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preface
as everyone knows
The old-school Vikings could not stand the change of laws,
So he sailed and fled to the West.
Some of these people went to Iceland.
Some went to the Orkney Islands,
Others wander the shores of the Irish Sea in search of their homes,
Where to find refuge and tranquility,
They settled there.
[B]W.G. Collingwood[/B]
"Pure Solstein"
(1895)
Harald
In Pure Solstein, Collingwood quotes the chapter's inscription to describe the arrival of the grandfather of the book's eponymous hero to the British Isles—many Norwegian immigrants, including him, are said to have fled the tyranny of King Haraldr Hárfagri.
In the historical records of his contemporaries, the extent of Harald's rule and the details of his life are extremely vague and even contradictory. In contrast, Harald has a crucial place in the legends of the 12th century and beyond. He is credited with being the founding monarch of the unified Kingdom of Norway, driving the expansion of Norwegian settlers in the North Atlantic and Irish Seas.
As myth goes, expansion resulted in the establishment of independent colonies in the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, the west coast of Scotland and the Irish Sea—many small Viking states ruled by freedom-loving pioneers, savage fugitives, outlaws, and small pirate kingdoms in the northern seas (depending on how they saw the situation at the time).
According to the Orkni Sagar, Harald did travel as far away as the Northern Islands, the Western Islands, and the Isle of Man, "teaching a lesson to the Vikings whom he could no longer endure," expanding the territory of the Kingdom of Norway in the process. This statement most likely reflects (and supports) Norway's territorial claims around 1200, when the Orkni Saga was written, and is not a true record of events that took place 300 years ago.
The legend of Harald the "Blonde" is a classic example of how, years later, the complex process of migration, cultural compromise and political integration revolves around certain big figures. In any case, there is no doubt how much influence the Scandinavians had on the British Sea Route. While naming this simplest and most straightforward way actually masks our ignorance of the process, place names are indeed the strongest proof of this.
For example, personal names in Ireland, place-name elements in Gaelic, and a mixture of Middle Scandinavian with typical Celtic morphology in place names in northwest England. These seem to indicate the presence of Gaelic or Brittonian-speaking populations (which were later replaced by Old Scandinavian-speaking immigrants who were either forced to submit or influenced by Scandinavian-speaking immigrants), a possibility made even more obvious by the existence of Old Scandinavian place names.
These place names seem to indicate that Gaelic speakers lived there (for example, the word "Ireby" exists in Cumbria, meaning "Irish farm"), and on the other hand, may indicate that some immigrants were descendants of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic populations. In this culturally integrated region, it is indeed possible to produce such mixed populations.
Another phenomenon that is undeniable is the interconnectedness of the marine world – in this world, the ocean is a highway, connecting beaches and estuaries, headlands and islands, storms and tides; In a world where political authority is often only temporary, local leaders align, dissolve, and alliance with different peoples – the tide is constantly bringing about new identity shifts, some of which change and change like fickle clouds in the vast western sky.
During the Viking Age, the Fort of the Cape of Man or "Llanbedrgoch" (part of Anglesey) was ravaged by atrocities and people were terrified. The discovery of the remains of four Scandinavian men and a woman in a ditch is a reminder of the fragility of life living on the fringes of violent profiteering, slave trade and silver flows.
Changes in language
The lands of the Isle of Man and Anglesey are buried coins, bracelets and gold bars that tell of trade between the Irish Sea and the west coast of Britain. Those who controlled this trade built longhouses in the Hebrides of Udal and "Drimore Machair" and "Bornais" in South Uist and "Braaid" and "Doarlish Cashen" in the Isle of Man.
They also possessed the enterprising spirit of pirates, were hard-hitting pioneers, cultivated coastal waters, and named places they went in their own language, and these terms formed the basic vocabulary of seafaring peoples; headlands and capes, islands and bays: "Aignish" (ON: egg-nes, meaning "ridge headland") in Wester Ross; "Skipnes" (ON: "skip-nes", meaning "headland") by Coll); Tiree's "Sandaig" (ON: "sand-vík", meaning "sandy bay").
The Welsh coast's "Gateholm," "Grassholm," and 'Priestholm' and Bristol Channel's "Steep Holm" and 'Flat Holm' are all compounding words of the Old Scandinavian word "holmr" (meaning "island"); "Anglesey", "Bardsey", and "Ramsey" all end in the Old Norse word "-ey" (meaning "island").
