#头条创作挑战赛#
One morning in September 1911, Jiang Yiwu, a native of Hunan, and Sun Wu, a native of Hubei, each held a joint meeting with their backbones, and three consensuses were reached:
First, the two sides unified their thinking, took joint action, launched armed operations in Wuchang, and then occupied the three towns of Wuhan, and finally overthrew the corrupt Qing government.
Second, the establishment of a military operations command. Jiang Yiwu, the head of the literary club, was the interim commander-in-chief, Sun Wu of the Communist Party of China was the chief of staff, responsible for explosives and logistics operations, and Liu Gong was the financial premier.
Third, the specific time of action was determined: October 6, 1911. This day is also the traditional Mid-Autumn Festival, the enemy's garrison is relatively weak, and, since the end of the Yuan, there have always been rumors among the people that "the 15th day of the eighth lunar month kills the tartar", and the choice of the Mid-Autumn Festival is also to use the rumors to seek auspiciousness.
Because it was the first rebellion, lack of experience. The meeting specially sent Ju Zheng to Shanghai to consult with the Alliance and invited the League to send high-level officials to guide the work. Juzheng later became a major figure in the Kuomintang's Xishan faction.
At this time, launching an armed uprising is a good option from the army itself. The new army stationed in Wuhan originally numbered more than 15,000 people, but not long ago, Duanfang was sent to Sichuan with two signs to suppress the road protection movement, and the strength was relatively empty, except for the defenders outside Wuhan, the actual remaining army in the city was only about 10,000 people. Of these, the revolutionaries and their sympathizers numbered nearly 3,000.
The time, place, people, and everything seems to be developing in a good direction.
However, like countless failed armed uprisings before them, accidents came one after another, and the seemingly odds of victory became confusing.
Wuchang Uprising Memorial
On September 24, 1911, an accident occurred in the artillery unit of the Wuchang New Army stationed at Nanhu, which broke the calm before the uprising.
On this day, several veterans were about to retire, and a few brethren met to drink and see them off, perhaps in a good mood, and they drank a few and drank a little. It happened to meet the patrol, and the platoon commander who led the team stepped forward to reprimand. As a result, the two sides quarreled.
When the soldiers fight, the guys with food on their hands, and when they don't agree with each other, a fire fight occurs. The veterans drank alcohol, and finally set up a cannon, found that there was no ammunition, and rushed to the ammunition depot. After this toss, the horse team that came to suppress the news arrived, and the veterans found that the situation was not good, and they scattered, which is known in history as the "Nanhu Artillery Incident".
The incident itself had nothing to do with the armed action, but the after-effects were serious. The supreme governor of Wuhan, Governor Ruizhen of Huguang, ordered the collection of heavy weapons and ammunition of the new army in the city and centralized them in the Chuwangtai arsenal, and strengthened the access control of army personnel.
The incident here in Wuhan happened suddenly, and Juzheng, who went to Shanghai, was not smooth. Huang Xing of the League was not in Shanghai at this time, and the number three person, Song Jiaoren, came forward to receive Ju Zheng, expressed support for Wuhan's action plan, and applied for funding from Sun Yat-sen, who was far away in the United States.
The time soon came to October 6, but there was silence in Wuhan, the armed action was not launched as scheduled, in addition to the restrictions on officers and soldiers entering and leaving the barracks, Song Jiaoren also chose to stay in Shanghai to wait for overseas fundraising because of the "Nanhu Artillery Incident" in Wuhan. At the same time, the person in charge of Hunan at the Communist Party sent a telegram to Wuchang: "Hunan is not fully prepared, please postpone it for ten days." ”
The operation was postponed and the command decided to change the date of the armed uprising to 16 October.
However, a series of accidents happened without warning.
A couple of oolongs
On the morning of October 9, Hankou, No. 14, Baoshan Li, the headquarters of the Communist Party. Sun Wu, chief of staff of operations, is busy checking tables full of explosives that will be used to make earth bombs.
At this time, Liu Tong, the younger brother of financial premier Liu Gong, walked into the room. 14-year-old Liu Tong watched curiously as everyone made explosives, Xu was too engaged, and the cigarette in his mouth unconsciously fell a trace of sparks.
"Boom!" A loud noise, accompanied by gunsmoke, suddenly filled the room. Fortunately, the quality of the explosives was really not good, such a big movement, did not kill a single person, only Sun Wu's face full of blood was immediately sent to the hospital, as one of the main leaders of the uprising, he withdrew from the operation, and other personnel quickly evacuated the scene.
Badly, there was also a list hidden in the safe on the second floor of the organ headquarters, and the names of the main personnel who planned the Wuchang Uprising were all on this list, and the person in charge of keeping it was a man named Deng Yulin, who was not at the scene at the time. It has to be said that the unorganized and undisciplined revolutionary party at that time was a common phenomenon.
