, how to identify them, and seal them for later inspection. Its knowledge is changed every year to prevent spying, and everything must not be fake scribes to prevent leakage. "The fourth is the method of banknotes: after the silk banknotes are weaved, they are handed over to the official salt shops of each silver number, giving a small profit, and each Kuping 50 taels is ordered to pay the city flat 50 taels, and the Kuping 10 and 2 are stopped from paying the city flat 10 taels. After the silver number is handed over to the banknote, the Xu Jia font is marked on the back of the banknote and listened to everywhere. Promise to make donations and disburse money and food, and pay half of the silver. The fifth is the passage of money collection: after the treasure banknote is issued, because of the promise of donations and payment of money and grain, the result is that it still returns to the treasury and the coffers. In order to facilitate circulation, all central local funds are placed in banknotes at their discretion. Banknote holders are still allowed to withdraw cash from the silver number. If the silver number is deliberately extorted, refuses to exchange, and refuses to deduct the amount, Xu Min people accuse and punish him. The sixth is the benefit of broad banknotes: banknotes should be lightly and far-reaching, but they should be used by the people, listen to the exchange of silver numbers, and pay money and grain everywhere. All prefectures and counties in the world set up a silver number in the city to collect banknotes, and the holders of the banknotes either paid money and grain or exchanged for silver money, and they all paid the same amount. All banknotes outside Beijing are printed on signboards. In order to prevent counterfeiting, the person who exercised the treasure banknote promised to memorize who received it next month, or add the figure to write down the flowers, and in the case of counterfeit banknotes, the person who did not use the banknote was guilty, but the origin of the banknote should be traced back layer by layer, and the person who made the counterfeit should stop. The seventh is the method of exchanging banknotes: the treasury has set up a person to specialize in the entry and exit of banknotes, and those who travel banknotes in various places but the picture on the back of the banknote is full, they will be sent to the banknote making bureau, and the banknotes will be cut off at the corners and stored in another warehouse. In case of counterfeit banknotes, it can be cleared. The eighth is the strict defense of banknotes: after the law is implemented, there can be no other changes. The system of banknote making shall not gradually reduce the work materials, resulting in the loss of the original system and the bad law. If there are forgers among the people, they shall be punished according to the banknote text, and shall not lightly indulge the bad law. The ninth is the person who handles the banknote: the merchants and citizens try to trade without the hands of officials, and at the same time strictly prevent officials from committing fraud and obstructing the use of banknotes. You Gui Jingguo Minister sent and received and manipulated it according to the importance of the time. ("Wang Shilang Sonata" Volume 1 "Article Discussion Banknote Law Fold")
Based on the above points, his main meaning is to issue a silk woven treasure banknote that imitates the Hongwu treasure banknote based on silver, and the silver number is circulated, so that the merchant can get some little benefit, and the banknote holder can use it to pay national taxes. Each place has a banknote collection office, and the banknote holder can exchange money at any time. The banknote itself is woven with silk and set up with a secret mark, and the executor can record the origin of the banknote on the back to prevent counterfeiting. Although there is no banknote, because there is a fixed amount of issuance, the total amount is only a quarter of the annual income, and it can be cashed, so circulation is naturally not a problem. After this Chen was proposed, Zhu Bu University Scholar and Hubu discussed it with the household department, and there was no follow-up. Although fruitless , Wang Maoyin was noticed by the government for this Chen, thinking that his knowledge of history was enough to be a financial manager.
