<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > personal experience</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" > childhood</h1>
Statue of Socrates (Library of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) Socrates was born into a family of ordinary citizens in Athens, Greece. Her father was a carver and her mother was a midwife. Socrates was born with a flat nose, thick lips, bulging eyes, and a clumsy and short body. He was ordinary in appearance and simple in language, but had a divine mind. He was born at the time of the complete victory of the Persian War and grew up in the heyday of Pericles, when wise men gathered in Athens from all over Greece and brought many new ideas and free debates to the democratic Athens. The young Socrates consulted the famous sages Protagoras and Prodico and discussed various important social and philosophical questions. He was also employed by the wise woman Diotima. Claiming to be accompanied by "spiritual signs" indicates what to do improperly and to believe in for life. It was also influenced by the Ophir mysticism and the Pythagoreans. Socrates lived a hard life all his life. No matter how cold or hot it is, he wears an ordinary single coat, often does not wear shoes, and is not particular about eating. But he didn't seem to notice this, but only concentrated on learning. Biographies and achievements are recorded by his disciples.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="4" > youth</h1>
As a teenager, Socrates learned the art of carving from his father. Later, he read Homer's epic poems and the works of other famous poets, and became a very learned man by self-study. He made a living imparting knowledge, and in his 30s worked as a social ethics teacher who did not pay or set up a library. Socrates saw himself as a gift from God to the Athenians, a messenger whose task was to go around all day talking to people, discussing problems, and seeking the truth and wisdom that would be most useful to man himself. So he spent most of his life outdoors, enjoying talking about various issues with people in all walks of life in public places such as markets, sports fields, and streets, such as, what is piety? What is democracy? What are virtues? What is courage? What is truth? And what is your job? What knowledge and skills do you have? Are you a politician? If so, what did you learn about domination? Are you a teacher? How do you conquer your own ignorance before educating ignorant people? Wait a minute. The theme that runs through these discussions is to lead people to understand that on these issues of vital importance to man, man is actually very ignorant, so people need to seek through critical discussion what is true justice and goodness, so as to achieve the purpose of transforming the soul and saving the city-state. Socrates said, "My mother was a midwife, I want to follow in her footsteps, I am a spiritual midwife, helping others to generate their own thoughts." He also likened himself to a cattle fly, a gift from God to Athens. God gave him to Athens to stimulate the country with this bullfly, because Athens is like a horse, but because of its fat laziness and sluggishness, it is very necessary to have a cowfly stinging it tightly, rebuking it and persuading it at any time and place, so that it can wake up from its slumber and rejuvenate. Socrates saw the criticism of Athens as a divine mission given to him by God, and this sense of mission and the resulting thinking and exploration became the purpose of his life and philosophical practice. He knew that doing so would make many people so angry that they wanted to trample the bullfly to death, but God's mission to him could not be violated, so he risked his life.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="6" > middle age</h1>
At the age of 40, he became a well-known figure in Athens. He debated philosophical issues in Athens with many wise men of his time, mainly about ethics and morality as well as the political aspects of education, and was considered the wisest man of his time.
Socrates' doctrine is mystical. He believes that the survival, development, and destruction of all kinds of things in heaven and on earth are arranged by God, and God is the master of the world. He objected to the study of the natural world, believing that it was blasphemous.
He advocated that people know the truth of human beings and live a moral life. He defined philosophy as "loving wisdom," and one of his important points was that he knew he was ignorant. Many rich and poor children often gathered around him and asked him for advice, but Socrates often said, "I know only that I know nothing." He concluded: "Only God is wise, and his reply is to indicate that human wisdom is of little value or totally worthless, and that God is not speaking of Socrates, he is merely using my name as an illustration, as if to say, people, only those who know that their wisdom is in fact worthless, as Socrates did, are the wisest people." He prides himself on his ignorance and believes that everyone should admit their ignorance.
As a citizen, he fought in the army three times, served as a heavy infantryman, showed tenacity and bravery in war, and more than once rescued wounded soldiers in battle. In addition, he served as a juror in the Athenian Citizens' Assembly.
However, after the restoration of slave-owning democracy in Athens, Socrates was charged with contempt for traditional religion, the introduction of new gods, corruption of youth, and opposition to democracy. He refused the advice of friends and students to beg for forgiveness and flee, and committed suicide by drinking poisoned wine at the age of 70.
Socrates did advocate a new God, the source of moral goodness and wisdom: the rational God of the universe. This cosmic rational God is the ultimate basis of Socrates' philosophical pursuit of true goodness, and man can have knowledge because he has received special love from God, has been endowed with a part of divinity, and thus has a soul, a mind and reason that loves wisdom. But man should understand that the little soul you have is incomparable to god's wisdom. Therefore, this new concept of a rational God and the teaching that man should be "self-aware and ignorant" have become a powerful force that inspires and promotes man's pursuit of true knowledge and criticism of untruthfulness, hypocrisy, hypocrisy.
