Wang Zengyu: "The Baht Compilation"
Hebei University Press, 2006
4. Coal production in Liao-Songjin
Coal, known as stone charcoal in ancient China, is different from charcoal and bamboo charcoal. The term charcoal is still used in Japan today.
Coal is an important energy source for mankind, especially an important pillar of modern industrial society. Coal can be used for consumption as well as for production. But the latter is clearly more important. The development of coal and iron production during the British Industrial Revolution is one of the important symbols of the ancient agricultural society to the modern industrial society.
In the thirties of this century, Mr. Quan Hansheng, a senior Chinese scholar, in his article "The Export and Trade of Bianliang in the Northern Song Dynasty",[1] already touched on the import of Kaifeng charcoal. In the fifties, the famous Japanese historian Miyazaki Ichi published a famous paper entitled "Carbon and Iron in the Song Dynasty", in which he argued that the fuel problem had brought the development of West Asia to a halt, while China had cleverly solved it, in a sense, it can be called the "fuel revolution". From the Tang to the Song Dynasty, the use and popularization of charcoal stimulated production in all aspects and became the basis of China's new culture. [2] In the article "History of the Use of Coal by the Ancient Chinese People" in the 12th issue of Wen Shi Zhe, 1956, the senior scholar Mr. Wang Zhongxin discussed the history of coal use in ancient China with his profound knowledge, but there were also some historical errors in the Song Dynasty.
Huashan Series Manuscripts".
In the sixties, the American scholar Hartwell also emphasized coal production in the Northern Song Dynasty in the article "The Revolution of China's Coal and Iron Industry in the Northern Song Dynasty", arguing that the record of China's coal revolution in the eleventh century is quite similar to the history of coal and iron development in the early industrialization period of Britain from 1540 to 1640. [3]
Miyazaki is a scholar with a wide range of knowledge and sharp ideas, who can often find and ask questions that are not easy for others to discover and ask, giving people the academic enjoyment of broadening their horizons and enlightening their thinking. Professor Hao Ruobei's comparative research results have attracted the attention of Chinese scholars. Of course, the Song Dynasty charcoal production did not actually leave statistics, and although there are some official iron class figures for iron production,[4] it is difficult to calculate iron production from this.
In the eighties, Yan Gengwang, a senior Chinese scholar, listed eight records of Kaifeng firewood burning up to the time of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty on pages 40 to 43 of the "Discussion on the Experience of Governing History", refuting Miyazaki Ichi's theory. Mr. Xu Huimin also published a special article entitled "Development and Utilization of Coal in the Northern Song Dynasty" in the second issue of "Studies in Chinese History" in 1987.
China is rich in coal resources, and coal will continue to dominate China's energy mix now and for a long time to come. This article will make some additions or discussions on the previous people's discussions based on some information that the author has personally seen.
Since ancient times, forests have been an important base for materials and fuels for mankind. However, before human beings understand that the indiscriminate deforestation of forests will destroy the ecological balance of the earth, thereby endangering the human living environment, forest coverage tends to gradually shrink with the reproduction of population and the evolution of civilization. Miyazaki first pointed out that the decline in forest cover was linked to the development of coal production in the Song Dynasty, which is insightful.
Chinese was the first coal mining and utilization in the world, that is, coal, which should be an undoubted historical fact. From archaeological excavations, it appears that coal was used in the Western Han Dynasty. The earliest records of carboniferous in ancient Chinese historical documents can be roughly extrapolated to the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. According to historians, there are the following.
First, Jin "Lu Yun and his brother Jishu said: on three platforms in one day, Cao Gong (Cao Cao) hid hundreds of thousands of catties of graphite, and the cloud burned this, and it was usable for restoration." [5] Yun Daoyuan said: "Graphite can be written, and it is difficult to burn, and it is also called charcoal. ”[6]
Second, Shi Daoan's "Records of the Western Regions of the Shi Shi" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said: "There is a mountain two hundred miles north of Kutz (Guizi), and the night is firelight, and the day is smoke, and people take this mountain of charcoal, smelt this mountain iron, and fill the 36 kingdoms for the purpose of the 36 countries." ”[7]
Third, the Southern Dynasty Lei Cizong's "Yuzhang Ji" said: "There are 200 hectares of stone charcoal in Gexiang in Fengcheng County, which can be burned for cooking. ”[8]
Fourth, Book 13 of the Commentary on the Classic of Water says that in the area around Pingcheng, "the mountains have stone charcoal, and the fire is the same as the charcoal."
However, at the time of the Han and Tang dynasties, there were not many documents or archaeological materials about the production and utilization of charcoal, and it was not until the Song Dynasty that many documents or archaeological materials proved that charcoal had occupied an important position in the composition of fuel. As Xu put it, this is related to the "crisis of traditional fuels", that is, shortages such as fuel charcoal.
From the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty to the reform of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng, the third division of the central financial institution was called the Province of Planning. The three divisions are composed of three departments: salt and iron, duzhi and hubu, and each of them is divided into several cases, "salt and iron divided into seven cases", "six iron cases", "palm gold, silver, copper, iron, cinnabar, white alum, green alum, stone charcoal, tin drum casting". [9] At that time, there were only eight kinds of mineral resources that were developed and utilized as key national developments, and charcoal was included in them, which was unprecedented in ancient Chinese history, reflecting the importance of charcoal in the economic life of the Song Dynasty.
The Liao Dynasty, which founded the state earlier than the Song Dynasty, also mined and used charcoal. At the turn of the Liao, Northern Song and Southern Song and Jin dynasties, and between Jin and Yuan, China's economy suffered two heavy losses, with a sharp decline in population and barren land. But the use of stone charcoal by the Jin and Yuan dynasties was not wasted. Marco Polo, who came to China in the thirteenth century, recorded: "In the whole territory of the Khitan, there is a black stone, which is quarried from the mountains, like a vein, burning no different from wages. It is hot and better paid. Gai Ruo burns a fire at night and does not stop the next morning. Its quality is so good that the whole territory does not combust other things. The wood produced is inherently large, but does not burn. The firepower of the cover stone is sufficient, and its price is also lower than that of wood. ”[10]
If the term charcoal is counted from the Three Kingdoms period to the Song and Jin Dynasty, it has been used for nearly a thousand years. The Yuan Dynasty began to rename charcoal to coal. At that time, the capital set up a coal and wood office in the 22nd year (1285 AD), and in the 24th year (1287 AD), the Xishan Coal Kiln was set up, and "the lime coal kiln of Dayu Temple in Ma'an Mountain was led to hold classes". [11] Among the so-called "extra lessons" in the Yuan Dynasty's official revenue, twelve of which were called "coal classes." [12] Of course, the term charcoal in the Yuan Dynasty is still used, such as Yin Tinggao's poem "Yanshan Han": "The crypt is delicate and charcoal, and the earthen bed is reed and spring melt." [13] At the end of the Song Dynasty, Wang Yuan entered the Yuan Dadu poem and said, "The Furnace Carboniferous Circle". [14] Later, the term carboniferous gradually fell out of fashion.
