Some people say that sorrow and indignation out of poets, bumps out of writers; some people say that the country's unfortunate poets are prosperous, and words are easy to work in vicissitudes. Rich life experience and emotional life are the necessary prerequisites for becoming a good poet and writer. Throughout the history of Chinese and foreign literature, most of the women poets and writers who have achieved success have been accompanied by ups and downs and hardships. From Cai Wenji at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to Li Qingzhao and Zhu Shuzhen in the Song Dynasty, there is no exception. But in the Qing Dynasty, there was a critic who called it "Talented and Sharp, excellent in small words in his life, since the Southern Song Dynasty, the boudoir show, just one person." The female poet whose words, Di Shi Shu Zhen, Ji Chu Qing Zhao", with her deep sense of vicissitudes and the sound of sad and ups and downs, and the tragic life of her husband who died and lost her son after her husband was exiled to Shenyang twice, provides evidence for the opening words of this article.
This female poet is Xu Can, the first female poet of the Qing Dynasty.
One
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, one of the most unpredictable and fierce periods in Chinese history, the Ming Dynasty at that time had fierce party strife and other human disasters such as the plague and constant natural disasters of floods and droughts, as well as the peasant riots represented by Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, and the siege of the Qing Dynasty and the capture of land, burning and looting. The Ming Dynasty, which has been established for more than 200 years, is already in the midst of turmoil. And most of this is happening in the north and northeast of China. The rich Jiangnan area is still full of song and swallow dance, birds and flowers, economic prosperity, cultural development, jingo iron horses outside the Cyprus, wolf smoke, it seems that it has nothing to do with here.
Xu Can was born in such a region in such a historical environment. Xu Can (徐灿), also spelled Xiangping (湘萍), also spelled Ming Shen (明深), Ming Xia (明霞), was a native of Wu County, Jiangnan (present-day southwest of Suzhou). Unfortunately, due to the low status of women in ancient times, even people like Xu Can were already very famous at that time, and the exact birth and death years of the wives and wives of later university scholars, the exact years of birth and death, are not accurately recorded in various literature, and there is no way to verify them now. The "Genealogy of the Chen Clan of Haining" once contained a "Family Biography" written by Xu Can's nephew Xu Yuanlong: "Lady Zhen can, the character XiangPing, the family lineage Wumen people, Shaobao Su'an Gong JiYe." Young Ying wu, through the history of books, knowledge of the general body, is loved by his father Guanglu Gongzi Maogong. Lady Shen died early, and asked her to succeed to Xu. Shi Su'an held up filial piety for three years. Duke Xu had two daughters, his wife Qijiye, who had Guizheng and xu to marry. ”
Shaobao Su'an Gong,i.e. Chen Zhiyi. Chen Zhiyi, Zi Yansheng, No. Su'an, a native of Haining, Zhejiang. Chen Zhiyi was born in Haining Bohai, Zhejiang Province, The Chen family of Haining is a noble family of the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the Qing dynasty, the Haining Bohai Chen clan is the first noble family in the sea, and the history has the reputation of "one door and three pavilions, six five shangshu". According to the "Family Biography", Chen Zhiyi "asked the successor to the room in Xu" and "Shi Su'an Gongju Filial Piety for Three Years", which should be in the second year of Ming Chongzhen, the lunar calendar, that is, 1629 AD. According to the early marriage custom of the Wang people in Jiangnan at that time, girls could get married after the marriage, and the age of the family was 15 years old. And Xu Can is "loved by his father Guanglu Gongzi Maogong" and is the younger daughter, so Chen Zhixuan's "please succeed to Xu" will not be earlier than Xu Can's 15 years old, but it will not be too late, and the age gap between the two should be between 7 and 10 years old. If Chen Zhixuan remarried Xu Can in the second year of Ming Chongzhen, that is, in 1629 AD, Xu Can was 15 years old, then Xu Can was born in 1612, that is, in the 39th year of the Ming Wanli Calendar. From the mutual singing and harmony works of Chen Zhiyi and Xu Can after marriage, it can be seen that Xu Chen and Xu Chen have deep feelings. Chen Zhiwei is full of pity and pity for Xu Can, while Xu Can is full of affection for Chen Zhixuan.