A year later, Wang Yide, the governor of Fujian, played the banknote law again. He said:
Since coastal defense is troublesome, sales expenses are gradually increasing, and the military affairs and river industry in western Guangdong have allocated tens of thousands of millions, and it is difficult to deal with the aftermath! Although the donation is Yin, only the same spoonful of water, the supervision is a little forced, and hinders Yan. Instead of planning more silver, it is better to switch to banknote introduction. Akoki Fu, Yamazo, and Kanto, use more money tickets. That is, Fujian subordinates, silver money tickets, participate in the exercise of each other. Easy to carry and treated as cash. Merchants and citizens also practice paper money credit, and the lord of the world and the weight of the treasury. Counterfeiting treasure banknotes is especially easy to circulate. Only the banknote style should be simple, one or two for the rate, the issuance of the domain, the general metaphor of the four people, the approval of the grain tariff, there is no suffocation. Or suspect that the bank silver overflows, and the banknotes are introduced, the silver day is less, and the banknote day is cheap. Do you know that the imperial court does not save it as a treasure, and uses the wealth of the world for the use of the world, can receive and receive, and can influence the source. (Qing History Manuscript, volume 214, "Biography of Wang Yide")
The treasure banknotes advocating the issuance of one tael are different from the 10 taels and 50 taels mentioned by Wang Maoyin. This proposal was similarly refuted. "Donghualu" recorded:
In June of the second year of Xianfeng, Ding Wei first played the Fujian Governor Wang Yide to raise money to help the army. The Minister of Military Aircraft was ordered to discuss with the Ministry of Household Affairs. It is said that the private bank uses the bank's silver money each ticket, which is the basis for taking silver and withdrawing money. If banknotes are used, the banknotes are silver, and the banknotes are money, which is different from those who hold the bills of the shopkeepers to obtain the silver money, which will cause the people to be unbelieved, and it will be difficult to move. It is not necessary to argue that the office should change the banknote law. News. (Pan Yifu's Xianfeng Donghualu, vol. 15)
In September of the same year, the red flag was signed, and the Mongolian capital Hua Shana also asked for the banknote law. He said:
Before checking the banknotes, there can be no disadvantages: the banknotes are stamped with paper, which is easy to counterfeit and cheats one; The order is changed at night, the people do not believe in it, and the second drawback; Official items are not accepted, contradictory, and disadvantages are three; forbidden silver and copper, suppressing nuisance, and disadvantage four; Accumulation of years of addition, stagnation and difficulty, disadvantages five; Do not discuss replacement, faint and waste, disadvantage six. The method of making banknotes is carefully formulated: First, the banknote is made of aya, and the two seals are used in it, and the authenticity is easy to distinguish. First, the banknote style is woven and numbered according to the thousand characters to avoid confusion. First, the banknote is made of yellow, the printing is made of fine cinnabar, and the printing plate is cast with fine copper. 1. The number of silver banknotes, from one two, five taels, ten to fifty two, four degrees, each billable silver five cents. 1. The fee for 1,700 banknotes requires a total of 850 taels of silver, which can be used as 10,000 gold. First, the banknote is divided into four grades, and the banknote type is one. First, banknotes are all quasi-silver, which is simpler than quasi-money. 1. Banknotes and silver are planned to be made until 10,000 taels are full. 1. Except for the replacement of banknotes after fifty or sixty years, or large-scale work, which is estimated to be necessary, must be added, and the completion of the work is stopped. 1. The law should strictly punish forgers and treat those who receive them by mistake. 1. At the beginning of banknote making, the banknote regulations will be promulgated to the world. In the future, the funds will be extremely full, and there is no need to use them, and they will be allowed to be deposited into the warehouse. The method of banknotes: 1. Please use silver money and banknotes together. 1. Please appoint a banknote superintendent. 1. Items used in other provinces shall be given half silver banknotes at the discretion of the banknote bureau in conjunction with the household department, or two percent of treasure banknotes, and the second increment shall stop at half a banknote. 1. All money shops from the capital inside and outside to the counties, townships and cities of the provinces, and are not allowed to obstruct. First, in private transactions, the silver banknotes are at their own convenience, only the official silver is two, and the silver banknotes must be halved. 1. Banknotes should be passed up and down, and all grain tax donations should be paid in half of silver banknotes. 1. Whoever pays the official with money shall be exempted from dumping the fire. First, real banknotes are done, there is no need to ban silver and copper, and there is no disturbance. (Qing History Series, Volume 41, Huashana)
The use of silver banknotes is also advocated. Unlike Wang Maoyin's claim, banknotes are made of aya; There are four kinds of banknotes: one or two, five two, ten two, fifty two; Banknotes can only be used for official purposes, not cash; The issuance amount is as high as 10,000 taels.