The explosion soon attracted patrols from the concession, who discovered the roster of the uprising during their search, and the roster was transferred to the governor of Huguang, Rui Yuan.
Ruizen was shocked after reading it, and immediately ordered martial law in the whole city and prepared to arrest people.
At the time of the explosion, Jiang Yiwu was holding a meeting at the headquarters of the Literary Society at No. 85 Xiaochao Street, and after learning the news that the headquarters of the Communist Party of China organ had been terminated, he was shocked.
Jiang Yiwu chose the latter: at 12 o'clock that night, he revolted early.
Jiang Yiwu
In the name of the headquarters, he issued more than 20 order documents and distributed them everywhere, one of which was addressed to the Nanhu artillery unit outside the city, and the officers and men of the rebel in the city would launch armed action with their artillery as a trumpet.
Near midnight, the military and police who searched for the arrest suddenly surrounded the headquarters of No. 8 Xiaochao Street and began to smash the door. Jiang Yiwu saw that the situation was not good, and shouted: "The matter has come to this, fight." He picked up a bomb and rushed downstairs, followed by Liu Fuji, Peng Chufan, Yang Hongsheng and other backbones.
At the critical moment, the chain was dropped again, and when the homemade bomb should go off, there was no movement, Liu Fuji, Peng Chufan, Yang Hongsheng and others were arrested on the spot, and only Jiang Yiwu escaped.
The bad luck is not over.
All the officers and men who participated in the uprising were nervously waiting for the signal to act, and due to the martial law in Wuchang City, the order document sent to the Nanhu Artillery Corps was not delivered, that is, there was no cannon sound, no starting gun.
Jiang Yiwu felt that his action had failed, left Wuhan single, and hid in nearby Jianli County to temporarily avoid the limelight.
The commander-in-chief of the uprising fled and took refuge, and the chief of staff was accidentally injured by his own bomb. Wuchang City, which should have been full of gunfire, seemed silent, a suffocating silence.
At this time, the Yamen of the Governor's Mansion was bloody and bloody, and Ruizhen was anxious to calm the situation, and executed Liu Fuji, Peng Chufan, Yang Hongsheng and other aspirants who swore to die overnight, and took pictures of the first rank and put them in the newspaper.
It is this brutal and stupid act that has given armed military operations a new turn.
Early the next morning, the news that Ruizen had a list of revolutionaries was spread everywhere, and the newspaper with the first rank of three revolutionary party martyrs shocked the entire three towns of Wuhan.
The reality is that the vast majority of the officers and men of the grassroots of the Forces nouvelles have more or less had contact with the revolutionary party. With the marked increase in patrols around the army garrison, the order to forbid gatherings of more than five soldiers was strictly enforced, and an atmosphere of anxiety and restlessness permeated the barracks, and no one knew when danger would befall them.
Wuchang is like a huge powder keg, as long as someone ignites it, Wuhan and even the whole country will have earth-shaking shocks.
Gunpowder was ignited
Xiong Bingkun, the convener of the uprising of the Eighth Battalion, decided not to wait for those damned orders after learning that the leader had disappeared, and he convinced the revolutionary party brothers in the whole battalion: Since the roster is in the hands of the government, it is better to give it a go. Tonight, fire the trumpet, uprising!
However, this shot was not fired by Xiong Bingkun.
Xiong Bingkun
October 10, 1911, 7 p.m., 8th Battalion of the 8th Town Project. Tao Qisheng, the platoon leader of the second platoon, began a routine night inspection, and during the ward inspection, Tao Qisheng found that the squad leader Jin Zhaolong and the soldier Cheng Zhengying were wiping guns, and there were some bullets scattered beside them.
Tao Qisheng immediately asked, "What are you doing?" ”
The two did not answer.
Tao Qisheng grabbed Jin Zhaolong: "Want to rebel?" Come. ”
Jin Zhaolong said angrily: "Laozi is going to rebel, what can you do to me?" ”
The two said and scuffled together. Jin Zhaolong shouted to his roommates: "Don't do it now, wait for when." ”
Before the words fell, Cheng Zhengying on the side raised his gun and smashed at Tao Qisheng, not waiting for him to escape from the barracks, and shot him in the waist. The crisp gunfire broke the tranquility of the night, like a shooting star across the long night that had been sleeping for a hundred years, this is the first shot of the Wuchang Uprising, the first shot of the Xinhai Revolution, and the thousands of years of feudal empire will become history in the gunfire.
Xiong Bingkun, who was outside the camp, also heard the gunshots at this time, and immediately sounded the siren symbolizing the uprising: All assemble, act!