"Coal" in ancient Chinese was first used as smoke and dust solution. For example, in volume 17 of the "Lü's Spring and Autumn", "Ren Shu" has "coal into the kiln, abandonment of food is ominous". Later, it may be transferred to the ink in the four treasures of the literary room, such as Su Shi's "in Dan'er, made by Ling Pan Heng, inscribed as 'Hainan Pine Coal', and the Dongpo Law Mo is also". [15] It has been more than 700 years since the term coal was coined in the Yuan Dynasty, and it has not been used. However, the Japanese language still uses the ancient Chinese word for "charcoal".
China's coal resources are mainly distributed in the north, the southern coal resources are insufficient, and the transportation of northern coal to the south is still a major issue related to the overall situation of the national economy. This imbalance in the distribution of coal resources has been clearly reflected in the records of the Song people. The volume of the Miscellaneous Notes of Yujueliao says:
Stone charcoal came from Hebei, Shandong, and western Shaanxi in this dynasty, and then went to Jingshi.
Book 4 of the Quxun Old Story says:
Stone charcoal has been used for a long time, but it is everywhere in the northwest today, and it is very beneficial.
Book 1 of the Lao Xuean Notes says:
There is more charcoal in the north, more charcoal in the south, and bamboo charcoal in Shu, burning giant bamboo for it, easy, smokeless, durable, and also a strange thing. Qiongzhou produced iron and cooked bamboo charcoal, and all used oxen carts to enter the city and see it with their own eyes.
The above records reflect the distribution of charcoal sources in the Song Dynasty, but they should not be absolute. Based on literature and archaeological data, the following introduces the production and utilization of charcoal in the Liaoning and Song Dynasties by region.
1. Northeast: According to the Japanese Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 27, No. 9, Fujio Koyama, "Recent Discoveries of Ancient Kiln Sites in China" and Manchurian Historiography, Vol. 1, No. 2, Sugimura Yongzo "The Ancient Kiln Site of Fushun Daguantun", the Jin Dynasty porcelain kiln in Daguantun uses coal as fuel.
2. Nanjing Road and Jinzhongdu Road in Liaoning: According to Lu Qi, No. 5 of "Cultural Relics" in 1978, "Longquan Wu Discovered Liao Dynasty Porcelain Kiln in Mentougou District, Beijing", cinder was found in the porcelain kiln site, which is a clear proof of the use of coal in the Liao Dynasty. Jin Dynasty Zhao Bingwen's poem "Night Lying Kang Nuan" says:
Jingshi is bitterly cold, and Gui Yu is not easy to seek. Dou Su exchanged his salary and refused to pay him. Five liters of rice a day, no worries. Near the mountain rich black yang, a hundred gold is not difficult to find. The ground is exquisite, and the fire cave is deep. Changshu slept on both feet, and the warm rhythm returned to Zou. Three feet of snow in front of the door, snorting square
。 The Tian family burned the grain, wet smoke and tears, and the Hun family's clothes were burning. Who can offer this technique to help Ru to be a warrior?. [16]
This poem describes the burning of kang with stone charcoal, which can be confirmed by the former quotation of Yin Tinggao's "Yanshan Han" in the previous Yuan Dynasty, "Crypt Exquisite Stone Charcoal Red", indicating that at the time of the Liaojin Yuan, the area around present-day Beijing has been producing and using charcoal. However, although "Near the mountains rich black jade", that is, stone charcoal, but the local use of stone charcoal is not yet widespread, so "Tianjia burns the wheat" and still uses wood as fuel. The Southern Song Dynasty Hongmai's "Yi Jianzhi" also said that "Yan Zhixi Mountain" "produces stone charcoal, which can be cooked". [17] Northern China has been practicing the practice of sleeping kang for about a thousand years, probably originating from Goryeo. [18] According to archaeological excavations, located in Liaozhen Prefecture (northeast of present-day Hadashan, Mongolia) in present-day Mongolia, there is a kang in the ruins of the city of Jitun. Zhang Zai's poem "Earth Bed" says: "The earth bed is warm and warm. [19] This is an earthen bed similar to a kang in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Jurchens, who were adjacent to Goryeo, also used kang. [20]
3. Liaoxijing Road and Jinxijing Road: In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Ben served the Jin Dynasty, "to the clouds, see the sticky han",[21] was detained by the Jin people, "all lived in Yunshuo for twenty years". He said in the poem "Thirty Rhymes of Kang Sleep":
The terroir is different from north to south, and Xi is not yet the same. Although it is a festival to go out of Xinjiang, it is temporarily the same custom to enter the country. Drowned for years and remnants, snow full of cliffs and valleys. The winter mink is furrowed, and it is kang and prostrate. The West Mountain Stone is salary, and the dark color is shocking. Fang Chi is absolutely invincible, and will continue to do his best. Fei Fei surged Xuan Yun, Yan Yan accumulated red jade. A little hesitant thunder out of the ground, and like a thin wood in the wind. Who allows rats to perch on ice, the letter is a dragon candle. Yang Xi helped to breathe, and did not shake the fasting. Hui Qi gave birth to hakama, and still showed his fists. It is not only to remove the skin scales and restore the body millet. Negative that with surprise, persist in the determination of Siwo. The harvest is in the cold of the year, and the derby is burning. [22]
Zhu Ben accompanied Wang Lun as an envoy to Jin in November of the first year of Jianyan (1127 AD),[23] and it is estimated that it should have been written in the following year to Yunzhong, and the poem says that "drowning in the years and then crippled" should be written in the third year of Jianyan (1129 AD), only four years after the death of Liao. This is also a poem describing the burning of stone carbon, proving that at the time of Liaojin, there was already mining and utilization of stone charcoal in the area of present-day Datong, Shanxi, and also proved that coal had been used in burning kang at that time.