Four
After Wang Maoyin, Wang Yide, and Huashana connected with the banknote law, the Qing court was struggling to solve the financial difficulties, so it was moved to let the original proposer negotiate the solution. Wang Yide was in Fujian at this time and could not be predetermined. He specially sent the left capital Yushi Huashana and Shaanxi Dao to supervise the imperial history Wang Maoyin to properly discuss the banknote law and handle it clearly. Although both advocated banknotes, the methods proposed were different, and their political status was suspended, although on the surface the two men would negotiate with the officials of the Hubu, draw up concise regulations, and draw up banknotes, but in fact it was all the ideas of Huashana and Hubu. Wang Maoyin's proposal points were all shelved. According to the Legend of Huashana:
The February meeting of the third year issued the banknote charter. Liuyun: The way to manage finances is to be used when it is expensive, and it is especially advisable to be cautious at the beginning. Please formulate a concise charter, and use it first in Beijing, and then circulate, and all provinces will abide by it. It is not necessary to use the name of the banknote, that is, it is called a ticket, so that the merchants and citizens can use each other in peace. As discussed (Qing Shi Lie, vol. 41, Huashana).
"Donghualu" recorded:
Xianfeng 3rd year February Xin Ugly Cabinet: According to Huashana and other public councils (banknote law), and draw official ticket specifications for submission. After a detailed review, the articles of the proposed charter are still thorough, and they are immediately designated as official tickets according to the request, and they are used before the Beijing Division. Once the circulation is gradually expanded, it will be issued to all provinces, and all will be complied with. The trip of official tickets is equally important to silver money, and the department treasury is in and out, and the receipt and release are even. Its private money is used privately, but it is still at its disposal, and the merchants and merchants trade, and there is no restraint, which is a good law for the convenience of the people of Yuguo. The total period is believed that there will be no harm for a long time, even if the national use is abundant, the official ticket will continue to pass. (Donghualu, vol. 19)
There are five types of official ticket denominations: one, three, five, ten, and fifty-two. "The banknote is made of leather paper, with the inscription 'Hubu Official Ticket', and the left is full of right people, all in double lines. Winning the bid two two flat foot color silver several two. Anyone who is willing to exchange the official ticket for silver is the same as silver, and is allowed to hand over the official item according to the ministry's charter, and those who forge it are punished according to the law. Bian Wenlong. (Qing History Manuscripts, volume 134, Food Goods History, 5) The pattern calligraphy and painting are all blue, and the silver numbers are stamped with ink stamps, and there are also temporary fill-in, and the characters are extraordinarily large. Write or print several silver places to print Zhu Fangyin, the official ticket of the household department is always passed, and the left is full of right Han. Fang Zhuyin, the chief of defense, was also full of right Han. Words are written in 1,000 characters, or printed or written, and the number is written with ink pen for years and months. The edge is less than Kuping every two and has a small ink stamp. There are black flowers at the bottom left. On the back or privately printed or written on the front hand, use the name of the person. After several months of preparation, it was officially promulgated in May of the third year of Xianfeng. [4]
Wang Maoyin vigorously opposed the Hubu's plan, and the two main points approved for Hubu's original plan were: First, withdraw the silver taels of grain prices deposited in the prefectures and counties, and give them silver tickets for future supplements; second, in the provinces' miscellaneous merchants' interest-bearing funds, three-tenths of the discretion should be withdrawn and handed over to the treasury to report to the Ministry for allocation. If the number of silver is verified by the household department, several ballots of 100, 82, and 50 taels shall be made and remitted to each province, and distributed to each merchant according to the amount of the original amount of silver; It is ordered that the Ministry of Nuclear Examination and approve the donation of the person who has the title of tribute supervisor to buy tickets from various merchants to repay the donation, and return the money to the withdrawal. The interest payable by its merchants remains the same. On the first point, he thought it was feasible. The second point was to damage the original interests of Qianzhuang and merchants, and he shouted loudly, thinking that it was absolutely difficult to do it if the country was sick with business. He said:
