introduction
The Song Dynasty (960-1279) was an important dynasty in mainland history.
The Song Dynasty prospered economically, had a splendid culture, and created a brilliant civilization.
The Song Dynasty was a period of rapid development of Chinese civilization and occupied an important position in the history of the development of Chinese civilization.
Influenced by Confucian teachings, son preference was a clear phenomenon in the Song Dynasty, a typical patriarchal society.
Women had a low social status, and husbands could repudiate their wives if they were not satisfied with their wives, so divorce was common in the Song Dynasty.
This phenomenon continued throughout the Song Dynasty.
Many wise people abhor this, writing lyrics and writing articles about the pros and cons, hoping to change this unfair social phenomenon.
The experience of women in the Song Dynasty under the oppression of the autocracy and Confucian teachings is sympathetic, and frequent divorces are the dark side of the glorious civilization of the Song Dynasty, fully reflecting the dark side and unhealthy social atmosphere of the Song Dynasty society.
Conservative Confucian teachings have led to frequent divorces
Confucianism has been the orthodox ideology of feudal society since Emperor Wudi of Han "deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism", and the three principles and five constants, monarchs and subjects, fathers and sons, male superiority and female inferiority, and three subordinate and four virtues profoundly affected the psychology of Chinese.
Successive dynasties continued to use Confucianism, making Confucian teachings dominant.
The Sui and Tang dynasties promoted the imperial examination, emphasizing education, and Confucian teachings were necessary propositions for the imperial examination.
If readers want to live in the upper class, study Confucian classics, and participate in the imperial examination, it is the only way.
After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Confucianism still occupied a dominant position, and "emphasizing culture over martial arts" was set as a national policy by the rulers, which led to a high degree of prosperity in the Song Dynasty's society, developed economy, and rich country.
Influenced by Confucian teachings, the Song Dynasty was still a patriarchal society, and the society was generally conservative.
Women are in a subordinate position, their social status is low, men are dissatisfied with their wives, and they can repudiate their wives at will if certain conditions are met.
However, there was a certain freedom of divorce in the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty allowed wives to file for divorce, giving wives the legal right to initiate divorce.
Society is constantly evolving, but there is a partial regression.
The Tang people are more free-spirited, while the Song people are more restrained.
In the Song Dynasty, there was still discrimination and oppression against women, which was inevitable in a patriarchal society, coupled with the yearning for freedom in both men and women, divorce became common.
Confucian teachings play a certain role in the stability of society and the norms of social order, but they imprison people's minds, and society becomes conservative.
Under the influence of Confucianism, men and women are not equal, and women who are oppressed by a patriarchal society live far worse than men.
This caused divorce in Song Dynasty society to be common.
Second, why in the economically developed Song Dynasty, the social atmosphere of divorce was not right
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the mainland has established an authoritarian centralized system, which has been strengthened by successive dynasties.
In the Song Dynasty, the rulers learned the historical lessons of the division of domains and towns in the late Tang dynasty, adopted a policy of emphasizing culture and suppressing martial arts, and continued to strengthen imperial power by dividing power. Moreover, the Song Dynasty did not oppose land annexation and encouraged the free sale of land, a policy that greatly stimulated the prosperity of the commodity economy.
From the Qingming upper river map, you can see the prosperous scene of the capital city Kaifeng, the economy of the Song Dynasty is also second to none in the world, GDP peaks at the peak of 60% of the world economy, the economy can not be described as prosperous, the national strength can not be described as not strong, which is also the eternal pride of the Chinese nation.
So in such a prosperous Song Dynasty, why is the social atmosphere not right, and why is the phenomenon of divorce common?
As we all know, Confucianism has been the orthodox ideology of China's feudal society for more than 2,000 years, established since the Western Han Dynasty, and then inherited by successive dynasties. The benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom it preached played a certain progressive role in promoting social development, effectively regulating and stabilizing social order, and conducive to the development and continuation of Chinese civilization.
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However, Confucianism also stipulates that three subordinates and four virtues, three principles and five constants, the elders and children are respectful and orderly, and men are inferior to women, reflecting the characteristics of a patriarchal society, under which women are subordinate and have a low social status, men can repudiate their wives and divorce their wives under certain conditions, which is the reality of patriarchal society.
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, this reality has been continuously strengthened. Confucianism developed to the Song Dynasty, and Cheng Zhu Lixue appeared, which was a further development of Confucianism, Cheng Yi said: "Starving to death is small, and losing touch is big."
"Further imprisoning people's minds is the increasingly conservative society of the Song Dynasty. Later, Zhu Xi proposed to save heaven and destroy people's desires, make people submit to feudal rule, and restrict all kinds of freedoms, which led to the conservative society of the Song Dynasty and the social atmosphere was unhealthy.
The formulation of the divorce system in the Song Dynasty completely inherited the provisions of the Tang Law, with the traditional conditions of "seven out", "three not going" and "righteous absolute", which were no different from other dynasties, but further stipulated the conditions for childlessness.