Socrates loved the Athenian city-state, and he did not allow the most sacred ideals to be desecrated in the slightest, so he resolutely chose death. It is not that he does not value his own life, but he pays more attention to his soul, and he believes that God is everywhere and omnipotent, and that everything is a clever arrangement of God's conscious and purposeful purpose. He had not betrayed God, and since death was God's calling to him, what else could he hesitate about? Perhaps people laughed at him, at his innocence, at his stubbornness and intransigence, but only those who truly penetrated his inner world would be impressed by his wisdom and loyalty: wisdom enabled him to see and to be closely attentive to the undetected virtues of the multitude, loyalty to the city-state he loved, to the law he obeyed all his life, to his eternal pursuit of ideals.
In socrates' case, one side was a great philosopher who pursued the truth and sacrificed his life for righteousness, and on the other side was the Athenian city-state that claimed democracy and freedom and was regarded as the source of democratic politics. What is right and what is wrong, who is good and who is evil, is not so clear-cut, and emotional trade-offs become a painful torture, so its tragic color is more and more prominent.
Socrates, both before and after his death, had a large number of fanatical admirers and a large number of fierce opponents. He left no writings in his lifetime, and his actions and doctrines were passed down mainly through the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon. Regarding the life and doctrine of Socrates, due to the various records and statements since ancient times, it has always been the most discussed issue in the academic circles.
But his impact was enormous. In the history of European culture, he has always been regarded as a saint who died in pursuit of truth, almost the same place that Confucius occupies in Chinese history. Historians of philosophy tend to refer to him as a watershed in the history of the development of ancient Greek philosophy, referring to his pre-Philosophy as pre-Socratic philosophy. He ushered in a new era of Greek philosophy with a new understanding of philosophy, and with his basic ideas of soul reincarnation and purification, he gave Plato a profound and tremendous influence, and through them he continued to influence Western philosophy in the Hellenistic Roman era and even in later generations.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="17" > human thought</h1>
The study of Socrates' philosophical beliefs is not a simple matter: since he did not remain at all
Socrates' monograph Any record closer to the truth has been the subject of debate. Some argue that Socrates does not have any particular beliefs, but only interrogates each of them; the lengthy theory he publishes in the Republic is actually Plato's idea. Some people think that he does not have any of his own beliefs and theories, but there is much debate about this, because it is quite difficult to distinguish the concepts of Plato and Socrates from the record, and it is even more difficult to explain their concepts. Therefore, it is not simple to find Socrates' ideas from the accounts of Plato and Xenophon and others—it is important to note that these ideas may well not have been proposed by Socrates himself, but may be closer to the views of these recorders themselves.
Evidence from the dialogues shows that Socrates had only two teachers: prodicus, the grammarian, and a priestess, Diotima, who taught Socrates about love. Some dialogues also show that Socrates was influenced by thinkers of the time, such as Parmenides and Anaxagoras, who are often regarded in historical records as Socrates' mentors. The classical historian John Burnet argues that Socrates' main teacher was Archelaus, an Anaxagoras scholar, and that the account of Archelaus is actually Socrates' own theory. Eric A. Havelock argues that Socrates' relationship with the Anaxagoras proves the difference between his philosophical ideas and Plato's.
Before Socrates, Greek philosophy mainly studied the question of what the origin of the universe was and what the world was made of, which later generations called "natural philosophy". Socrates believed that studying these questions again would have little practical significance in saving the country. Out of concern for the fate of the country and the people, he turned to the study of human beings themselves, that is, the study of human ethical issues, such as what is justice and what is injustice; what is bravery and what is cowardice; what is honesty and what is hypocrisy; what is wisdom, how knowledge is obtained; what is the state, what qualities can govern the country well, how the talents of governance should be cultivated, and so on. Later generations called Socrates' philosophy "ethical philosophy." He opened up a new field for philosophical research, making philosophy "return from heaven to earth" and has great significance in the history of philosophy.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="23" > mind</h1>
Beginning with the wise men, ancient Greek philosophy shifted from a focus on the study of nature itself to a focus on the study of social ethics and man. But they only stay in the emotional stage and can only draw relativistic conclusions. It wasn't until Socrates that this changed radically. Socrates demanded a "turn of the mind", to shift philosophy from the study of nature to the study of the self, which later became often said, to pull philosophy from heaven to earth. He believed that the pursuit of the truth of nature was endless; that the world was constantly changing, and that the knowledge thus acquired was uncertain. Socrates is to seek an unchanging, definite, eternal truth, which is not to seek from the outside of nature, but to return to oneself and study the self. His famous quote is to know yourself. Beginning with Socrates, the self and nature are distinctly distinguished; man is no longer merely part of nature, but another distinct entity distinct from nature.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="25" > soul</h1>