All provinces, prefectures and counties have regulations, ranging from thousands of taels to 10,000 taels. That is, they live in peace, and they regard merchants as fish and meat. Now Lingzhou County will use the price of the ticket as an excuse to issue the bill, and the cashier has a fee, the invoice has a fee, and the expense is serious, and the official is corrupt, but the official can be honest, and the official has no empty thing. This business loses one thing. The payment of silver by merchants is also limited to March, from the state and county to the clan, and the newspaper department, I don't know how many months. The number of silver is verified in the department, and sometimes the invoice is made, and the invoice is sometimes distributed from the province to the state and county, and it is not known when. It takes one year from the date of payment of the money to the date of receipt of the ticket. In this year, the principal bank of the merchant has paid three of it, and the interest bank is still the same, where does this interest come from. This business has another loss. The merchant receives a silver ticket, and orders the province to donate the title of tribute supervisor to buy it from the merchant to repay the donation, and return the money. Stealing donations have silver donations, why do you want to buy tickets. And buy a ticket to start, I don't know if there is a authenticity, hold the ticket to exchange, I don't know if there is any difficulty, how is it like holding silver on the exchange. Gou Fei and the merchant have a good understanding, commission to make up for the loss, and never buy. If the ticket is collected for more than a year, and there is no one who wants to donate in the knowledge, his ticket will be left in the balance, and the business will lose another one. From the first two losses, the loss is inevitable, and from the latter loss, the loss is even more indefinite. In this regard, it is said that there is no loss in business, and it may not be credible. The husband withdraws the deposit, the duty of the fixed merchant, and the merchant is happy to follow, and now if he wants to help the urgent need, he will take it, and when the amount is sufficient, and then he will give it to the ear. If the Ministry proposes to give the ticket to buy a ticket for three layers of twists and turns, but still attributed to the donation, the name avoids the donation and is actually more than the cost of donation. ("Wang Shilang Sonata" Volume 3 "Article Department Discussion Silver Ticket Silver Horn Difficult Fold")
On the same day, he again asked for the details of the laws he had previously issued:
The ministers discussed the silver ticket, which means that the ticket is related to the banknote, and they want to test whether the banknote is used to test the banknote. The minister did not seem to think deeply about this. If you sincerely want to test the banknote method, if you use it as it is, it will be a trial. If the law is changed, what is done or what is not is done, it is a separate matter, and the other is therefore generalized. The head of the banknote is in the circulation of sending and receiving, only the receipt can be wide, and the hair will not lag. The issuance of today's silver tickets, only to offset the deposit, and to receive only to pay regular donations, up and down are all in the way, safe and circulating? ("Wang Shilang Sonata" Volume 3 "Please Prelude to the Banknote Law and Discuss the Detailed Film")
It can be seen from this that the so-called official bill is purely a kind of non-convertible bond, and after the government recovers three-tenths of the interest-bearing principal and silver of the money banks and merchants in various places, it issues official notes of the same value, and this official ticket can only be used to repay donations, which is completely different from the method proposed by Wang Maoyin. The authoritarian power of the government could not force the people to use it willingly, and as soon as the news of the new banknotes was issued, the market in the capital was immediately chaotic, and shops closed down. According to the left deputy capital of the Metropolitan Prosecutor's Office, Yushi Wenrui:
The people do not know the benefits of the banknote law, and the noise is like a tiger. In the past ten days, more than 30 money shops have been closed. Yesterday, more than 200 people in the inner and outer cities were abruptly closed during the day and night. Even though Suri is rich in capital, the most famous money shops are closed, and there are also closures of grain stores. The street market is disturbed and everyone is in danger. (Mr. Luo Ergang's collection of the banknote "Daoxian Sonata")
The main reason for the closure of the money shop was the operation of Diệm Dinh Pu in the military department:
Since the new Zheng, the alarm has arrived, and rich businessmen have taken capital out of Beijing, which is invincible. The capital city closes money shops, ranging from three or five or seven or eight shops a day. On the 15th of this month, within one day, 70 or 80 money shops were closed, and 100 and dozens were detained before and after the general calculation. The roads are noisy and terrifying. For this reason, the cover is posted by the household department, and it is rumored that all private bills are prohibited. The house of the depository ticket, competing to the money shop to withdraw money, rushing around, crowding everywhere, group by team, arrogant. It is inevitable that traitors will take advantage of the nuisance. (Mr. Luo Ergang's collection of the banknote "Daoxian Sonata")