4. Songjinhe East Road: As we all know, Shanxi is rich in coal reserves and output, ranking among the best in the country. In fact, as early as the Tang Dynasty, the Japanese monk Yuanren went to Taiyuan Prefecture, "out of the west gate of the city, three or four miles west, to Shishan, called Jinshan." There was charcoal all over the mountains, and people from near and far came to take it and repair their food, and there was a great fire, and they saw the rock burning into charcoal." [24] Charcoal production was more prosperous in Hedong during the Song Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song, Chen Yaozuo "migrated to the east of the river (transshipment envoy), lived on the land and the poor, relied on stone charcoal to survive, and abolished its taxes." [25] During the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song, "Hedong iron money is practiced, and the thief profits sixteen", Li Zhaoxuan of Zezhou Zhizhou said: "The people of Hedong burn stone charcoal, and their families have the tools of smelting, and the thief cannot be blamed." [26] In Yangcheng County, which Li Zhaoxian governed, "Yangcheng smelted iron money, and the people risked mountains to transport mineral charcoal, and worked hard to mint money in order to strike it",[27] The so-called "mineral coal" naturally included stone charcoal. Xue Ju "supervised the wine tax in Quwo County, and the people worked hard to cook for the officials", and he "used stone charcoal at the beginning, and the people did not suffer." [28] There is a process of boiling grain in winemaking, and the replacement of "salary" with charcoal shows the abundance and inexpensive production of local charcoal. In the eastern part of Fuzhou, "there are carboniferous caves in Jiaoshan to build the fortress of Dongsheng",[29] and the "carboniferous caves" are coal mines. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Han Wei, the prefect of Taiyuan, pointed out that "the iron ore and charcoal on this road are enough to drum up casting, and public money must not be indiscriminate"; he believed that it was necessary to reverse the situation that "iron money theft is widespread, and it is indiscriminate and cannot be eliminated", "the money law should be like Shaanxi, and the money is heavy and fine, and the theft will not make profits." [30]
The above records show that it is quite common for the people of Hedong Road to mine stone charcoal and steal iron money with stone charcoal; And the official smelting iron and casting iron money are also inseparable from charcoal. Since coal became an important source of profit, the government once imposed a tax, and since the tax exemption of Song Zhenzong, it naturally made charcoal mining more prosperous.
The production of charcoal in Hedong in the Song Dynasty was naturally inherited by the Jin Dynasty. According to the "Cultural Relics Reference Materials" No. 4 in 1955, Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee "Briefing on the Cleanup of the Ancient Ruins and Tombs of Fangdui Village, Hongzhao County, Shanxi Province", "Cultural Relics", No. 1, 1983, Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute, "Brief Report on the Excavation of Golden Tombs in Jishan Mountain, Shanxi", coal was found as a burial product in the tombs of the Jin Dynasty.
5. Songjin Hebei and other roads: The production of charcoal in Hebei Road in the Song Dynasty is also quite eye-catching. During the reign of Emperor Taizu of Song, Zhenzhou cast a large bronze statue of a bodhisattva, "Hori creates the foundation, as for the yellow spring, use a heavy gravel, a heavy earth and stone, a heavy stone carbon, a heavy soil, as for the flat earth". [31] The use of charcoal as a foundation here seems to be rare, but it also reflects that local charcoal is not a rare thing. Zhenzhou was later promoted to Zhendingfu, and when Emperor Renzong of Song Ming Dao, "abolished Zhendingfu Carboniferous Affairs", the situation of which is unknown. [32]
In Cizhou and Xiangzhou, south of Zhending Prefecture, according to Song Renzong's Tianshengshi Du Zhanzhuo: "If you want to beg for the charcoal produced by Cizhou and Xiangxiang, in the future, in addition to the official support, Xu Ling Minren will buy and sell Yi." [33] Yang Zhengxuan, "Forty-nine boats were used for the pontoon bridge in Zhaozhou", "Please cut wood in Qin, Long, and Tongzhou from now on, and take iron and charcoal from Magnetism and Xiangzhou, and build ships in Honzhou." [34] It can be seen that Cizhou and Xiangzhou were important sources of charcoal during the Song Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Zhezong of Song, Fan Zuyu said that "charcoal is very expensive" in Beijing,[35] which shows that charcoal is also used as fuel in the local area.
According to the 4th issue of "Cultural Relics" in 1990, the Department of Archaeology of Peking University and the Institute of Cultural Relics of Hebei Province "Hebei Magnetic Guantai Cizhou Kiln Site Excavation Briefing", Qin Dashu "Hebei Province Magnetic Guanbing Tai Ancient Porcelain Kiln Site Investigation", the two Song Jinyuan porcelain kilns are coal-fired. According to the "Archaeology" No. 3 issue of 1960 Henan Provincial Cultural Bureau Cultural Relics Task Force "Henan Hebi City Ancient Coal Mine Site Investigation Briefing", from 1959 to 1960, the ancient coal mine of the Song Dynasty was found in Hebi City, Henan Province, which proved that he had mastered the technology of excavating shafts on the ground at that time, and according to the changes of the underground natural coal seam, excavated roadways, divided the coal field into several small areas, adopted "jump format" mining, first inside and outside, and gradually withdrew. In terms of drainage technology, in addition to using shaft pumping, groundwater is also introduced into potholes where coal has been mined for storage. It is estimated that the mine has a size of several hundred people. In the 8th issue of "Cultural Relics" in 1964, the Cultural Relics Task Force of the Henan Provincial Bureau of Culture "Henan Province Hebiji Porcelain Kiln Site Excavation Brief" reported that the excavation of the Song Dynasty porcelain kiln site here found piles of kiln fuel - coal blocks. In the Song Dynasty, "Xiangzhou had Hebi Village",[36] and the Jin Dynasty was changed to Hebi Town, which belonged to Tangyin County of Xiangzhou (later Shengzhangde Province). [37] The above archaeological data and historical records are consistent, and the ancient coal mines found in Hebi City today are undoubtedly one of the carbon-producing areas of Xiangzhou in the Song Dynasty. Southern Song Hongmai's "Yi Jianzhi" said that "graphite is produced in the well of Zhangde Nanguo Village", and graphite is charcoal. [38]
"Archaeological Newsletter" No. 3, 1955 Li Xijing "Excavation of the Site of Xiude Temple in Quyang County, Hebei" recorded that the site of Xiude Temple in Quyang County, which is equivalent to Quyang County of the Northern Song Dynasty (later ascended to Zhongshan Prefecture), has a residual stove and a coal ash pile outside. This is also an empirical example of the local use of coal as a cooking fuel.
Huaizhou, south of Xiangzhou, roughly corresponds to the area around present-day Jiaozuo City, which produces coal in present-day Henan Province. Song Shenzong Xiningchu stipulated: "Stone charcoal comes to Beijing from its own pregnation, and does not levy it." [39] In the Song Dynasty, there was a tax on commerce, "Goods are stolen by the practitioner, which is called a tax, and every thousand dollars is counted as twenty",[40] that is, a tax of 2%. The "non-levy" here refers to the Huaizhou charcoal trafficking in Kaifeng, which can be exempted from taxation. According to a later record, the official Chen Kangmin suggested that "the amount of firewood in Beijing [kiln] should be taken within three years, and the maximum amount should be increased to 600,000 bundles, which will still be used together with charcoal", and "its charcoal comes from the market of Jiudingdu in Huaizhou and Wude County." The Song god Song "decreed that Wude County could not close the market, and the rest would be followed." [41] In order to meet the needs of Kyoto kilns for firing bricks and tiles, the emperor still allowed the "closing" of charcoal in Jiudingdu, Huaizhou. There may be two reasons why Huaizhou became a coal supplier to Kaifeng. The first is that Huaizhou produces local charcoal, and the second is that Hedong charcoal can be transported to Kyoto through Huaizhou. However, if the transportation conditions in ancient times were backward, long-distance trafficking of charcoal was not very profitable, and the Song court was exempt from taxation, and only limited to Huaizhou to Kaifeng, then the latter possibility may be ruled out, and Huaizhou should be an important coal producer in the Song Dynasty.