The revolutionary soldiers, waiting for the guns of the uprising, heard the gunshots, heard the sirens, and the uprising began!
Cai Jimin of the 29th target of the 15th Association, and Wu Xinghan of the 30th target first led the team to rush out of the camp, followed by the soldiers of the Wuhan Army Surveying and Mapping School with their bare hands. These rebel troops who lacked guns and ammunition rushed to the Chu Wangtai arsenal together, and it was the existence of Chu Wangtai that made the teams from inside and outside the city and belonging to various groups have a common goal, thus avoiding the embarrassment of fighting separately.
The insurgent troops who arrived one after another soon exceeded 3,000 men, and they successfully took Chu Wangtai and elected Wu Zhaolin, the commander of the left team of the 8th Battalion, as the temporary commander, which was already the highest rank among the people participating in the uprising, equivalent to a company commander.
At 10:30 p.m., the rebel army decided to divide into three ways, attack the governor's palace and the headquarters of the eighth town of the army, and ordered the eighth standard of artillery that had entered the city to quickly occupy the commanding heights and establish a firing position.
The eighteen-star flag with iron and blood, red background and iron black nine-pointed star symbolizes iron blood, expelling Tatars and restoring China with blood.
One day later, the Hanyang Uprising was successful, and two days later, the Hankou Uprising was successful. At this point, all three towns in Wuhan fell into the hands of the revolutionary party.
The Wuchang Uprising finally succeeded in taking the first step, the next question, what is the way forward?
As Cai Jimin, who was the first to respond, said: "We need a convincing person to call the world." Otherwise, this uprising could easily be regarded by society as an ordinary 'mutiny', in which case the leaderless revolutionary army itself would have fallen into civil strife without the Qing government sending troops to suppress it. ”
At this moment, the original initiator and organizer of the uprising, Jiang Yiwu, was on the run, Sun Wu was injured, and Liu Fuji was sacrificed. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, on the other hand, was in the United States, working as a waiter in a restaurant in Denver, and although he immediately returned to China after receiving the telegram of the Wuchang Uprising, he was in no hurry, and he could not count on it at any time.
Under this circumstance, choosing a powerful figure from Hubei has become the only choice at present.
So, Li Yuanhong began to appear on the stage of history,
On the night of the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Li Yuanhong, then the 21st Mixed Association of the Army (equivalent to a brigade commander), sent troops to suppress the rebels, but the army turned against him halfway. Panicked, Li Yuanhong had to flee home to take refuge and survive a night of anxiety
The next day, Lai Yuenhong was "invited" from his home to the Advisory Council building. Cai Jimin, Xiong Bingkun and others who were waiting there told him: "Wuchang has been fully occupied, please come forward to preside over the overall situation of the aftermath." ”
Li Yuanhong's life dictionary did not have the word "rebellion" at all, how dare he agree, but just muttered: "Ru Shi has made a big trouble, don't harm me!" Don't hurt me! ”
The rebel army sincerely invited several times, but Li Yuanhong resolutely refused to comply. In desperation, he simply published the "Anmin Proclamation" under the name of "Governor Li Yuanhong", posted it everywhere, and publicized it. At this moment, Li Yuanhong was considered to have boarded the "anti-ship", whether he wanted it or not, in the eyes of everyone, he was the highest military commander of the Wuchang Rebel Army.
Li Yuanhong officially became the governor of the Hubei military government, ordered Anmin to be exempt from taxes, changed the name of the country to the Republic of China, and called on the provinces to revolt.
Forty-eight days after the uprising, eighteen provinces and fourteen provinces in the Qing dynasty declared independence.
Eighty days later, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, with Sun Yat-sen as interim president and Li Yuanhong as vice president.
Then, the Qing dynasty fell.
epilogue
In fact, whether the Wuchang Uprising was planned or implemented, serious problems arose in all links, and accidents that were enough to destroy one after another reached the end of victory by mistake. Behind the seemingly accidental nature, there must be its inevitability, the backward and decadent Qing government will definitely die, the direction of historical progress will never change, not Wuchang, but also in other places, not Jiang Yiwu, there will also be Zhang Yiwu, Li Yiwu.
Fortunately, they succeeded.
That night history recorded the names of these people: Jiang Yiwu, Sun Wu, Cheng Zhengying, Jin Zhaolong, Xiong Bingkun, Cai Jimin and so on. They were originally unknown little people, but it was these little people who changed China, changed the imperial system for thousands of years, and of course changed their lives.
What we should remember more is that the three martyrs Liu Fuji, Peng Chufan, Yang Hongsheng, and all those who died in the course of the uprising, some of whom did not even leave their names.
These people who have the courage to fight for their ideals and even sacrifice their lives are always worthy of our respect and memory.