At the same time, the barracks were reluctant to exercise new banknotes:
Xianfeng for three years, when the banknote was discussed. Weng Xincun said: "The barracks put up bills, and there are many obstacles. The law of banknotes should be implemented in a second order, and at this time it was issued, but it was not promulgated, and it was difficult to use the barracks. (Qing History Manuscript, volume 172, Weng Xin Cun Biography)
Not long after the official ticket was issued, and then the money ticket was issued, this discussion began with Wen Rui, and the "Qing History Manuscript" recorded:
Xianfeng said in three years: "The drawbacks of the banknote law, putting more and collecting less, half of it is waste paper." If you put less and collect more, you can't get civil banknotes. If it is accepted and released, it is taken from A and B, and it is useless to disturb it. Non-easy silver bills are not allowed to be money bills. It is proposed to pay five official money shops set up during the Daoguang period, divide the money of the depositors and workers, and pay the Beijing master according to the public expense love tickets, according to the number of payments, and replace the money with money. And with six entries. Loose in, deliberate. (Qing History Manuscript, Volume 209, Wen Rui Biography)
Book 23 of the Donghua Lu records:
In September of the third year of Xianfeng, Gengshen, sent an edict to the cabinet: "Prince Hui and others will request the promulgation of a discount of the silver money and banknote law, and it is said that the silver ticket is for cashiers and the money is convenient for circulation, and the Jingshi and all provinces are requested to be promulgated by the household department, which are at the disposal of the people for daily use, and complete the Nadidin money, grain, salt, customs and all other items; Silver bills are real silver, and money banknotes are money; Approve the number, collect and put it together, in order to circulate the same language up and down. The self-made system is used in the Changjing, and the silver money is equally important, and the use of Chinese money is used for all generations. At present, silver is expensive, needs to be used extensively, and people's livelihoods are difficult, so it is necessary to change with the times, so that banknotes and silver money can be used together, so as to hope that the more money will be better and the less, and it will become more and more abundant. ...... Consult and conspire. Immediately, according to the proposal, the household department will manufacture money and issue Chinese and foreign banknotes, which will be used in conjunction with the current silver tickets. How it should be collected and placed, the number should be determined to show the limit, the total period of both officials and civilians, and the cashier is equal. All matters that should be done shall be examined in detail by the Ministry of Accounts and the constitution shall be properly formulated. ”
It can be seen that money is issued in conjunction with official bills. Combined money banknotes and official bills are referred to as banknotes, which is the etymology of the term banknote today. Two months later, the Ministry of Household agreed on the banknote format and tie-in and tie-in banknote ratios, which were approved and issued:
In November, the Cabinet of Ministers: "Since the beginning of the year, the price of silver has become higher and higher, the people's livelihood has become more and more difficult, and the small people have lost taxes, and every time they suffer from the expensive silver, and the transshipment system is not convenient." I...... Judging the ancient and modern times, it is designated as official bills and treasure banknotes, so as to make the world pass through the world in order to facilitate the people and the country. According to the ministry's proposal, all the non-governmental people who have completed the Nadidine money, grain, tariffs, salt and all funds allocated by the Ministry of Relief of Officials are allowed to be made up of official bills and treasure banknotes. One or two official bills resist 2,000 money, and two thousand treasure banknotes are worth one or two silver, which complements the current large-money system. The rest are still paid to real silver for turnover. The items that should be put in the Jingku, and the official notes are also limited to five. ...... And allow the merchants of the five cities to accept the treasure banknotes, so that the people can use them themselves. That is, it will be sent and accepted by the Five Cities Royal History at any time. ...... If there is forgery or other malpractice, it will be punished according to the routine. Those who obstruct and refuse to exercise it are considered to be violators. (Xianfeng Donghualu, vol. 24)