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the fifth year of Emperor Xiaozong of Song's reign (1169 AD), that is, the ninth year of Jin Shizong's reign, the key envoy Jin of Song Renlou passed through Linpu Town, Yongnian County, Huozhou, east of Cizhou, and saw several hotels purchasing "several pieces of charcoal for warmth",[42] which also reflects the widespread use of charcoal in the Jin Dynasty.
6. Songjin Shaanxi Road: There was also charcoal production in Shaanxi Road in the Song Dynasty. Emperor Renzong of Song recorded that there were a number of field affairs in Shaanxi, including Zhangcun and Lingtou Village in Dingping County in Pingzhou, and "Stone Coal Shop" in Huazhou,[43] indicating that there were coal mines in the above three places. Shen Kuo said: "The charcoal smoke is also big, the ink is dressed, and the play is Yanzhou Shiyun: 'It snows in Erlang Mountain, and Xuanzhuo Dome learns the Cypriot people. The plain clothes are not old in winter, and the stone smoke is like Luoyang dust. [44] The volume of the Chicken Rib Compilation also states: "There are also poems in Yanzhou: 'Three roads in the sand pile and two cities in the charcoal smoke. All reflect the widespread use of charcoal as fuel in the area around Yanzhou (later Shengyan'an Prefecture) in the Northern Song Dynasty, which polluted the air. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Huairong Fort in Huizhou "has Baoji Mountain in the north, producing charcoal and iron coal",[45] which is a fortress built in the border area with Western Xia, which was originally the source of stone charcoal and iron in Western Xia, indicating that Western Xia also produced stone charcoal. Volume 9 of the "Compendium of Materia Medica" "Stone Charcoal" quotes the Southern Song Dynasty Hongmai's "Yi Jianzhi" and said that Longzhou "has a graphite cave in Xiaoyang County", and graphite is stone carbon. According to the Jingshui Team of Shaanxi Archaeological Institute in the 12th issue of "Archaeology" in 1959, "Shaanxi Tongchuan Song Dynasty Kiln Site" and "Shaanxi Tongchuan Yaozhou Kiln" pages 9 and 12, the site of the Song Dynasty Yaozhou porcelain kiln was found in Huangbao Town, southwest of present-day Tongchuan City, and cinder and coal blocks were found in both the kiln chamber and the ash pit, proving that stone charcoal supported the porcelain production of Yaozhou. "Cultural Relics" No. 1, 1980, Tongchuan City, Xunyi County Cultural Center, Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Administration Committee "Shaanxi Newly Discovered Two Ancient Porcelain Kiln Sites" and "Archaeology and Cultural Relics" No. 3 Xianyang Regional Cultural Relics Management Committee in 1980 "Xunyi Anren Ancient Porcelain Kiln Site Excavation Brief" recorded that cinder was found at the site of Beiyuhua Kiln in Tongzhou City and the site of Anren Kiln in the south of Xunyi County, and its time limit was equivalent to the Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties.
7. Songjing West Road and Jinjing Nanjing Road: "Tao Zhu Xinlu" says that "there are stone coal pits in Gong County", that is, coal mines. Volume 9 of the "Compendium of Materia Medica" "Stone Carbon" quotes the Southern Song Dynasty Hongmai's "Yi Jianzhi" and says: "There are graphite mountains in Yiyang County. "Graphite is charcoal. According to the Song Dynasty, there was no Yiyang County, and the name of Fuchang County in the Jin Dynasty should be used here. [46] According to volume 4 of the "Continuation of Yi Jianzhi", "Two Immortals in Charcoal", in Yuchi County, Henan Province, after the Jin Dynasty, "charcoal is produced here, charcoal caves are revealed, and as they go, users accumulate piles, and the flames are blazing." "Cultural Relics" No. 12, 1974 Zhao Qingyun and Wang Dianzhang "Investigation of the Ancient Porcelain Kiln Site in Xin'an County, Henan Province" recorded that cinder was found in the site. Xin'an County belonged to Henan Province of Xijing in the Song and Jin Dynasties, adjacent to Yuchi County, and this ancient porcelain kiln site belongs to the Song and Jin Yuan Dynasty. Ye Zhemin of "Cultural Relics" No. 8, 1964, "Investigation of Ancient Kiln Sites in Yu County, Henan Province", said that the fuel of the kilns in the Song Dynasty consisted of coal and firewood. "Archaeology" No. 8, 1989 An Tingrui "The Discovery of the Northern Song Coal Mine Site in Shenqiao Town, Yu County, Henan", introduced the Song Dynasty coal mine discovered again by mainland archaeology. Yu County was Yangzhai County in Yingchang Prefecture during the Song Dynasty. In addition, volume 6 of the Su Shen Liang Fang mentions "Heyang Charcoal", which shows that Heyang County in Mengzhou also produces charcoal.
8. Song Jing East Road and Jinshan East Road: According to the "Cultural Relics" No. 6 issue of Shandong Zibo Ceramics History Compilation Group in 1978 "Shandong Zibo City Zichuan District Cichuan District Ancient Kiln Site Trial Excavation Report", in roughly equivalent to the ancient porcelain kiln site of the Song and Golden Era, there are still unburned coal blocks. In addition, Su Shi's famous poem "Stone Carbon" is already well known. He said: "Pengcheng was old without stone charcoal, and in December of the first year of Yuanfeng, he sent people to visit the north of Baitu Town in the southwest of the prefecture, and used iron smelting as a soldier, sharply victorious over Changyun. His poem says:
There are treasures in the mountain, and they are as rich as thousands of charcoals. No one knows about the ointment, and the gusts of bloody wind blow away. The roots and seedlings are boundless, and thousands of people are inspired to see them. The brighter the mud and splashing water, the more brilliant the jade flowes gold. The chestnut forest in the South Mountain gradually can be stopped, and the stubborn mine in the North Mountain is forged. To forge a hundred refining swords for the king, it is necessary to cut the long whale for ten thousand segments. [47]
The development of the local iron smelting industry depends on the development of charcoal, and porcelain production is no exception. There is also a Song Jin porcelain kiln in Baitu Town, Xiao County, Xuzhou, according to the "Archaeology" No. 3 in 1962 Song Boyin's "Xiao Kiln Investigation Notes", 1963 No. 12 Hu Yueqian "Anhui Xiao County Baitu Kiln", the local porcelain kiln site has accumulated a very thick coal slag, which is the evidence that the charcoal in Baitu Town also supports the porcelain industry.
