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Ancient people lived in an era of war, so the average life expectancy was relatively short. However, emperors were generally exceptional, enjoying better living conditions and longer lifespans. Cao Pi, as an emperor during the Three Kingdoms period, also had a long lifespan, but his life died long before ordinary people. So, what caused this tragedy?
Cao Pi's father, Cao Cao, was seriously ill and had an unbearable headache. At that time, Hua Tuo, the only divine doctor who could cure him, proposed a treatment plan, however, Cao Cao unexpectedly executed Hua Tuo on charges of murder, which worsened Cao Cao's condition. This incident not only caused Cao Cao's early death, but also laid the groundwork for Cao Pi's misfortune.
After Cao Pi succeeded to the throne, he showed excessive indulgence and a lavish life. He often drank and enjoyed himself with ministers and generals, and fell into the forest of wine ponds. In addition, he also built a magnificent harem, with three palaces and six courtyards and seventy-two concubines, of which Zhen Mi attracted his special attention. Cao Pi was addicted to enjoyment, not only abusing alcohol, but also often indulging in late night with palace maidens.
This uncontrolled lifestyle puts Cao Pi in a danger zone for diabetes, especially considering that he may have inherited the diabetes gene in his family. Alcoholism and excessive indulgence eventually damaged his health, leading to his early death.
However, it was not only indulgence that led to Cao Pi's early death. In his struggle for the imperial throne, he launched three successive campaigns against Eastern Wu, but all of them ended in failure. These failed battles depleted the Wei state's resources and frustrated Cao Pi. He chose to attack Eastern Wu, knowing that his army was at a disadvantage in water warfare, and this stubbornness led to major strategic mistakes. Cao Pi's stubbornness and disobedience to advice eventually cost him three opportunities, and he did not make full use of his excellent generals such as Cao Ren, Zhang Liao, and Zhang Hao.
Especially during the third attack on Eastern Wu, Cao Pi's strategic failure was particularly significant. He chose to start the offensive in October, but the cold weather caused the river to freeze, forcing his army to retreat. This failure frustrated him deeply and aggravated his condition.
All in all, Cao Pi's early death had multiple reasons. His uncontrolled lifestyle, excessive indulgence, health problems such as diabetes, as well as strategic mistakes and intransigence all led to his early death. On the contrary, some temperate emperors in history, such as Emperor Wudi of Han, Emperor Taizong of Tang, and Emperor Qianlong, achieved better ruling achievements. Cao Pi's death eventually contributed to the gradual decline of the Cao Wei regime, and the ultimate victor was the Jin dynasty established by the Sima clan.
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