Socrates' doctrine of the soul further clarifies the spiritual and material differentiation. Philosophers before Socrates already had the idea that the soul is immortal, and there are already the germ of the opposition between idealism and materialism. But his previous philosophers were vague about the soul, and some regarded the soul as the finest substance, so the line between idealism and materialism was not clear. It was not until Socrates that the soul was explicitly regarded as a spiritual entity that was fundamentally different from matter. In Socrates' view, the birth and destruction of things is nothing but the aggregation and dispersion of something. He clearly opposed spirit and matter and became the founder of idealistic philosophy in the history of Western philosophy.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="27" > truth</h1>
According to Aristotle, Socrates gave up the study of the natural world in order to seek universal truths on ethical issues and began to seek definitions for things. He opposed the relativism of the wise men, arguing that "opinions" can be varied and that "truth" can have only one; that "opinions" can vary with each person and other conditions, and that "truth" is eternal and unchanging. In Plato's early dialogues, the subject of discussion was almost always the question of how to define ethics and morality. What Socrates pursues is the requirement to know "beauty itself" and "justice itself", which is the universal definition of beauty and justice, and is true knowledge, that is, what Plato called "the idea of beauty" and "the idea of justice". This is the first form of "idea theory" in the history of Western philosophy. Socrates further pointed out that the series of causes and effects in nature is endless, and that if philosophy seeks only this cause and effect, it is impossible to know the ultimate cause of things. He believes that the ultimate cause of things is "goodness", which is the purpose of things. He replaced the study of causality of things with teleology, opening the way for later idealistic philosophies.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="29" > dialectic</h1>
Midwifery and dialectics that expose contradictions
Socrates believed that all knowledge arises from difficulties, and the more difficult it is to make progress, the more difficult it is, and the more difficult it is, the greater the progress. Socrates admitted that he himself had no knowledge, and that he had to teach others knowledge. This contradiction, he solved, is how he solved: this knowledge is not instilled in man, but people already have; people have a "fetus" in their hearts, but they do not know that Socrates is like a "midwife", helping others to produce knowledge. Socrates' midwifery technique is concentrated in the form of "cross-examination" that he often adopts, exposing the contradictions in various propositions and doctrines proposed by the other party in the form of questions, in order to shake the basis of the other party's argument and indicate the ignorance of the other party; in the interrogation, Socrates himself does not give a positive and positive answer, because he admits his ignorance. This approach is generally referred to as the "irony of Socrates". Socrates' approach was developed from the logical corollary of the Eliadian school and the counter-argument of Elias Zeno. In the negative form of Socrates' satire there are positive results of dialectical thinking that exposes contradictions. Su Shi compares herself to the midwife, and uses the method of stripping the cocoon from the conversation, so that the other party gradually understands their ignorance, and discovers their own mistakes and establishes a correct concept of knowledge. This kind of conversation also has several characteristics: First, the conversation is through the help of questions and answers, in order to clarify the other party's thinking, so that they can discover the truth on their own. Only in the middle of the conversation, Su Shi is biased towards asking, and he does not easily answer the other party's questions. He asked only the other party to answer the questions he posed, and he asked them with humility, and the other party answered the information that led to other questions, until finally, due to constant cross-examination, the youth admitted his ignorance. In the process of asking questions, Sue gives the students the highest wisdom, known as socratic irony. Socrates' approach, in the history of Western philosophy, is the earliest form of dialectics.
From the perspective of the development of philosophical thought, Socrates proposed the distinction between spiritual and material entities, so that the opposition between idealism and materialism broke away from the simple state of early philosophy and entered a more mature stage; he raised the aphoristic ethical thought of the early Greek philosophers to the height of philosophy; he inspired thought in the form of logical debate, exposed contradictions, and penetrated into the essence of things with the method of dialectical thinking. All of this contributes to the development of philosophical thinking. However, as the first systematic idealist philosopher in the history of Western philosophy, he began to exaggerate the subject and reason, exaggerate abstract thinking, and replace the myth of religious mythology with the myth of philosophical idealism.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="33" > education</h1>
Socrates has been engaged in educational work all his life, has a wealth of practical experience in education and has his own
Socrates' Theory of Education. But he didn't start his own school. So where did he teach? How does he teach? Squares, temples, streets, shops, workshops, gymnasiums, etc., are all places where he taught. Young people, old people, rich people, poor people, peasants, craftsmen, nobles, commoners are all the objects of his teaching, and whoever asks him for advice is enthusiastic. Other teachers at that time, the wise men, charged tuition fees, and they used being teachers as a means of making money, while Socrates taught people who did not charge tuition fees, he taught for the benefit of the city-state, and he was a volunteer teacher. He believes that education is very important for a person's growth. He believes that whether they are more talented or less talented, if they are determined to achieve commendable achievements, they must study and practice diligently.