Two
Xu Can's father, Xu Zimao, was the Guanglu Temple during the Ming Dynasty's Tianqi and Chongzhen years, and the Guanglu Temple was the institution responsible for the emperor and the imperial palace's meals, and the cheng was the head of his department, and the rank was not high, from Liupin. Xu Zimao is a literary family with a history of history and a family history. In such a family cultural atmosphere, Xu Can has received a good education since childhood. She works in poetry, especially good at short sentences, good at literature, fine calligraphy and painting, the painting of the ladies with light colors, ancient brushwork, work purity, the Northern Song Dynasty, in her later years to paint ink Guanyin, intercropping flowers and plants. She often sang and reconciled with Chai Jingyi, Zhu Rouze, Lin Yining, and Qian Yunyi, and became the Banana Garden Poetry Society, known as the "Five Sons of banana garden", which contributed to the development of women's literature in the early Qing Dynasty. He is the author of three volumes of "Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry", two volumes of poetry collection "Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry Collection", and 246 poems, all of which exist today.
Chen Zhiyi was a well-known poet in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and he was also a legendary figure. It is precisely because they are similar in literature and attract each other, which has laid the ideological foundation for the relationship between husband and wife, and singing and writing can often be seen in the poems and words of the two people. Chongzhen married in the second year, and in the next nine years, the husband and wife traveled back and forth between Suzhou and Haining, Chen Zhiyi read and took the exam, Xu Can's husband taught his son, warm and romantic, raised eyebrows, poetry answered each other, you sang me and, living a calm and sweet happy life.
In the 10th year of Ming Chongzhen (1637), Chen Zhiyi was admitted to the jinshi, and was the second place in the first class, that is, the list of eyes, and was awarded the hanlin academy to edit and enter the career. When they first entered the capital, Chen Xu and his wife were even more like fish in the water, shuttling through the forest of Confucianism. The Hanlin Academy editor is a springboard for entering the official arena after entering the ranks and the first. All indications show that Chen Zhixuan's future is splendid.
However, in the second year of Chen Zhixuan's entry into Beijing, a sudden change occurred. In the 11th year of Ming Chongzhen, in the winter of 1638 AD, the Qing army broke through the Great Wall and invaded the area of present-day Hengshui in Hebei, chen Zhiyi's father Chen Zubao, who was then the inspector of Shuntian, was arrested and imprisoned for the crime of losing the city due to poor garrison. When he learned that his father was about to be beheaded, in order to avoid his father's execution, he bought off the jailer and secretly poisoned him, "killing his father in the Punishment Department Futang". The matter was soon discovered, and Chen Zhiyi immediately dismissed the official and "never used it."
Many people may not understand, when you are a son, why do you want to poison your father? Isn't that the greatest filial piety? In fact, this is out of Chinese respect for their own body, the so-called body skin by the parents, do not dare to destroy. It is also associated with traditional funerary practices. In the eyes of the ancients, when people come to this world completely, they must also leave in their entirety. The most intolerable thing is that when death comes, the head is different, or the human limbs and organs are mutilated. Therefore, the people will be able to save the corpse as a major event after the death of the adult. In Chen Zhixuan's view, no one can save his father's sins, and keeping the whole body for his father is the greatest filial piety. Therefore, he dared to take on a big stake and do things that had no ancient people before and no one came after him. And the Ming Dynasty's harshness and ruthlessness toward officials are not comparable to previous dynasties. Therefore, it cannot be said that the encounter between Chen Zhiyuan's father and son was an important reason why he later took the initiative to surrender and serve the new dynasty.
Three
Seven years later, in December of the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), the uneven Chen Zhiyi took the initiative to ask Zhang Cunren, the governor of Qing, Zhejiang, and Min, to surrender, and expressed his willingness to serve the new dynasty. Chen's knowledge was soon appreciated and valued by the regent Dorgon. Based on the Ming Dynasty classics, he formulated a series of imperial court rules and regulations for the Qing Dynasty, which originally had no system. Therefore, when the Shunzhi Emperor began to pro-government after Dorgon's death and set out to eliminate Dorgon's henchmen, he trusted him because of his love for talent and repeatedly promoted him to an official. For example, Dorgon died in the seventh year of Shunzhi, and in the eighth year of Shunzhi, Chen Zhiyi was promoted to The Rebbe Shangshu, equivalent to the current Minister of Culture and Minister of Education, plus the Crown Prince Taibao; in the ninth year of Shunzhi, he was awarded the Hongwen Academy University Scholar, and later people called Chen Zhiyuan as the Elder of the Cabinet or Xiangguo, which is derived from this. In the Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, the university scholar was a highly respected official position, equivalent to the former prime minister.
