The Viceroyalty of Senegal was the highest administrative body of the French colony in Senegal, and the Viceroy was the representative of the French Government in Senegal.
The Governor is responsible for supervising and administering all administrative branches, such as the police, taxation and land administration, as well as deciding and enforcing all policies and regulations, and the Governor's Office has a series of administrative regions, such as Dakar, Saint-Louis and Usac, each with an administrator.
Establishment of the colonial government of Senegal
The Parliament of Senegal was an advisory body to the French colonial government, established in 1914 with members appointed by the Governor, including government officials, merchants, farmers, religious leaders and indigenous representatives, and its duty was to review bills and policies and make recommendations to the Governor.
The Council of State, the French Supreme Court in Senegal, hears administrative disputes and proceedings, is composed of a Chief Justice and a number of Associate Justices.
The administrative system, designed to maintain French political control and interests, had a profound impact on Senegalese politics, with laws restricting the freedoms and rights of the indigenous population and preventing them from participating in political activities, thus making Senegal a French colony.
The colonial Government also did not give the indigenous population sufficient representation and participation in the administration and decision-making process in Senegal, preventing them from effectively speaking out and influencing policies.
The government ensured that France's economic interests were met through taxation and land administration, while Senegal's resources were exploited and exploited in large quantities, including agricultural products such as gold, cobalt, phosphate and groundnuts.
The exploitation and trade of these resources made Senegal an important economic base for France, but it also led to the indigenous population being deprived of its own resources and wealth and living in poverty and backwardness.
The policies and laws imposed by the colonial Government deprived the indigenous population of their freedoms and rights, making them targets and victims of the colonial Government, which had led to inequality and racial discrimination in Senegalese society and made it difficult for the indigenous population to access basic services such as education, employment and health care.
France's colonial policy encouraged the indigenous population to adopt the French language, culture and religion in an attempt to dissolve their traditional culture. This has led to the loss of Senegalese culture and difficulties in cultural identity.
These influences have largely shaped the social and political reality of Senegal today, and although Senegal gained independence in 1960, the social, political and economic problems left over from the colonial period still exist and have influenced Senegal's development and progress to some extent.
Senegal's history of resistance to colonial rule
After World War I, Senegalese intellectuals and political leaders began to organize political movements against French colonial rule, which aimed to fight for more political rights and economic opportunities in order to improve the living standards of the Senegalese people.
The most famous of these were the Reformed Sects, founded in 1914, who called for a pluralistic and representative political system, but these movements were suppressed by the French colonial government.
In 1940, with France in the midst of World War II, Senegal's rebellion revived. The most famous of these was the "universal suffrage campaign" led by Rath Deset, who called on France to recognize the political and economic rights of the Senegalese people.
After the reform of the French decree, the Senegalese people gained more political rights, but colonial rule remained.
Under the leadership of Sultan Daoudachmani, a group of Senegalese with educational and social backgrounds launched a revolt to demand an end to French colonial rule and independence.
This movement, later known as the Sultan Daoudachmani Movement, grew into a vast political coalition that included many different political and social organizations, culminating in Senegal's independence in 1960.
The transformation of colonial society in Senegal
In the early years of the colonial period, the French colonial government did not adopt a policy of apartheid, but encouraged cooperation and exchange between different peoples, and in Senegal, there was also harmonious coexistence between Muslims and Christians.
However, as the colonial government's control over Senegalese society intensified, the colonial government began to adopt a policy of apartheid, which led to inter-ethnic contradictions and conflicts.
In the later period, ethnic relations in Senegal were further affected, as the ties between different ethnic groups were weakened and racial differences became more pronounced due to the colonial government's racial policies, while the colonial government also supported minorities by allocating resources and opportunities, which exacerbated the contradictions between different ethnic groups.
Muslims and Christians have long had a tradition of harmonious coexistence, and in the early colonial period, the French colonial government did not interfere with Senegal's religious beliefs, but consolidated its dominance by cooperating with local religious leaders.
As the colonial government's control tightened, the colonial government began to try to consolidate its dominance by interfering in religious affairs.
Due to the intervention and control of the colonial government, the contradictions between different religions gradually intensified, and in this situation, some religious groups began to try to obtain more rights and opportunities through political means, which led to contradictions and conflicts between different religions.
Creation and development of the Order of Bafele in Senegal
The Order of Bafell in Senegal is the largest religious organization in Senegal, founded by Sheikh Amadou Ba Ibrahim Fallaschet, whose founding purpose is to pursue inner purity and true godliness.
Born in 1853 in a region of Senegal, Sheikh Amado Ba Ibrahim Fajacheh was educated in Islam from an early age, where he was educated in Arabic and Koran at a local madrasah, before travelling to Morocco for further study in Islamic law and philosophy.
Upon his return to Senegal, he began teaching people about Islam and was welcomed by some supporters, however, his rise attracted the attention of the authorities, and he was imprisoned several times as a threat to French colonial rule at the time.
During his imprisonment, he delved into Islamic teachings and constantly thought about how to help believers better understand and practice Islamic teachings. He founded the Order of Bafare in Senegal with the aim of conveying the understanding of true faith and piety in Islamic teachings.