The purpose of Socrates' education was to produce the talents of the state. After Pericles' death, athens had no good leaders, and democracy became extremely democratized, became anarchism, and even the leaders of the country were elected by casting lots or drawing lots. Socrates was very sad about this. He believes that the talents who govern the country must be well educated, and advocates cultivating talents for governing the country through education. In order to cultivate the talents of governance, he devoted his life's energy.
With regard to the content of education, he advocated that first of all, we should cultivate human virtues, teach people to learn to be human beings, and become virtuous people; secondly, we should teach people to learn extensive and practical knowledge. He believed that the ruler must have extensive knowledge. He said that in all things he was respected and praised by those who were the most knowledgeable, and those who were condemned and despised were the most ignorant; finally, he advocated teaching people to exercise. He believes that a healthy body is very important for physical activity and mental activity, both in peacetime and in wartime. And a healthy body is not born, only through exercise can make the body strong.
In terms of teaching methods, Socrates has formed his own unique set of teaching methods through long-term teaching practice, which people call "Socratic methods", and he himself calls "midwifery". His mother was a midwife, and he used this as a metaphor for his teaching methods. His mother's midwifery was to deliver babies, and his "midwifery" teaching rule was to deliver babies for thoughts, to guide people to have correct thoughts.
The "Socratic method" has been carried out in the form of teachers and students' questions and answers from beginning to end, so it is also called "question and answer method". When Socrates teaches students to acquire a certain concept, instead of telling this concept directly to the student, he first asks the student a question and asks the student to answer, and if the student answers incorrectly, he does not directly correct it, but asks another question to guide the student to think, so as to draw the correct conclusion step by step. It lays the foundation for heuristic teaching.
The question and answer method advocated by Socrates had a great influence on later generations, and to this day, the question and answer method is still an important teaching method.
On the first day of school, Socrates said to his students, "Today we are only doing one thing, and everyone tries to throw their arms forward and then backwards." "With that, he did a demonstration." Starting today, do 300 times a day, can you do it? The students all laughed, such a simple thing, who can't do it. But a year later, when Socrates asked again, only one of his students persevered, and this man became a new generation of thinkers after him, and this man was called Plato.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="42" > ethics</h1>
Socrates established a system of ethical thought in which knowledge is morality, centered on the discussion of the purpose and virtue of life. He stressed that people should know the universal laws of social life and "know themselves", believing that the various beneficial or harmful purposes and moral norms that people acquire in real life are relative, and that only by exploring the concept of universal and absolute goodness and grasping the true knowledge of concepts are people's highest purpose in life and the virtue of the supreme good. Socrates believed that to be moral, one must have moral knowledge, and that all immoral actions are the result of ignorance. Only by freeing oneself from the temptations of materialism and the limitations of acquired experience and acquiring conceptual knowledge will one have the virtues of wisdom, bravery, moderation, and justice. He believed that morality could only be arranged by the mind and God, and that moral education was to make people know the mind and God and listen to the instructions of the gods. This ethical idea of asceticism and mysticism was later inherited and developed by Antistys, forming a cynic school characterized by an emphasis on abstinence; while the hedonistic ideas contained in Socrates' ethical thought were inherited and developed by Aristib, forming the Julian school advocating pleasure. Plato fully inherited Socrates' system of ethical thought, and further systematized and theorized. Socrates emphasized the importance of knowledge, believing that ethics and morality should be determined by reason, and this rationalist thought played a positive role in the development of Western philosophical thought in the future.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="44" > folded debate</h1>
Socrates often debated with people. During the debate, he used the form of questions and answers to correct and abandon the original misconceptions and help people generate new ideas. This question is divided into three steps: the first step is called socratic satire, which he considers to be a necessary step to make man wise, because unless a person is humble and "knows his ignorance", he cannot learn true knowledge. The second step is called definition, which is repeatedly cross-examined and generalized in the question and answer to arrive at a clear definition and concept, and the third step is called midwifery, which guides the student to think for himself and conclude on his own, as Socrates himself said, although ignorant, he can help others gain knowledge, as if his mother is a midwife, although old age can not have children, but can deliver, can help new life to be born.
Socrates also taught his students never to give them ready-made answers, but used rhetorical questions and rebuttals to make students unconsciously accept the influence of his thoughts.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="47" > governing</h1>
Socrates advocated expert statecraft, arguing that all walks of life and even state power should be governed by trained, knowledgeable people, and opposed democracy by the law of election by lot. He said: Managers are not those who hold power and bully others, not those elected by the people, but those who know how to manage. For example, a boat should be driven by someone familiar with navigation; when spinning wool, women should manage men, because they are good at it, and men do not understand. He also said that the best people are people who are competent for their jobs. A good farmer who is proficient in farming is a good doctor; a good doctor who is proficient in medicine; a good politician who is proficient in politics.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="49" > person case</h1>
* October 2002, European institutions, 30 participating countries and a number of universities and academics
The School of Athens and student organizations participated in the commemoration of the breakthrough of one million students from Socrates to Erasimo.