Chen Zhiyi became an official in the new dynasty, and at first Xu Can did not live in Beijing with him, mainly because Xu Can was dissatisfied with her husband's surrender. The Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry Collection has a poem written by Xu Can before the Ming Dynasty:
Shuang Hong chao Song Jinshu also knew that xiang han lantern was miserable. From then on, when he woke up in the dream of Lin Ge, he should fight with the old Lumen Mountain, ten years of eunuchs, once jun en changed the ring. Sending a message to the lake and clouds returning to Xiu, Mo Weilin rain out of the world.
Obviously, in the correspondence between the husband and wife, there was a dispute over whether Chen Zhixuan would appear again. In the era of imperial power with her husband as the mainstay, Xu Can's bitter heart as his wife could not shake Chen Zhixuan's determination to surrender, and in order to appease and compensate his wife, Chen Zhixuan bought the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou from a prisoner surnamed Xu at a low price of 2,000 taels of silver and gave it to Xu Can. Xu Can was naturally overjoyed by such a big gift as the Humble Administrator's Garden, and she not only lived in the Humble Administrator's Garden, but also wrote poems and filled in the words here, leaving behind nearly a hundred popular lyrics. Chen Zhiyi was very fond of his wife's lyrics in the Humble Administrator's Garden, and Shunzhi personally edited three volumes of his wife's words in the seventh year, and wrote a preface, entitled "Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry". Later, his sons Jianyong, Rongyong, Fenyong, and Kanyong were paid to Qing Shunzhi in the tenth year of Qing Shunzhi (1653 AD).
Four
Chen Zhixuan's actions made Xu Can's life path take a fundamental turn. In the early Qing Dynasty, the rivalry between the party and the party was not weaker than that of the previous dynasty, and Chen Zhixuan, a university scholar from a large bureaucratic family, was a veteran among them. In March of the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656), Chen Zhiyi was severely investigated and punished by the officials for the dispute between the friends and the party, and the officials even reported it to the emperor with the punishment of planning to be dismissed and never used. Even so, the Shunzhi Emperor only changed the original official's family to Shengjing, which is today's Shenyang to live.
After only seven months, the Shunzhi Emperor ordered him to return to Beijing to join the flag, but the degree of reuse was far less than before. He began to pay bribes to wu liangfu, a powerful internal prisoner, in an attempt to regain his reuse in an abnormal way. However, most of the officials of the imperial court at that time were his political enemies, and the matter was soon exposed, and in the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658), Chen Zhiyi was imprisoned, and after the officials verified it, they proposed to correct the crime. The Shunzhi Emperor also spared him the death penalty, demoted him to a dismissed post, and had no family property, and the whole family was sent to Shenyang, and successively lived in Shenyang, Liaoyang, and Shangyang Fort (whose site is in the Qinghe Reservoir Area of present-day Kaiyuan City).
After Chen Zhiyi was sent to Shenyang again, he never returned to the capital and Jiangnan, and he lived in Shengjing and other places for 9 years until he died in a foreign land. During this period, Chen Zhiyi and the exiles sent to Shengjing, officials, eunuchs, literati, and even anti-Qing zhishi exchanged peace with each other, and exchanged poems with the most famous anti-Qing righteous scholars sent to Shenyang, that is, the remaining monks and monks, and became a member of the first literary society in northeast China, the Bingtian Poetry Society.
Chen Zhiyi was sent to Shenyang twice, and Xu Can of course accompanied him. Xu Can received a traditional Confucian education from an early age, she was knowledgeable, familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics, thus accumulating a deep Confucian moral tradition, and has a strong affection for the nation and the country. The husband is clear, and she, as a wife, is powerless to stop it, but her heart is dissatisfied and depressed. There are six "Man Jiang Hong" poems under the volume of the Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry, of which the third and fourth poems are marked as "You sense" and "Will Arrive at Kyo Ji Su An", respectively, the former writing:
"After the chaos, it is really difficult to say that I am worried. Spring will go, the ice platform will grow, and the money will overlap. The embers of the water are still tired, and the small windows are about the clouds and the moon. Sigh life, fight like a lotus in the water, and the heart is knotted. Parting tears, full of blood. The flow is endless, and the waves are added to the throat. See the flood returns to the array, several increases of poignancy. Cui Dai every time from the green mirror is reduced, the gold is lacking to the head of the bed. Ask this spring, once dreamed of the township pass, frightened the bird. ”
From this poem, it can be seen that Chen Zhixuan came out of the new dynasty, and Xu Can was resentful. This seems to explain why she is reluctant to go to Beijing with her husband. At the end of the word: "Ask this spring, I once dreamed of the countryside pass, frightened the bird", implicitly expressing the blame for her husband. The bird is a cuckoo bird, which is said to be the soul of the Shu Emperor Du Yu, and often cries at night, with a poignant voice, and the lyricist uses this to express his sorrow and sorrow.