9. Song Huai South Road: In volume 1 of the "General Record of Anecdotes", during the reign of Emperor Lizong of Song, there was a hut in Jiuquling, Anqing Prefecture, "the two men burned stone charcoal, and sat and watched the book", indicating that there may also be charcoal production in the area of Huainan.
10. Song Jiang West Road: Southern Song Dynasty's "Ancient and Modern Combined Wall Affairs and Preparations" volume 55 "Charcoal-Producing Mountains" contains: "Fengcheng and Pingxiang counties both produce charcoal in the mountains, excavated black earth, combustible, fireless but flameless, as sulfur, gas is sold, then white ash. "The Fengcheng County mentioned here belongs to Longxing Province. Pingxiang roughly refers to Pingxiang County, Yuanzhou, now Pingxiang City. During the Northern Song Dynasty, there was Pingxiang County in Xingzhou, Hebei Road, which is suspected to be not. The Southern Song Dynasty Hongmai's "Yi Jianzhi" said: "Lushan, Yuanzhou, Fengcheng, and Ganzhou in Jiangxi all produce charcoal, which can be cooked. [48] In addition, Dai Retro's poem "Pingxiang Guest House" has the sentence "Burning stone charcoal in the hearth",[49] and Le Leifa's "Pingxiang and Wang Yaozhang Yun" has the sentence "Cold the western window of residual stone charcoal",[50] all prove that there has long been mining of coal in Pingxiang City.
11. Song Jinghu Road: "Compendium of Materia Medica" volume 9 "Stone Charcoal" quotes the Southern Song Dynasty Hongmai's "Yi Jianzhi" and says, "Jingzhou and Xingguo Prefecture of Chu", "both produce charcoal, which can be cooked". According to the Song Dynasty, there was a Xingguo Army, belonging to Jiangxi Road, no Xingguo Prefecture, both called "Chu" land, according to the "Ming Yi Tongzhi" volume 59 "Wuchang Fu", it should be changed to the Ming Dynasty place name, that is, the Xingguo Army of the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that the quotation in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" is not the original text of "Yi Jianzhi". But Jingzhou is Jiangling Prefecture.
12. Song Sichuan: Although Lu You, the author of the "Notes on Lao Xuean" quoted above, emphasizes the production of bamboo charcoal in Sichuan, there is a sentence in the poem "First Arrival in Rongzhou" that "the earth-furnace pile beasts blaze stone charcoal". [51] Rongzhou Prefecture was ruled by Rongde, near present-day Zigong City, and has now been renamed Rongxian County. "Archaeology" No. 1 in 1983, Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, Pengxian Cultural Center "Sichuan Pengxian Cifeng Kiln Site Investigation" reported that cinder was found in the site of this Song Dynasty porcelain kiln. "Archaeology" 1986 No. 10 Chongqing Municipal Museum "Chongqing Tushan Song Dynasty Porcelain Kiln Test Excavation Report" said that cinder was found in the accumulation layer and inside and outside the kiln, and it was identified as low carbon content, low sulfur, high temperature card anthracite. Tushan kiln products are smooth and have few spots, which is greatly related to the use of low-sulfur coal.
Of course, the records cited above are incomplete, especially archaeological excavations, and there will be new breakthroughs. Nevertheless, it is unprecedented that there were so many records of coal mining and utilization in various places during the Liao, Song and Jin dynasties. Since the main source of charcoal was in the north, after the Liao and Northern Song dynasties, gold became the main source of charcoal in China, while the Southern Song Dynasty played a secondary role.
Due to the prevalence of carbon-coal mining, people also have more knowledge about carbon-coal mining, such as the Confucian scholars Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi said: "The fire in the carbonite cave is endless." [52] Under the technical conditions of the time, the coal mine caught fire and was not easy to extinguish, resulting in a waste of resources.
The use of charcoal in the Liaoning and Song dynasties certainly had some special circumstances. As mentioned above, using stone charcoal to lay the foundation, Ouyang Xiu said, "There are people who leave behind a basket of fragrant cakes with clear springs", "fragrant cakes, stone charcoal, are also used to burn incense, and the fire of a cake can not be extinguished all day long." [53] During the reign of King Jinhailing, there was "a wild man quarrying charcoal and obtaining a different fragrance." [54] Book 6 of the Su Shen Liang Fang records that "to cure epistaxis", "take the charcoal heart of Heyang, if there is none, only use the light as the end, and stop under the new water." Of course, none of this is the main use of charcoal.
Stone charcoal is mainly used for household heating, cooking and other daily consumption, and is also used in handicraft production such as firing bricks and tiles, porcelain, shipbuilding, and iron smelting. Construction also sometimes uses "soft stone charcoal". [55]
Modern Chinese coal used in household life is often mixed with mud, water and coal chips to make briquettes, briquettes, honeycomb coal and the like. Judging from the saying that "several pieces of charcoal were used to prepare for warmth", people used natural charcoal as fuel during the Song Jinshi period; However, judging from Su Shi's poem "Throwing mud and splashing water brighter", there were similar processing methods to modern life coal at that time.
It has been quite common to fire porcelain with charcoal in the Liaoning and Song dynasties, which cannot but cause changes in the structure and firing technology of porcelain kilns. Wang Jiaguang, "Analysis and Research on Yaozhou Porcelain and Kiln" in the 6th issue of "Archaeology" in 1962 said, "Burning coal is shorter than firewood flame, local calorific value is large, ash is acidic, and easy to coke." In controlling the flame, it is much more difficult to use coal than firewood". "Yaoyao has a way to control the flame, which shows that Yaoyao has high firing technology." In fact, not only Yao porcelain, but all kinds of famous porcelain at that time, all those who fired with coal, had similar problems and solutions.
Coal is particularly useful as a fuel and carburizing agent in the iron smelting industry. As Mr. Yang Kuan pointed out, "Before large-scale means of transportation were created, there must be a source of fuel near the iron ore mine for the iron smelting industry to develop." "After the Song Dynasty, the iron smelting industry was able to develop further, which is related to the use of coal as fuel. But there are also disadvantages to using coal to make iron. Coal is easy to break when heated in the furnace, which is easy to block the air permeability of the charge; At the same time, the sulfur content in coal is generally high, and the use of coal to make iron often increases the sulfur content in pig iron, which affects the quality of pig iron." [56] Su Shi claimed that Xuzhou's use of charcoal was "smelting iron as a soldier, sharper than usual", and for some other reason, at least in the Song Dynasty, there was no evidence of burning coal to coke.