* Between 2001 and 2002, 32,000 students and 6,000 teachers from 30 countries, including Europe, studied and taught in the Erazmas and Socrates programs in Germany.
* Socrates proposed the proposition that "knowledge is virtue" 2,000 years ago, trying to unify truth with goodness.
* 2000 years ago, Socrates asked people to know themselves, but found that the result of this knowledge is to realize their own ignorance, Plato advocated the method of reason, but ideas are not known to people in advance, human reason encountered fundamental problems, so ancient Greek philosophy moved toward skepticism.
* As early as 2000 BC, there are records of the budding of self-consciousness in Indian religious texts; By the time of Socrates, the knowledge of oneself "gradually evolved into a declaration of independence for mankind, marking the conscious knowledge of the human self; The real study of the self by human beings began with the modern French philosopher Descartes, who first proposed the concept of "self-consciousness", and also put forward the incisive thesis of "paying attention to oneself with the eyes of the mind".
* One of the research projects carried out by the Association from July 2000 to May 2001 was the European Higher Education Accreditation Programme Exploration, which received partial investment from the Socrates Program.
* During the period 1995-1999, the European Union will allocate 28.5 million yuan. 700 million ecu, in order to support the implementation of the "Socrates Plan", "da Vinci Plan" and "Adaptation Plan" and other vocational training and retraining projects, and vigorously promote the new concept of "lifelong vocational training is to ensure lifelong employment".
* In 1995, Nozick published The Nature of Reason, which analyzed the problems of code of conduct in everyday life, while the 1997 book The Confusion of Socrates was a collection of Nozick's essays, essays, reviews, and philosophical short stories.
* In 1995, the European Union began to implement the four-year "Socrates Education Program" with a total investment of 6.5 billion francs, one of the important elements of which is also to actively promote language teaching in EU countries and create conditions for language teachers to train abroad.
* Since 1995, the scope of the programme has been further expanded and incorporated into the new plan of the European Union, the Socrates Plan, which includes all types and levels of education and emphasizes the concept of "European Education for All".
* Since 1995, the European Union has allocated 28. 700 million eJ to support the implementation of vocational training and retraining projects such as the "Socrates Plan", the "Da Vinci Plan" and the "Adaptation Plan".
* Since 1995, the European Union has introduced two new 4-year education and training programs, namely the Socrates Program and the Da Vinci Program.
* In 1995, the Council of Europe proposed two five-year plans of action on education, collectively known as the Socrates. The project includes eight education-related projects, including erasmus, Lingua and Comenius.
* It is not difficult to see from the "Socrates Plan" implemented by the European Union in 1995 and the Bologna Declaration issued in 1999 that the use of English teaching, the introduction of a wide variety of international courses, the encouragement of students and teachers to study and teach abroad, and the establishment of credits and degrees exchanged for mutual recognition will become increasingly important in the process of forming a relatively unified European higher education market or system.
* In 1995, the European Council systematically reorganized the various eu-union educational programmes in an integrated manner, proposing a comprehensive "Socrates Plan".
* In 1995, the European Union launched two more important cooperative education and training programmes, namely the Socrates Programme and the Da Vinci Programme.
* Since 1989, ECTS has been used in some regions, especially in schools participating in the Socrates-Erasimo project.
* Ye Xiushan, 1982: Studies in the Philosophy of Pre-Socrates Triptych.
* As early as 1976 J Hillis Miller described the opposition between the two as clearly as follows... On the one hand, socratic, theoretical, or cautious critics, on the other, Apollo-like, tragic or weird critics.
* In 1969, Kohlberg was amazed to see the success of a semester of Socratic moral dilemmas that Bright engaged in at the middle school, in which one-third of the students who participated in the discussion moved upwards for a period of time, while the students in the control group remained still.
* In 1966, Strauss published his book Socrates and Aristophanes, which explained Aristophanes' 11 comedies, of which the most inked were "Clouds" and "Birds", and the first to explain was "Clouds" with the theme of Socrates.
* In March 1930, the "Left Alliance" was established in Shanghai, and the left-wing literary and artistic trend soon influenced the nearby Hangzhou, and the National Hangzhou Art College was "no longer a Socratic school".
* Nietzsche died in 1900, the same year that Freud's Analysis of Dreams came out, and this occasional overlap in years symbolizes Freud's objective inheritance and realization of Nietzsche's return to the pre-Socratic era, that is, the desire to liberate the wild.
* In 1870, Randall, dean of Harvard Law School, pioneered the "Case Study Pedagogy" and the "Socratic Pedagogy", which became important teaching methods that universities followed.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="75" > character quotes</h1>
The only thing I know is that I don't know anything.