"The banknote is inscribed with a large Qing treasure banknote, Chinese characters are listed flatly, and the Chinese standard is enough to make money several texts. The eight characters next to it are 'the treasure of the world, and the entry and exit are allowed equally'[5]. It is said that this banknote is used on behalf of the money, and all taxes and donations of Nadiding money and grain are allowed to be paid, and all treasuries outside Beijing will receive them ("Qing History Manuscript, Food Goods Record" 5). "Two thousand dollars per banknote is exchanged for one or two official bills," and the text was like a ticket. The flowers and drawings are blue. The amount of money is engraved or temporarily filled. Zhongzhan "The Seal of the Great Qing Treasure Banknote" Zhu Fangyin, with a circular seal at the seam of the horse, and a black rectangular seal under the year and month. The numbers are written in thousands of characters, and the number and number are stamped with wood. After the banknote was released, from December of the third year to March of the fourth year, in the months "millions of dollars have been issued." Therefore, it is difficult for the banknotes of the soldier to be easy to buy money, and it is difficult for the merchant to buy the goods, which is laborious and cumbersome, and it is very tiring. ("Wang Shilang Sonata", vol. 6, "Re-discussion of the Banknote Law Fold")
Wang Yide and Wang Maoyin both advocated the implementation of the banknote law, but both opposed the methods adopted at that time. Wang Yide thought that the purpose of collecting banknotes should not be limited to a large number, and the purpose of the government's issuance of banknotes was to circulate the people, but on the one hand, it wanted to make people happy to use them, but on the other hand, they only collected half, and when the people paid official items, they must be half silver, half of the banknotes, and they were only willing to recover half of them. He said:
The power of banknotes does not lie in the issuance, but in the receipt. Inside from the treasury and each tax gate, the outside is to spend money grain and salt deed paper taxes, if you can collect banknotes, unlimited to the number, and show that non-banknotes are not used, then the people rush to buy banknotes: there is a silver house with banknotes easy to hide, the gangsters who pay the class to rate and not damage, and the merchants of trade and migration save money by facilitating transportation. Seeing that they had not seen this, the ministers were afraid to release the banknotes but not the silver, so they limited the number to the amount. If the husband thinks it is useless, then the banknotes and silver are not edible or clothed; If you think it is useful, the banknote silver cannot be excessively light and heavy. Today, when the money is received, the district is a province, and the ministry knows the light before it can be used, and if you are not confident, how can a person be strong? Open the door to profit. Please pay the ministers and the governors of the provinces, so that they can be sent and received, regardless of the various expenditures, showing that the world does not use banknotes. The newly bought banknotes and silver were accumulated in the treasury of the Ministry Treasury as the mother gold. Banknotes do not divide the domain, then the silver is rich and the origin is thick. (Qing History Manuscript, volume 214, "Biography of Wang Yide")
Historical works of the Furuizumi Bunko:
Declaration of the establishment of the Koizumi Bunko
The first type of "Shouquan Jituo" in the ancient spring bunko
The second type of "Ancient Spring Collection"
Koizumi Bunko Third "Ashisai Izumi Taku"
Furuizumi Bunko Fourth: "Koizumi Magazine"
The Fifth "Silk Road Collection" of the Guquan Bunko
The Sixth Ancient Spring Library "Outline of Coins of the Ancient Countries of the Maritime Silk Road"
The seventh type of ancient spring library "Muyuan Baiqiquan Tuo"
The eighth type of the ancient spring bunko "Mu Yuan Diary"
The Ninth Kind of "Forbidden City Money Book" in the Guquan Bunko
The tenth type of "Mountain Vagina Collection" in the Koizumi Bunko
Guquan Bunko Eleventh "Daimen Disciple Selected Hidden Springs"
The twelfth type of the ancient spring library Dong Sui's "Money Spectrum"
Guquan Bunko 13 《Kaiyuan Tongbao Collection Expansion》
The 14th "Hengmen Hundred Springs Topping"
The Fifteenth Ancient Spring Library "China-Japan Friendship Spring Friends Exchange Commemorative Spring Genealogy"
The 16th Ancient Spring Bunko "Commemorative Collection of the First Yuanming Coin Seminar"
Guquan Bunko 17th "Collection of Western Xia Coins"
Gucheon Bunko Eighteenth "Ancient Money Genealogy of the Joseon Dynasty"
Ancient Quan Bunko 19th Edition of "Ancient Coins of Vietnamese History", Chinese
The 20th Kind of Guquan Bunko "Jin Kui On the Ancient Periodicals Jinshi Ed.
The twenty-first edition of the Showa Izumi Song, the Chinese twenty-first edition of the Koizumi Bunko
Jusen's work:
《Continuation of the Ancient Rare Birthday Spring Collection》
"Keju Jiu Rank Shouquan Jituo"
"Shouquan Kai Resumption Commemorative Collection"
"Chunfengtang Septuagenarian Spring Collection"
"Wuwei Seven Rank Shouquan Jituo"
"Seventy Selected Works of Momofukudo"
"Continuation of Sai Kiju Takuji"
"Longquan Zhai Seven Ranks Zenquan Topology"
"Fushan Elder Collection"
"Rong Bi Song Seven Rank Shouquan Jituo"