Since coal in the Song Dynasty has become a recognized important mineral and source of profit, the tentacles of the government will inevitably extend to the production and sales of charcoal. The methods used by the Song Dynasty government to seize the source of carbon, generally fell into the following three categories. First, the collection of commercial taxes, Song Zhenzong's Dazhongxiang Fu edict said: "If you hear that the people of the prefecture are given charcoal, you will draw ten catties of tax for each pack, and from now on you will be removed." [57] The above-mentioned Chen Yaozuo removed the charcoal tax in Hedong and the Song Shenzong stipulated that the coal tax exemption from Huaizhou to Kaifeng was a special preferential policy. Second, the system of buying and puffing is implemented, such as some coal-producing areas in Yongzhou, Shaanxi, mentioned above, recruiting people to buy them and paying profits to the government. Third, the government set up a special agency to be responsible for the sale of charcoal and profit from it. The aforementioned carbon-and-carbon business, which was abolished during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song, is such an institution. Emperor Huizong of Song said: "Salt, incense, alum, tea, market lots, charcoal and other special bureaus should be recently merged into the Transit Department, etc., and the Department of Worship should be fully pursued, and if you can practice in ministry, increase envy in profits, and recommend rewards when discussed, so that the Hubu Standing Hall is the most provincial." [58] Six types of "special bureaus", including charcoal, are listed here, and although they have been merged into agencies such as the Transit Department, they still require "levy profits to increase envy", and for this purpose they have formulated the "Temple's Most Law", and reward and punish according to the level of profits.
Finally, let's discuss the fuel composition and carboniferous mechanism in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, timber trafficking from Shaanxi to Kaifeng became a lucrative trade. "Near the minister Qili sent people to the city of Zhumu Qin, Longma, and joined the giant raft to Jingshi and passed the Guandu correction system to exempt the calculation. To the end, thick knots have divisions, know the official market, double the straightforward." [59] This well-known fact in Song history proves the inadequacy of forest resources in other parts of the north. Of course, there may be a difference between firewood forests and timber forests. The Bianhe River flowing through Kaifeng, "the charcoal of the lower western mountains",[60] "the western part of Beijing, Shaanxi, and Hedong transported the charcoal to Jingshi". During the reign of Song Yingzong, "the salary was 17.13 million in kilograms, and the charcoal was calculated in scales of one million." [61]
In his paper, Miyazaki cited some records about the Kaifeng charcoal field in the "Continuation of the Zhi Tong Jian Chang Edition" and "Song Huiyi". In fact, the word "charcoal" alone often refers to charcoal. The records cited by Emperor Yingzong of the Song Dynasty prove that until a hundred years after the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the fuel in Kaifeng was still mainly salary and charcoal.
As mentioned earlier, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song, it was stipulated that from Huaizhou in Hebei to Kaifeng, the trafficking of charcoal was exempt from commercial tax. He also sold the local kiln at a price of 60 yuan per scale, and the firewood used for the kiln came from "Nanjing (Yingtianfu), Su, and Bo" prefectures. [62] This is reflected in the fuel used in Kaifeng, with charcoal already accounting for a certain proportion.
After the reform of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng, "the temple supervisor did not govern foreign affairs". Among them, Taifu Temple has "Stone Coal Field, Palm Acceptance Sells Stone Charcoal", while Sinong Temple has "Inner Chai Charcoal Warehouse, Palm Salary Charcoal, to Give Miyagi and Suwei Banzhi, Sergeant Salary Charcoal, and Seat Recommended Things", and "Carbon Field, Palm Storage Charcoal for the use of Baisi". [63] The stone charcoal yard in Taifu Temple and the inner firewood charcoal depot and charcoal yard in Sinong Temple are not only different from the types of stone charcoal and firecoal, but the stone charcoal field "does not give it because of the benefit of the public",[64] it is a government-run commercial organization, and the inner firewood charcoal depot and charcoal field are the supply institutions of the government and the military. Before the reform of Yuanfeng, the Song Dynasty had long set up carbon farms in Kaifeng, a total of three, "three charcoal farms in Beijing, with annual tax charcoal and charcoal, for internal and external use." [65] The charcoal farm may have been newly established during the Yuanfeng reform, which in fact reflects the importance that charcoal has occupied in the urban life of Kaifeng.
Emperor Yuan Yuchu of Song Zhe set the "stone charcoal field" as a quota "in money and goods". [66] During the reign of Shaosheng, Cheng Xing said in the imperial history, "Under the hub, the name is the imperial mansion, and the Buende should be the first summer", "Because the beggar officials reduced the price of rice and sold charcoal, there was no limit to the amount, and the people were released." Walk more than you say". [67] He proposed three "kindness" deeds "under the boundary," one of which was "selling charcoal." At the beginning of Yuan Fu, Jingxi Pai'an said: "The West River Carboniferous Gang owes, please follow the Xihe Wood Charcoal Gang to owe the law." "Approved by the Song court. [68] At that time, the government was transported by land and water, and a certain amount of similar materials was used to form a class. For example, gold is 20,000 taels, silver is 100,000 taels, and money is 20,000 taels. [69] Emperor Renzong of Song stipulated that grain ships carrying on the Bianhe River were "twenty-five for every five hundred material ships for one class, and thirty ships for four hundred material ships for one class." [70] One material is one stone of carrying weight, and when "the ship's strength is better than fifty stone, and forty stones of fine color are implemented",[71] that is, eight-tenths of the carrying capacity is used to transport grain, which is actually based on carrying 10,000 stone or 9,600 stone. In the Song Dynasty, there were only large quantities of materials, and the party organized the program. At that time, the Carboniferous Class, which should have been newly marshalled, and its system was not yet perfect, so it was necessary to refer to the legislation of the Carbon-Carbon Class. Compared with the time of Emperor Yingzong of Song more than 30 years ago, the fuel in Kaifeng has changed from relying on firewood and charcoal to focusing on firewood, charcoal and stone charcoal, which is indeed a major change.
In the third year of Yuan Fu (1100 AD) at the beginning of Emperor Huizong's accession to the throne, "Shangshu Provincial Survey Council", "Stone charcoal was bought by officials in recent years, sold on the market, and later increased in the market price, which was really inconvenient for the people". Emperor Huizong of Song ordered that "in the future, it will not be official to buy and sell charcoal". At that time, "the city change the name of the city to the Pingzhun Affairs", and Song Huizong also "decreed the Pingzhun Affairs". [72] Chen Cisheng commented on the official Jia Chong Min, accusing him of "spending money on Luokou officials to buy Pingwu Stone Charcoal." [73] Since the trading of charcoal had become a profitable business, in addition to the charcoal farm, the city also intervened in the trading of charcoal. Although the details of what Jia Chong Min did are no longer known, he undoubtedly meddled in the trading of charcoal.