A doctor came up to socrates and said that anything he ate was light and tasteless. Sugar
Socrates said, "You just have to stop eating." ”
Before Socrates was executed, his friend said sadly, "My dear Socrates, how I do not want you to be executed so unjustly!" Socrates said quietly, "Friend, would you like to see me justly executed?" ”
When the time comes, we each go our separate ways, whether it is better to live in this world or to die, only God knows the answer.
Ignorance is sin.
Others live for food, I eat for survival.
Education is not indoctrination, but lighting a flame.
The more you know, the less you know.
Crush is the most beautiful love in the world.
Adversity is the highest institution of human learning, and the conundrum is the door through which people gain wisdom.
The most passionate love will have the most indifferent ending.
I have met the world, I have known the world since I have met, and I have fulfilled my mission to bring me together with all beings.
Know yourself.
The less we need, the closer we are to God.
The gods reserved for themselves the knowledge of what was most important.
Those who want to influence the world must first be able to influence themselves.
Only by knowing yourself can you know life.
Beauty is hard.
Virtue is knowledge or virtue, i.e., ignorance and ignorance are the source of evil.
Wisdom means self-knowledge and ignorance.
I only know one thing in my life, and that is that I don't know anything about everything.
There are two kinds of people in this world, one is a happy pig and the other is a miserable person. Be a miserable person, not a happy pig.
If you put the pain of everyone in the world together and let you choose, you may still be willing to choose your original share.
Men live by forgetfulness, and women live by remembering.
Socrates
Only reason is the most precious.
I know very well that I have no wisdom, neither big nor small.
Education is the tool and method that seduces our hearts.
The most effective way to educate people is not to tell people the answers, but to ask them questions.
If you want to learn from me, you must first have a strong desire to learn, just as you have a strong desire to survive.
Ideas should be born in the hearts of students, and teachers should only act like midwives.
Everyone has the sun on them, mainly how to make it shine.
The problem is the midwife, which can help give birth to new ideas.
I am not giving knowledge, but the midwife who makes knowledge produce itself.
The best people are yourself.
I know my own ignorance, I know my ignorance.
An unexamined life is worthless or: an unexamined life is not worth living.
Before many people, my tongue is particularly healthy.
Don't rely on gifts to get a friend.
Tell my friends and I'll know what kind of person you are.
In this world, apart from sunshine, air, water and smiles, what else do we need!
The time has come to break up, I will die, you will live, and who will live happier, only God knows.
I walked around, doing nothing else, but asking you, young and old, not to care only about your flesh, but to protect your soul.
For philosophers, death is the final self-actualization. It is something that cannot be asked for, because it opens the door to true knowledge. The soul comes from the body
Freed from the shackles, the visual realm of the bright heavenly kingdom was finally realized.
Anything that could have been done better is also lazy!
Man can make mistakes, but he cannot make the same mistake.
When you are angry, keep your mouth shut so as not to increase your anger.
If I can put up with my own wife, I can put up with anyone!
A good marriage only brings you happiness, a bad marriage can make you a philosopher.
No one is good because he knows the good.
Any actual experiment has shown that any kind of physical or mental disease can be alleviated by eating vegetarian and drinking pure water.
I am not only a citizen of Athens, I am also a citizen of the world.
I followed the trail of truth like a hound.
There is no happier thing in the world than to strive for an ideal. Philosophers tell us that the pleasure of "being happy for the good" arises from morality
target. He who strives for an ideal will be able to attain this happiness, because the essence of the ideal contains moral value.
In the same way, those who are best-endowed, who are most energetic, who are most likely to achieve success, can become the best and most useful people if they are educated to learn how they should behave, because they can make great achievements; but if they are not educated and do not learn nothing, then they will become the worst and most harmful, because they do not know what to choose to do, they tend to meddle in some evil things, and because they are arrogant and fierce, stubborn, and unconstrained, It will do a lot of big bad things. [1]
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="135" > court arguments</h1>
Citizens of Athens! I got that bad name only because I had some kind of wisdom. Which one, you ask? I say that is the kind that people can get. Maybe I do have that kind of wisdom; as for what I have just mentioned, I think maybe
Socrates can be called superhuman wisdom. I can't think of any other words to describe it, because I don't want it at all. Whoever says I want it is a rumor, a slander against me. Citizens, even if you think that my words below are exaggerated, please listen quietly, for I did not say them. I want to tell you that it was said by a man worthy of your respect. I would like to bring in a trusted witness for you to testify. This is the God of Delphi. He will tell you what kind of wisdom I belong to. You must know Kelefon; he was my old friend and your friend, for he was exiled with you and returned with you. The character of this Kelefon, as you all know, is very impatient in everything. Once he ran to Delphi and took the liberty of asking God a question—please don't interrupt me—and asked the oracle to tell him if anyone was wiser than me. The priestess passed down the oracle saying that no one was wiser. Kelefon himself has passed away, but his brother is here, and I can prove that I am telling the truth.