Five
At Chen Zhixuan's repeated urging, Xu Can, who was full of sad words, took his children north to the capital to reunite with her husband. On the way, she wrote a poem full of dissatisfaction and blame for her husband, describing the sorrow of the journey and the hatred of the homeland. "The east wind is evil" and "the journey is the first to arrive", which is already full of hatred, and even a little gritted teeth, in fact, it is written about the old hatred of the rivers and mountains. Although she is about to be reunited with her husband, Xu Can has no joy in her heart, and in order not to let herself be "full of mountains and rivers and old hatred", she really wants to hide the boat. However, she had to leave for Beijing, and the sorrow and suffering brought about by the rise and fall of old hatred tormented her body and mind, accompanied by the whole journey, so that she was "haggard on the journey" and "sick as a cut".
Look at "Tasha Xing: Early Spring": "The grass has only budded, the pear blossoms have not rained, and the spring soul has become the end of the world." Who does the crystal curtain turn to? The gold coat flew up to the cherry tree. The homeland is vast, what about the flat boat? The sunset is a river. The blue clouds are like old mountains and rivers, and the traces of the moon rest deeply. This is Xu Can's most famous poem, and there is almost no one who is not selected in the Great Fan Qing Ren Word Selection. Later generations commented: "The sense of rise and fall is a shame for the country." ”
If the boudoir sentiment expressed in "Humble Administrator's Garden Poetry" can be called "since the Southern Song Dynasty, the boudoir show, only one person", then when Xu Can was exiled to Shenyang with Chen Zhiyi, his poetic style changed greatly. Xu Can lived in Shenyang for a total of 13 years, and in the first 9 years, he sang harmony with Chen Zhixuan and changed from the joy of boudoir to the sigh of life and the hatred of rise and fall.
Six
In the fifth year of Kangxi, Chen Zhiyi fell ill and died in the Shushu, and in the four years before Kangxi, the fourth son Rong Yong, who accompanied them out of exile, died; in the sixth year of Kangxi, the sixth son Kan Yong also died, and Xu Can was left with only the fifth son Fenyong, who was "a cocoon" and died many times, and she fell into unprecedented grief and sorrow. Since then, he has no longer chanted poems to fill in the words, "Late Yi took refuge in the Dharma", and personally painted nearly 10,000 portraits of Guanyin Masters, and the good men and women at that time competed for "treasure".
In the tenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1671), when the Kangxi Emperor made his first eastern tour to worship his ancestors, when he was stationed in Shenyang, Xu Can took advantage of the opportunity of kneeling to meet the side of the road to cry out to the emperor. Kangxi asked, "Is there any injustice?" Xu Can said, "The former minister only knows and thinks about it, how dare he speak out about injustice?" The Emperor was overwhelmed with benevolence and bowed down to his ancestors. After the Kangxi Emperor agreed, Xu Can helped Chen Zhichen's coffin back to his hometown and buried his ancestor Yu Zu. It is said that he died at the age of 80.
As a female poet, Xu Can's works have no shortage of deep vicissitudes and sad sighs that are rare among male poets. Her works are a true reflection of the inner world of the Jiangnan scholar class in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. She is sensitive, affectionate, always full of hopes and fantasies about life and the future, but the ruthless reality always shatters her one by one; she is bumpy, how difficult, she once had a happy family, a happy marriage and a famous garden in Jiangnan, and finally all lost; she is brave, steadfast, dares to bear the pressure and injustice brought by fate, but the trend of history always makes her suffer a situation that even men cannot bear.
Perhaps, without such a life experience, Xu Can would not have become the Xu Can in our hearts.
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