History said that "since Chongning, the ministers of speech and profit have been in ruins", and "the official sale of stone charcoal has increased by more than 20 fields, and the world's easy charcoal is sold by officials." [74] Emperor Huizong of Song, in order to serve himself in the world, soon reneged on his edict that "in the future, he will not buy and sell charcoal from officials." The stone charcoal field has developed from one in the time of Song Shenzong to more than 20, including "Henan No. 1 to 10 Charcoal Farm, Hebei No. 1 to 10 Charcoal Farm, Jingxi Soft Charcoal Farm, Pumped Stone Charcoal Farm, Fengji Coal Farm, and Chengdong Xinzhi Charcoal Farm". Such charcoal farms or charcoal farms are located in the capital as institutions for "selecting people to be appointed in Beijing". [75] The newcomers apparently made their living from a carbon-fired farm, with only one soft charcoal farm and one charcoal farm. In the sixth year of Song Hui Zongzhenghe (1116 AD), King Yin of Kaifeng Ge played: "The private house of the capital under the stone charcoal has not stopped, and the obstruction of the obstruction of the obstruction of the observance of the lawsuit, the desire to propose measures to set up the charcoal office, and in the future, the lawsuit along the stream shall not be obstructed and the invitation to be stopped, and the charcoal boat shall be suppressed, and the guests will be allowed to complain through the Shangshu Province." "Emperor Huizong of Song" adhered to the edict, dared to obstruct the festival, and violated the imperial pen." [76]
It can be seen from this that at that time, due to the large number of coal farms, a charcoal office was set up as the general coal institution. In addition, there are many "Carbon-Coal Private Houses" in Kaifeng. The government specialized in the sale of charcoal, naturally in order to make monopolistic profits. Just like the salt and tea franchises, the government still allows and needs private traders, including the "Stone Coal Private House" to sell Stone Charcoal, and the official government franchise is nothing more than an intermediate exploitation in the sale of Coal Coal, and the losers are naturally the general public. The charcoal transported to Kyoto through the West River Carboniferous Gang was not only used as fuel for the capital, but was also trafficked to various places "downstream" of the Bianhe River through private traders. The Song court adopted an incentive policy for private traders to use "charcoal boats" to transport charcoal to "downstream" places, stipulating that "lawsuits along the stream" "dare to obstruct the situation, in violation of the imperial pen."
The above records show that the supply of charcoal in Kaifeng is abundant, so there is still a possibility that it will be resold abroad.
Although the government monopolized the charcoal in the capital, this did not preclude relief measures in the cold winter. In November of the first year of Emperor Song Zhe (1098 AD), the three provinces said: "The price of charcoal in the city is high, and the winter is cold, and the people do not give it." Emperor Song Zhezong then "ordered the special commissioner Wu Juhou to sell the charcoal in Beijing." [77] In the third year of Song Hui Zongzhenghe (1113 AD), he issued an edict: "When the snow is bitter and cold, the roads are blocked, and the price of rice and wheat in Changping is reduced by ten cents per scale." [78] During the reign of the government and peace, it was also stipulated that imperial medicine would "buy 30,000 scales of charcoal per year." [79]
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Ying Qiu (Zi Jiyu) recalled in the volume of the "Chicken Rib Compilation":
There are millions of families in the former capital of Cyprus, all relying on charcoal, and none of them have a salary. Today, Wu and Yue are stationed, and the mountains and forests are not enough to supply Qiao Su. Although the flowers and beautiful bamboos, the pine of the grave, in the years, it has become a red earth. The roots are small, the pouting is everywhere, the buds and tillers cannot be reborn, and the benefits of thinking about the charcoal cannot be obtained.
Mr. Yan Gengwang quoted materials from the late Northern Song Dynasty in response to Miyazaki City's remarks. For example, in volume 335 of the "History of Song", "The Legend of the Taoist Seeder", it is said that because of the invasion of the Jin soldiers in the south, "the capital city was besieged, all the doors were closed, and the city was unpaid." Another example is the "Song Huiyi" Chongru 7-59, Song Hui Zongxuan and Shi reduced the tributes in various places, "Shanshui Baibo Zheng Sichai 360,000 jin, minus 200,000 jin". Mr. Yan believes that Zhuang Qiu's statement "is an excellent piece of information about the fuel of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it is inevitably exaggerated", and "the fuel used in the life of ordinary citizens in Bianjing and the fuel used in the kiln still plays at least an extremely important position; Not only ordinary citizens, but also firewood is still burned in the palace. It can be proved that Zhuang Jiyu's words are absolutely exaggerated memories, which are not enough to be empirical! If, according to Zhuang Shizhi, it is believed that the fuel of ordinary citizens in Bianjing is mainly coal, or even called the fuel revolution, and that it is the driving force for the progress of China's ancient civilization, I am afraid it is absolutely not true." [80]
In the nearly sixty years after the Song Shenzong, the composition of Kaifeng fuel did change greatly, and the use of charcoal gradually became prominent, and finally occupied the main body of Kaifeng fuel, and could even be supplied to other places. Of course, the use of charcoal cannot completely exclude firewood, charcoal and the like, because charcoal needs firewood and other ignition to fuel combustion. Emperor Huizong of Song reduced the number of Sigongchai in the west of Kaifeng from 360,000 jin to 160,000 jin, just in parallel with the increase in the local supply of charcoal.
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty still used charcoal as fuel in Kaifeng, which served as Nanjing. Jin Xuanzong, who fled to Henan, said that "the small people in the capital, the middle of the stone charcoal, not only gave them a price, but the imperial history impeached them for asking for official money, and they were imprisoned, and those who were sentenced to death wanted to be lenient", but they were opposed by the powerful minister Shuhu Gao Qi, and "stopped". [81] There are not many historical records of the Jin Dynasty, but this account is still worth paying attention to.
Throughout the development of human history, on the one hand, some huge historical events have certainly had a huge impact on the evolution of civilization; On the other hand, there are many things that seemed insignificant at the time, which also have a profound impact on the evolution of civilization. The major changes in the composition of fuel in the Song Dynasty, the widespread exploitation and utilization of charcoal, belong to the latter. The production and utilization of charcoal in the Liaoning and Song dynasties not only provided people in many areas with indispensable fuel for daily life, but also promoted the development of handicraft industries such as porcelain, iron smelting, and winemaking, which is indeed a major event in the history of ancient China's economy and science and technology. Of course, the development of Chinese history to the Song Dynasty still does not produce an epoch-making new civilization, and the Song Dynasty civilization surpasses the Tang Dynasty civilization, and many new characteristics have emerged, but on the whole, it is still only the development, extension and deepening of traditional civilization. The widespread mining and utilization of charcoal did not occupy a fundamental position in the civilization of the Song Dynasty, because the Song Dynasty was still an agricultural society. Although the production and utilization of charcoal promoted the development of iron making, porcelain making, wine brewing and other industries, it did not reach the point of changing the economy of the entire agricultural society.