Why am I mentioning this? For I want to explain to you the reasons why I have a bad reputation. When I heard this oracle, I secretly thought to myself, what can God mean by this sentence? How should he solve this mystery? Because I know I have no wisdom, no big or small. So, what does he mean when he says I am the wisest in the world? He is God, and it is impossible to lie, which is incompatible with His nature. After a long period of consideration, I came up with a solution to the problem. I thought that if I could find someone who was wiser than me, I could go to God and raise objections. I can say: You said I was the wisest, but there is one here who is wiser than me. So I went to visit a man known for his wisdom and observe him. I needless say his name; this is a politician, and I chose him to try. As a result, when I first talked to him, I could not help but think that he was really unwise, although many people thought he was wise, and he thought he was wise. So I tried to show him that what he thought was wisdom was not really wisdom. As a result, he hated me, and some of the people present at the time hated me when they heard me. So I left him, thinking to myself, "Well, though I don't think any of us knows anything really beautiful, really good, I'm still a little better than him, because he knows nothing, but he thinks he knows, and I don't know, and I don't think I know." At this point, I seem to be a little more clever than he is. Later, I interviewed another person who was more self-righteous, and the result was exactly the same. So I made another enemy, and many people around him became my enemies.
I examine people one by one, not unaware of the hostility I have provoked. I have also regretted and feared this, but I cannot fail to do so, because I should first consider God's Word. I thought to myself: I must access all who appear wise, and find out the meaning of the oracle. I cannot but tell you the truth, citizens, I swear to you, by the indigestion, and I look at it and see that those who are most famous are precisely the most stupid, and those who are not valued much are actually wiser and better. I tell you that I traveled everywhere and did a great deal of labor, and finally found that the oracle could not be refuted. When I looked at politicians, I went to see the poets: tragic poets, poets who sang the praises of Dionysus, and all sorts of poets. I said to myself: In their presence you will immediately show your true form, and you will find yourself ignorant than they are. So I took out a few of their most proud pieces of work and asked them what they meant, thinking that they could always teach me something. Can you believe it? I am almost embarrassed to tell the truth, but it must be said that there is hardly any of you here who is not better than them, and none of them can say something about their poems, that is, they themselves cannot say so. I then understood that poets write poetry not by wisdom, but by inspiration. The prophets who preached the oracle said many beautiful things, but they did not understand what they meant. I think it's obvious that the same is true of poets. At the same time, I also observed that with their poetic talents, they thought they were the wisest in other respects, but they did not know anything. So I bid them farewell, and I thought I was smarter than them, just as I was smarter than the politicians.
Finally I went to visit the craftsmen. Because I realized that I really didn't know anything, I believe I would find that they knew a lot of good things. I read that right. Because they do know a lot of things that I don't know, they are smarter than I am in this respect. But, citizens, I find that skilled craftsmen have the same problems as poets, because they are good at their craft and think that they are wise on other great questions. This shortcoming overwhelmed their wisdom. So, on behalf of the oracle, I ask myself: Would you rather have neither their wisdom nor their ignorance, as they were, or would you rather have both their wisdom and their ignorance? I replied to myself and to the oracle: Still as good as I used to be.
Citizens, it is this visit that has made me so many vicious enemies, and it is this activity that has earned me the title of "the wisest man" and thus been slandered by people. For bystanders always think that since I am pointing out the lack of wisdom of others, the oracle is intended to say that human wisdom has little or no value at all. It seems that what he said was not really Socrates, he was just using my name as an example, which means roughly: "O people!" People like Socrates find that their wisdom is truly worthless, and that is the wisest among you. So I went around, up to God's will, to test every man I thought was wise, whether he was a citizen or a native, and if he was not wise, I would be God's assistant and point out that he was not wise. This work made me very busy, I did not have time to participate in any official duties, I did not even have time to take care of my own private affairs, and I was destitute because of the perseverance of God.
concentrate:
(1) This is Plato's Socrates' plea in court.
(2) Apollo, the sun god and god of wisdom, whose temple was in Delphi.
(3) After Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BC, an oligarchy was formed to suppress the democrats, which collapsed the following year.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="146" > disciple</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="147" > Plato</h1>
Plato (427 BC – 347 BC) came from a well-off family and received a good education from an early age. He excelled in grammar, rhetoric, and writing, and was interested in literature, writing many poems and other literary works. He is physically fit and physically strong, and is very fond of physical activity
Plato, good at multi-sport. He also enjoyed music and painting and was highly accomplished.
Plato was a student of Socrates, began studying with Socrates at the age of about 20, followed Socrates for 8 years thereafter, and was a loyal disciple and close friend of Socrates. In 399 BC, Socrates was falsely accused and executed, and was linked to Plato, who was forced to leave Athens and go into exile for 12 years.