Members of the Baffal Order are known as followers, who follow the teachings of Sheikh Amadou Ba Ibrahim Fayacheh in pursuit of inner purity and godliness, and are committed to personal spiritual practice and social improvement.
They emphasized strict adherence to Islamic teachings, but also focused on practice and action to help the poor and weak and promote social harmony.
After the death of Sheikh Amadou Ba Ibrahim Fajayah in 1927, his son Sheikh Mohamed Fallaše succeeded him as the spiritual leader of the Order of Baal.
Under the leadership of Mohammed, the Order continued to expand and develop, and its membership grew, gradually forming an important force in Senegalese society, and the Order also established branches in other African countries and abroad, becoming a transnational organization.
The Bafell Order is involved in many areas in Senegal, including education, health, charity, etc. Members of the Bafeal Order are also actively involved in political activities, including elections and social movements, and the leaders of the organization also promote the harmonious development of society through dialogue and cooperation with government officials and other religious leaders.
The impact of the Bafele Order on society in Senegal
The teachings of the Baffal Order emphasize love, peace and tolerance, which have had a positive impact on the development and stability of local societies.
Members of the Order are actively involved in charitable causes, such as providing food and shelter for the poor, and they have also contributed to education and established many schools and hospitals, which have helped people to improve their living standards and health and promote the harmonious development of society.
The Order's teachings encourage believers to work hard and help each other, which has a positive effect on raising people's economic standards.
They often work in industries such as agriculture, fishing and handicrafts, and their success stories inspire others to become active in the economy as well, in addition to encouraging believers to help each other in business, forming a social network of mutual support.
The music and dance arts of the Order are considered part of African culture and have influenced the development of local music and culture, and the members of the Order actively participate in local traditional culture and festivals, promoting the transmission and development of local culture.
Members are usually actively involved in elections and social movements, and their influence in politics is increasing, and the leaders of the Order often engage in dialogue and cooperation with government officials and other religious leaders, promoting the harmonious development of society.
The Order has actively participated in the process of modernization of education and medical care, and has established many schools and hospitals in the area to provide modern education and medical services to help people improve their living standards and health, while at the same time continuously improving the quality of education and medical services to meet the needs of modern society.
They encourage believers to work hard and help each other and actively participate in economic activities, and with the modernization of the Senegalese economy, the Order of Bafele is also adapting to the needs of the modern economy, encouraging believers to participate in business activities and technological innovation to promote the development and modernization of the economy.
The music and dance arts of the Baffal Order are considered part of African culture, but it is also constantly innovating and improving, incorporating modern music and cultural elements, maintaining its cultural identity while adapting to the cultural needs of modernity.
Members of the Order actively participate in local elections and social movements for social justice and political reform, and the Order's leaders actively participate in dialogue and cooperation among government officials and other religious leaders to promote harmonious social and political development.
Sufism is a major sect of Islam with a wide distribution, and the Pafale Order is a branch of Sufism, so the Pafale Order has similar teachings and practices to other Sufi sects, including practice, chanting of scriptures and musical performances.
The Baffal Order's beliefs and practices differ in some respects from traditional Islamic denominations, which has given rise to controversy and criticism from other sects and groups, however, the Baffal Order also maintains a certain degree of interaction and cooperation with other sects and groups, such as participating in common religious celebrations and dialogues.
With a strong interest in social justice and peace, the Order has extensive contacts with social movements and civil society groups, as well as a role in Senegalese politics, interacting and cooperating with political leaders and organizations.
At present, the Order of Bafell in Senegal still plays an important role in Senegalese society, and its number and influence are still increasing.
The group is also actively promoting education and philanthropy and plays an important role in the social and political spheres. In addition, the group has a certain influence in the international community and has become a calling card of Senegal.
As the modernization of Senegalese society accelerates, the group needs to adapt to this change in order to better serve society, in addition to internal issues such as the stability of leadership and the standardization of doctrinal interpretation.
The Order of Bafel can promote social and economic development, increase its impact and visibility by working with the government, other religious groups and the international community, and by adopting a more open and inclusive attitude to attract more young people to join in order to maintain its vitality and vitality.
The division and rivalry of some factions within the Bafele Order is also an important factor in the future development of the Order, and the differences between these factions may involve doctrine, leadership, organizational structure, etc., and therefore need to be resolved by the Bafele Order of Senegal through dialogue and consultation.
In the past, the Senegalese government has imposed some restrictions on the Bafar Order in Senegal, such as prohibiting members from praying in public places, so the group needs to promote common development through communication and cooperation with the government.
With the acceleration of globalization and the popularization of information technology, the Bafele Order in Senegal is also facing opportunities and challenges for international development, and the group can expand its influence by using international resources and promoting cultural exchanges. However, internationalization may also bring some risks, such as international competition, cultural clashes, etc.
Bibliography:
The Politics of the Sufi Order in Senegal
Muslims and Sheikh in West Africa: A Study of Islam in the Walter Basin in Pre-Colonial China
Beyond Timbuktu: A History of Muslim Thought in West Africa