At the end of the 8th century, when the first pirates attacked the northern islands, the northern part of England and the Irish Sea region formed a complex and diverse world. These include the Kingdom of Wales, which is both ethnically and linguistically characteristic of Britain, the mysterious Kingdom of Altclyde near the River Clyde, the Gaelic-speaking Kingdom of Dal Riata, centred on Argyle and the Southern Hebrides, and the Kingdom of Picter, which ruled the Highlands and Northern Islands.
We know very little about the Isle of Man and Anglesey, but both islands seem to have played an important role in trade and tourism in the Irish Sea, with a mix of Irish, British, and even English populations, although some were only for short stays. Eventually, the Kingdom of Northumbria, which stretched north to the River Fforth and west through the Pennine Mountains, was evenly matched by the English-speaking Kingdom of Wales and the Kingdom of Altclyde.
However, after more than a century of plunder, division, colonization, and war, the Kingdom of Picturt disappeared in the early 10th century; The same was true of the Kingdom of Altclyde, whose capital, Dumbarton, was in ruins on the banks of the River Clyde, at least during the initial change of dynasty. The kingdom of Darriada ceased to exist, its islands were invaded, and there was no longer a trace of the kingdom.
The Kingdom of Northumbria was controlled by several Viking kings, military lords of Scandinavian descent, who ruled the islands and sea lanes from the Shetland Islands to the Bristol Strait; Even St Columba's bones were removed from Iona "to escape the clutches of the foreigners."
In 920, Edward declared himself supreme ruler of the Irish, Northumbrian (including "English, Norwegian and Danish") and Britons of Strathclyde (presumably including many remnants of the Kingdom of Altclyde), and the northern territories were either barren or a lost kingdom, and the course of history changed.
But, as in England, new kingdoms and new ethnic identities will eventually be born out of this chaos and disintegration. In the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, as well as Orkney, Shetland and Caithness, Scandinavian rule as a political entity would continue until the Middle Ages, with a unique cultural footprint still visible today.
The Vikings' regrouping of a disembodied Scotland is like a mosaic of disorganized bits and pieces left behind when the "Viking tide" recedes. They have the same undertone, but have been combined into completely new shapes and new patterns: the new one is the kingdom of Alba, the kingdom of the Scots, the "Scottish Lands", which is far away from the "Anglo lands" gathered in the south.
However, unlike in England, there is no detailed historical record of the events that caused and formed these upheavals (not even as in the flawed Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and its derivatives), which means that scholars have had to rely on fragmentary evidence, including some surviving fragmentary written sources, or vast collections of archaeological evidence to understand how, where, and to what extent Scandinavian culture infiltrated and even altered the communities it came into contact with.
However, this information is often ambiguous and ambiguous on issues of time and causation. Nevertheless, we can paint an impressionist picture of what happened in the northern regions in the 9th and early 10th centuries, albeit a little rough.
Fortrieu
Attacks have been taking place on the north coast of England since the end of the 8th century, but it was not until 839 that the first major political disagreement occurred. According to the Annals of Ulster, "The gennti won a battle against the Fortriu.
In this battle, Angus' son Euganan, Bran's son Áed and Boanta's son Áed, and countless soldiers were killed. In the Irish chronicle, "Fortrieu" refers to an area around Moray Firth in the northeast of present-day Scotland - a huge V-shaped fissure that exposed the Grand Canyon to the swells of the North Sea.
Fortrius had always been the center of the Pict kingdom, and the name was a Gaelic translation of the Roman tribal name "Verturiones". The ill-lucked Ogannan (pronounced "Wen" in Picter) was the king of Pict and the brother of Bran; Ed was the king of Darriada.
Apparently, at the critical moment, he was allied with Pickett and was likely to be on the inferior side of the unequal relationship. No one knows who these infidels are or where this battle took place. Everything is unknown, and the fate and identity of the victors are blurred like a fog.
Of course, it is conceivable that it will not be a pleasant day for Organan's supporters, but nothing more. As long as it is recorded, it proves to be of extraordinary historical significance, which is the limitation of historical records about this period. In the words of a famous modern historian who studied the history of the North in the early Middle Ages, it may even be "one of the most decisive and important wars in English history."
What makes it so important is that the Viking raids on Northumbria and East Anglia, the intervention of the invading armies, brought a complete and irreversible end to the dynasty ruled by the natives. With the death of Oganan and his brothers, the reign of the "Wrguist" family—Onuist I.'s accession to the throne of Pict in 732—came to an end.
Bibliography:
K. A. Hermer, J. A. Evans, C. Chen, Lamb, "No One is an Island: Evidence for Pre-Viking Migration to the Isle of Man," Journal of Archaeological Science, No. 52 (2014), pp. 242-9
L. Charles Edwards, Welsh and Englishman, pp. 14, 148-52