After escaping Athens, he traveled to many places, such as the ancient civilization of Egypt, the Greek colony of Cyrene in North Africa, the city of Tallington in the south of the Italian island, and the city-state of Syracuse in Sicily. At Syracuse, due to political disagreements with the tyrants of the city-state, he angered the tyrants and was sold into slavery, but was fortunately redeemed by friends and sent back to Athens, when he was 40 years old.
Plato proposed a more complete theory of education than Socrates. His theory of education is epitomized in one of his most famous books, the Republic. Plato believed that the political systems of the Greek city-states at that time were not ideal and had many drawbacks. So he analyzed, compared, synthesized, and summarized the various political systems of Greece at that time and the political systems outside Greece (such as Egypt, etc.), and designed his own political system as his ideal country. This "ideal state" was actually a hierarchical state ruled by slave owners, and it was impossible to achieve. However, there are also many good ideas, which have a great influence on the politics of later generations. There is a considerable amount of space in the book "The Republic" about education, so the education community regards it as an important educational work.
Plato attached great importance to education, believing that good education should be the top priority of the ruler. He advocated that education should be handled by the state, strictly controlled by the state, teachers should be hired by the state, and what content should be taught should be reviewed by the state. He believed that all citizens (except slaves) should receive compulsory education from an early age. The content of education he proposed is very extensive, and he advocates that the educated should develop harmoniously between morality, intellect and body. He advocated early education and was the first to propose prenatal education. According to his argument, children should be better off at pre-school education sooner rather than later. Preschool education should be based on games.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="154" > krydon</h1>
Cretong and Socrates were born in the same year, are the same district and the same ethnic group, they are friends of the general horn, but also old friends for many years, Kerry Tong's son is Socrates's disciple, Kerry Tong himself sometimes goes to the square to listen to Socrates lectures, just as Li Yishan's "Weeping Liu Rui Poem" Yun "Pingsheng Feng Yi and Teacher Friend", Chen Yinke also has the sentence "Feng Yi Sheng Ping Shi" in "Mr. Wang Guantang's Elegy", and between Kerry Tong and Socrates is also the "Wind Righteousness" of "Between Teachers and Friends". Kerry was also a rich man in Athens, and on more than one occasion he offered to spare Socrates his death during Socrates' trial and after Socrates was imprisoned. But Socrates, who was kind to Cretin, was unsympathetic, and he sacrificed his life for righteousness, and sacrificed his life and martyrdom for the laws made to maintain the athenian democratic system. Socrates believed that paying a ransom to save him from death was actually confessing his guilt. Without admitting guilt, willing to accept the verdict of the law, although executed, but the righteousness is awe-inspiring, as a philosopher, is the noblest expression of martyrdom.
From the perspective of morality and ethics, everything is required to achieve perfection, faith must be firm, no matter what kind of setbacks or blows are encountered, faith cannot be changed, these are the principles that Socrates adheres to unswervingly. Therefore, he could not run away and destroy the principles he had followed all his life. At the end, Socrates said to Cretin:
"I can't do what you say I did until I find another good way, I can't follow your advice, please forgive me."
Immediately, Socrates even said:
"Even if those people want to use more cruel means than they are now, such as imprisonment, confiscation of property, killing, etc., I am not willing to escape."
As the master of mankind, the ancient Greek sage Socrates regarded death as a homecoming, and was heroically martyred, which was the peak of his shining life.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="161" > related articles</h1>
There was a scholar in Greece named Socrates. One day, he led a few disciples to the edge of a wheat field. It was the ripe season, and the fields were full of heavy ears of wheat. Socrates said to his disciples, "Go and pick the greatest ear of wheat in the wheat field, and you are only allowed to enter and not to retreat." I am waiting for you at the end of the wheat field. ”
After the disciples understood the teacher's request, they went into the wheat field one after another.
The field is full of ears of barley, which one is the biggest? The disciples buried their heads and walked forward. Look at this strain and shake your head; Looking at the plant, he shook his head again. They always think that the biggest ear of wheat is still in front of you. Although the disciples also tried to pick a few spikes, they were not satisfied and threw them away. They always think that there are still many opportunities, and there is no need to decide prematurely.
The disciples walked forward with their heads bowed, and they carefully picked and chose, and after a long time.
Suddenly, socrates' old, bell-like voice was heard: "You are at the end." Only then did the empty-handed disciples wake up like a dream.
Socrates said to his disciples, "There must be an ear in this wheat field that is the largest, but you may not be able to touch it; Even if they meet, they may not be able to make an accurate judgment. So the biggest spike is what you just picked. ”
The disciples of Socrates listened to the teacher's words and realized this truth: it is as if man's whole life is also walking in the wheat field, and he is also looking for the largest ear. Some people see the "ear of wheat" full of grains and lose no time in picking it; Others look around and repeatedly miss opportunities. Of course, the pursuit should be the greatest, but holding the ear of wheat in front of you is real.