Science and culture have never existed at national borders, but some people have intentionally or unintentionally built a fence on national borders, or deliberately confused intellectual property with "national borders" to mislead the public.
If science and culture existed, what about the smart machine we use today and the Tolstoy we read? Therefore, science and culture do not have national borders, but there are only barriers to intellectual property rights.
A large part of tortell's world-famous reason is inseparable from the initiative to break down this barrier. It was because he gave up the copyright to all his works in 1890 that Tolstoy's works were able to expand rapidly and become known throughout the world.
However, Tolstoy's literature has always been not universal, but belongs to Russia. Because he never escaped the cage of Great Russianism. The limitations of the works are relatively large, almost all of them are aimed at Russian society, and even express strong anarchist ideas in the works.
Throughout his life, Tolstoy was an extremely complex and contradictory being. It is precisely because of the extreme contradiction of thought that he suffered from mental illness in his later years.
Tolstoy's complex and contradictory side can be seen in his work.
In the novel "War and Peace", Tolstoy on the one hand expressed his anti-war ideas, describing the trauma caused by the war, and then vigorously advocated the "martial" spirit of the Russians, for which he did not hesitate to create a number of heroic young nobles, and tried to belittle the aristocracy who were not keen on war. It is unclear to the reader whether he was anti-war or encouraging the Russian youth to be "martial".
The Russians have always been militaristic and aggressive. From this novel, Tolstoy's Great Russianism can be vaguely felt. Perhaps in Tolstoy's view, the wars waged by other peoples, including Napoleon, were shameless, while the wars of the Russians were undoubtedly glorious. Otherwise, he would not have put the word glory on the head of a martial Russian, and killed a non-martial person with a stick.
In this respect, Tolstoy's ideological consciousness was far inferior to hugo's. Hugo's ideas of peace and Les Misérables are the whole world, not just french society. Just as he denounced the French government's plundering of the Qing Dynasty, his thinking has always been relatively objective and neutral.
Tolstoy himself was also very bitter about the complex and contradictory thoughts in his heart, and often wrote to friends to talk about it. In the letter, Tolstoy expressed his confusion and pain to his friends.
On the one hand, Tolstoy was very sympathetic to the poor in Russian society, and on the other hand, Tolstoy was a nobleman who exploited the poor. On the one hand, Tolstoy often interacted with the revolutionary party, and on the other hand, Tolstoy could not let go of the honor of the nobility. On the one hand, Tolstoy was a firm believer in Orthodoxy, and on the other hand, Tolstoy began to have doubts because of the death of his neighbor.
Perhaps it was out of loyalty to the Tsar that Tolstoy ultimately did not stand with the revolutionaries, but chose eclectic anarchist ideas. Tormented by the contradictory thoughts in his heart, Tolstoy broke down and ran away from home, and eventually died alone in a small hotel.
Because Tolstoy gave up the copyright of all his works during his lifetime, it was widely read all over the world. Many readers booed that Tolstoy had not won the Nobel Prize, but the Nobel Jury had already given an answer, and Tolstoy himself accepted it calmly.
The vacillation of ideas led to Tolstoy's lack of a stable and correct value.
The Nobel jury believes that Tolstoy's works have too serious anarchist tendencies, are easy to mislead the public, and are not in line with the mainstream values of the world.