Originally published in "Historical Essays in Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of Professor Li Wei's Academic Activities"
Notes
[1] Collected Works of the Historical Language, vol. 8.
[2] Oriental Studies, No. 13.
[3] Journal of Asian Studies, February 1962 issue.
[4] See Mr. Qi Xia, "Economic History of the Song Dynasty," in The Complete Works of Qi Xia, vol. 4, p. 536, Hebei University Press, 2008.
[5] Taiping Yuyan, vol. 605, "Ink".
[6] Notes on the Classic of Water, vol. 10, "Turbid Water."
[7] Commentary on the Book of Water, vol. 2, "River Water."
[8] Taiping Yuyan, vol. 871, Charcoal. The Book of the Later Han, volume 122, "Records of the County Country" quotes the Yuzhang Ji: "The county has Gexiang, and there are two acres of stone charcoal, which can be burned. "The text is slightly different.
[9] History of Song, vol. 162, Records of Officials.
[10] Feng Chengjun translates chapter 101 of the Travels of Marco Polo.
[11] Yuan History, vol. 85, vol. 89, Hundred Official Records.
[12] Yuan History, vol. 94, "Food Goods Record."
[13] Tamai Qiao Sing, on volume.
[14] Updated Hushan Manuscripts, vol. 2, "Huzhou Song" (its ninety).
[15] Chunzhu Jiwen, vol. 8, Nanhai Pine Coal.
[16] The Collected Works of the Idle Old Man Fushui Collection, vol. 5.
[17] Catalogue of Materia Medica, vol. 9, "Carboniferous," reproduced.
[18] In the Old Book of Tang, volume 199, the Legend of Goryeo: "There are many poor people, and the winter moon is made into long pits, and red fires are burned to keep warm." There is a similar record in the New Book of Tang, volume 220, and the Legend of Goryeo.
[19] Zhang Zaiji Collected Essays and Poems.
[20] The Three Dynasties Northern Alliance Compilation, hereinafter referred to as the Compilation of the Hui, volume 3 contains the Jurchen custom: "The ring house is an earthen bed, under which the fire is blazing, and on it is called a kang, so as to warm it." ”
[21] History of Song, vol. 373, Zhu Ben's Biography.
[22] Zhongzhou Collection, vol. 10.
[23] History of Song, vol. 24, Gaozongji, vol. 371, "Biography of Wang Lun."
[24] Journey to the Tang Dynasty, vol. 3.
[25] History of Song, vol. 284, "Biography of Chen Yaozuo."
[26] General Examination of Literature, vol. 9, Long Edition, vol. 164, June of the eighth year of the calendar.
[27] History of Song, vol. 265, "Biography of Li Zhaoxian."
[28] The Complete Works of Ouyang Wenzhong Gong, vol. 61, "Epitaph of Chongban Xuejun in the Inner Temple."
[29] The Long Edition, vol. 133, Gengji in the first year of the Qing calendar, and the History of Song, vol. 324, "The Biography of Zhang Kan."
[30] Long Edition, vol. 279, December of the ninth year of Xining.
[31] Changshan Zhenshi Zhi, vol. 12, "The Stele Casts Gold and Bronze Elephants Bodhisattvas and Covers the Preface to the Great Compassion Treasure Pavilion."
[32] The Long Edition, vol. 111, was ugly in September of the first year of Ming Dao.
[33] "Song Huiyi" Food Goods 37-10.
[34] The Long Edition, vol. 106, March of the Holy Sixth Month.
[35] Chancellor of the Past Dynasties, vol. 251.
[36] Compilation, vol. 73.
[37] Golden History, vol. 25, Geographical History.
[38] Compendium of Materia Medica, vol. 9, "Carboniferous," reproduced.
[39] General Examination of Literature, vol. 14.
[40] History of Song, vol. 186, Records of Food Goods.
[41] "Song Huiyi" Food Goods 55-21.
[42] In the Journal of Northbound.
[43] "Song Huiyi" Food 42-12, 48-15-16.
[44] Mengxi Pen Talks, vol. 24.
[45] Longyou Jinshi Lu, vol. 3, "Huairong Fort Stele."
[46] The Jin History, volume 25, and the Geographical Records only have Fuchang County, Songzhou. According to the Ming Dynasty Records volume 29 "Henan Fu": "Jin reformed Yiyang, the Yuan remained, and the dynasty was because of it." "Yuan History, volume 58, "Geographical History" is written as Yiyang, and does not explain the history.
[47] Dongpo Seven Episodes, Dongpo Collection, vol. 10.
[48] Compendium of Materia Medica, vol. 9, "Carboniferous," reproduced.
[49] Collected Poems of Shiping, vol. 2.
[50] The Two Song Dynasty Famous Sages, vol. 369, Snow Rock Series IV.
[51] Jiannan Poems, vol. 6.
[52] Henan Cheng's Outer Book, vol. 10.
[53] Guitian Lu, vol. 2.
[54] History of Jin, vol. 23, Five Elements.
[55] Building the French Style, vol. 13, vol. 27.
[56] History of the Development of Iron Smelting Technology in Ancient China, p. 156, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1982.
[57] "Song Huiyi" Food Goods 17-15, "Long Edition", volume 72, Dazhongxiangfu, October 2.
[58] "Song Huiyi" Food 49-25.
[59] History of Song, vol. 257, "Biography of Wang Renzhao."
[60] History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 93, Hequ Zhi.
[61] History of Song, vol. 175, Records of Food Goods.
[62] "Song Huiyi" Food 55-21.
[63] History of Song, vol. 165, Records of Officials, and General Examination of Literature, vol. 56.
[64] Song Huiyi, 27-3.
[65] "Song Huiyi" Food 54-11.
[66] Wen Yuange's Siku Quanshu, volume 375, Yuan Yu, April of the first year, Ren Yin.
[67] Long Edition, vol. 493, November of the fourth year of the Shosheng.
[68] The Long Edition, vol. 497, was noon in April of the first year.
[69] "Song Huiyi" Food 45-14.
[70] "Song Huiyi" Food 46-10.
[71] "Song Huiyi" Food 46-9.
[72] "Song Huiyi" Food Goods 37-33-34, "History of Song", vol. 186, "Food Goods Record".
[73] Collected Treatises, vol. 4, "Playing the Jia Seeds."
[74] History of Song, vol. 179, Records of Food Goods.
[75] Officials 56-47-48 of the Song Huiyi, see History of Song, vol. 354, Biography of Yu.
[76] Song Huiyi, Officials 27-22.
[77] The Long Edition, vol. 504, was not published in November of the first year.
[78] Song Huiyi, Food 68-116-117.
[79] Song Huiyi, Chongru 3-15-17.
[80] Historical Experience, pp. 41, 43.
[81] History of Jin, vol. 15, Xuanzongji, Xingding 2nd June.
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