High-quality and high-yield cultivation management technology of Hainan bananas
_Zhang Chunxi
Hainan Island is located in the southern tip of China, located in the tropics, the climate type is tropical monsoon climate, the climate is mild throughout the year, the rainfall is abundant, the land is fertile, and the superior natural climate environment has created unique conditions for banana production.
1 Open the garden and prepare the land
Before the formal planting of bananas, the garden should be opened to prepare the land, clean up the surface debris of the planting area, plan the land for the park, determine the main arterial roads, design the drainage system, and deeply cultivate the soil. In general, the depth of the soil is about 30 cm, so that it is fully weathered, rake the soil blocks, and rake the furrow surface. If the plantation is located in a mountainous or highland, the depth of the soil should be increased, about 60 cm, and the width of the cascade should be determined according to the actual situation of the park. In order to improve the survival rate of bananas, the excavation and fertilization of planting holes should be done well, and the planting holes should be excavated 30 days before transplanting banana seedlings, the hole width is 1 m, the depth is 50 cm, and the base fertilizer is applied 15 days before transplantation, mainly organic fertilizer, the amount of each hole is 10 to 20 kg, and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate, 20 g octyl thiophosphate granules, 10 g 10% thiazolidine particles and an appropriate amount of lime powder are added to make the base fertilizer and the soil fully mixed to improve the soil fertility of the tillage layer.
2 Selection and planting
2.1 Seedling selection
There are many varieties of bananas, and there are certain differences in the yield and stress resistance of different varieties of bananas. Even for the same variety, there are differences in survival rates and yields between seedlings. In view of this situation, we should comprehensively consider the location of the planting park and the planting season, and select suitable banana varieties, and the high-yield varieties mainly include 'Treasure Island', 'Southern Emperor', 'Brazilian Banana' and so on. Moreover, it is necessary to select seedlings that are larger, well-produced and disease-free to improve the survival rate of banana seedlings.
2.2 Planting
Bananas can be grown in Hainan all year round, but depending on the climate, variety and location in the north and south, bananas should be planted from May to August. In the south, more people choose to plant in May and July, and the 'Brazilian banana' is planted relatively late; in the north, in order to prevent bananas from being cold, they choose to plant in June to August.
2.2.1 Planting specifications 667 m2 as a production unit, each production unit planting specifications of (200±20) cm×200 cm, planting 150 ~ 160 plants, usually in a one-set double row manner to grow bananas. If the drainage conditions of the banana plantation park are poor, the planting method should be adjusted appropriately and the single row planting should be adopted.
2.2.2 Planting method In order to improve management efficiency, the size of bananas should be graded according to the size of the seedlings before planting. The banana seedlings are placed in the planting hole, straightened and fixed, covered with fine soil mixed with the base fertilizer and the soil, covered to the junction of the banana head and the stem, the autumn planting can appropriately increase the coverage, and with the soil, cover the hay in the banana head, reduce water evaporation, and finally divert water to water.
3 Field management
3.1 Fertilization
As a fast-growing, high-yielding herbaceous fruit tree, bananas require a lot of fertility to grow fruit. If the amount of fertilizer is not applied, it will lead to slow plant growth, affecting yield. Bananas need fertilizers mainly include grass and wood ash, organic fertilizers, compound fertilizers and calcium superphosphate, etc., and the correct combination and application of fertilizer can ensure the rapid growth of bananas. At the same time, banana growth requires a large amount of potassium fertilizer, should be reasonably controlled nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of about 9:9:11. When the banana seedlings grow 2 new leaves and "tiger tail leaves", they should be fertilized in time to replenish soil fertility.
3.2 Bud retention and de-sprouting
Bud retention and de-sprouting should follow the growth law of banana trees, and remove buds every 15 days from June to September, and after October, remove buds every 30 days. Single-made banana and multi-made banana are the two most widely used bud retention methods, among which single-made plantain is suitable for the production of large-scale banana with high quality; multi-made banana yield is high. Due to Hainan's special geographical location and climatic conditions, growers basically grow single bananas. The main difference between single-made banana and multi-made banana planting is the difference in bud retention time, single-made banana buds are after picking, while multi-made bananas should leave buds before picking.
3.3 Irrigation and drainage
Banana root groups are mainly distributed at 10 to 30 cm of soil surface, coupled with large leaf area, large evaporation and large water demand, and water should be diverted for irrigation in time during the dry season. At the same time, due to the shallow distribution of banana root groups, the tolerance to stagnant water is not high, and in the rainy season, drainage gullies should be dredged to improve drainage efficiency.
3.4 Pest control
3.4.1 Bunch-top disease Bunch-top disease endangers banana tree plants, and after infection, the banana leaf leaves appear to shrink until the leaves are hard and straight, and the bunch-top appears, and it will be transmitted to other plants.
Prevention and control methods: It is forbidden to use diseased plants to absorb germs and seedlings. If the banana tree is infected with bunch-top disease, use 70% imidacloprid 1500 times liquid, sprayed once every two weeks, and sprayed twice. Control of aphids because they can spread germs. Dig up infected banana trees, chop up the banana heads, leave them in the sun to dry, and sprinkle lime powder in the sick caves.
3.4.2 Leaf spot disease Leaf spot disease harms banana leaf leaves, resulting in leaf dryness. Cut and clean the diseased banana leaves. From June to October each year, spray 1% Bordeaux liquid (plus 0.2% wood powder) or 50% methyl tolbuzin 1000 times liquid at a frequency of 1 to 2 times a month.
3.4.3 Black star disease Black star disease harms banana leaves and fruits, causing the leaves to dry up. Timely pruning and cleaning of diseased banana leaves. From August to December each year, spray 40% diphenethoconazole 1000 times liquid or 40% fluosilazole 1500 times liquid at a frequency of 1 to 2 times per month.
3.4.4 Anthrax Anthrax harms ripe bananas and affects the quality of bananas. Control method: 50% methyl tolbuzin 1000 times liquid or 40% phenyl ether methylcyclazole 2000 times liquid, sprayed once every two weeks, sprayed twice, sprayed on the fruit and its nearby branches and leaves, the fruit needs to be bagged.
3.4.5 Weevils The weevils harm the banana stems and leaf tips, and the banana tree plants are eaten by larvae, which can seriously cause the plant to rot and die. Control methods: remove seedlings with insects when selecting seedlings; sprinkle octylthion granules or avermectin granules at the end of banana tree stalks in winter to do a good job of pest control.
3.4.6 Nematodes Nematodes harm banana roots, resulting in slow growth and yield reduction of banana plants, which can lead to the death of banana plants. Control methods: do not select insect seedlings; try to use organic fertilizer to improve the soil environment and microbiota structure. In addition, diseased residues and weeds are removed in a timely manner and burned in a concentrated manner.
4 Summary
In summary, in order to improve the yield and quality of bananas, it is necessary to apply high-quality and high-yield cultivation management techniques, improve the survival rate of bananas, deal with the relationship between bud retention and de-sprouting, strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases, and promote the development of banana production in the direction of modernization.