"Seven out" is the privilege of repudiation granted by law, and the husband can repudiate his wife after meeting the conditions, and the wife must obey, which is in accordance with the law;
"Righteousness" is a condition for forced divorce between husband and wife by law, which is compulsory, which means that in marriage, women are completely subordinate and must submit to the authority of their husbands.
Regarding the "three no-go" if the wife has a bad disease or adultery with others, it reflects the true intention of Song Law to safeguard the sect and embodies the will of the ruling class.
The marriage system of the Song Dynasty clearly had provisions that discriminated against women, which was a vivid manifestation of the patriarchal society.
Under the Song Dynasty system, women had no say and could only become vassals of men.
Men can renounct their wives at will, and women's rights are not guaranteed.
Under this system, divorce became common, causing the social atmosphere of the Song Dynasty to be unjustified.
Song Law embodies the will of the ruling class and is also a concentrated embodiment of a patriarchal society.
Men can have three wives and four concubines, and they can repudiate their wives, and women are obviously passive, which fully reflects the reality of gender inequality in feudal society.
Freedom is an eternal topic.
Not only modern people advocated freedom, but ancient people also advocated freedom.
In the Song Dynasty, the commodity economy was highly developed and people's minds were active.
Despite the suppression of Confucianism and Cheng Zhu Lixue, people still pursue love and pursue happiness.
Under the influence of Confucian teachings, the Song Dynasty was a conservative society, but countless men and women still struggled for their own happy lives.
Women were subordinate to the patriarchal society of the Song Dynasty.
Women in the Song Dynasty felt helpless about this phenomenon.
They are still persistently pursuing their happiness.
Men have a superior social status and are very demanding of their wives.
If their wives dissatisfied themselves, they can repudiate their wives or even send their wives to the government.
Men are more casual about their marriages.
This made divorce common in Song Dynasty society.
This aggravates the unhealthy social atmosphere.
The famous female lyricist Li Qingzhao married the official Zhang Ruzhou at the age of 48.
I wanted to start a happy marriage, but it was indeed an unfortunate beginning.
Li Qingzhao slowly discovered that the reason why Zhang Ruzhou was good to himself was not because of himself, but because he took a fancy to the antique calligraphy and paintings left by Li Qingzhao.
Zhang Ruzhou became more and more greedy and wanted these things.
When Zhang Ruzhou found that there were few of Li Qingzhao's antique paintings and calligraphy, his purpose could not be achieved.
He was extremely disappointed, thinking that this was all caused by Li Qingzhao.
began to be more and more rude to Li Qingzhao, not good, and even domestic violence against Li Qingzhao.
Li Qingzhao couldn't bear it, after all, she had a certain social reputation, and she rose up to resist.
Li Qingzhao discovered that Zhang Ruzhou was an out-and-out corrupt official
He embezzled and took bribes, sold official titles, and smuggled.
Li Qingzhao originally wanted to go to the official mansion to sue him for divorce, only in this way could she get out of the sea of suffering.
However, Song Dynasty law stipulated that only the husband could divorce if he made a major mistake.
If a wife sues her husband, for whatever reason, she has to go to three years in prison.
Her heart was very helpless and disappointed.
Li Qingzhao, as a celebrity at that time, was in this situation, not to mention other ordinary women.
In the TV series "Menghualu", Zhao Paner worked hard to run the tea house in order for Ouyang Xu to take the imperial examination.
Zhao Pan'er worked hard to buy a field property in order to be able to give Ouyang Xu a household registration, otherwise he would not even have the qualifications to participate in the imperial examination
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Ouyang Xu also lived up to expectations and won the Tanhua exam.
Zhao Paner was very happy and felt that her efforts were not in vain.
Zhao Pan'er wanted to see Ouyang Xu very much, but Ouyang Xu told her that she had a marriage contract with Concubine Gaogui's niece, and abandoned Zhao Pan'er by hand.
That's what happened after that.
In "Menghualu", Sun Sanniang was abandoned by her husband Fu Xingui and forcibly divorced.
No matter how much Sanniang objected, it would not work.
Sanniang wanted to sue the government, but the government supported Fu Xingui.
Their only child was also forcibly passed on by her husband to her brother, who was separated by several rooms.
Sun Sanniang was so grief-stricken that she jumped into the river to kill herself, but was saved by Zhao Pan'er.
In the society of the Song Dynasty, the social status of women was low, and women received unfair treatment
If you sue your husband, you have to be convicted by the government, which is helpless.
In the society of the Song Dynasty, the low social status of women can be seen.
It can be seen that the inequality of the status of men and women is also an important reason for the frequent social divorce, and the high number of divorces also aggravates the unhealthy social atmosphere.
Third, the frequent impact of divorce in the Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty occupies an important position in Chinese history as a dynasty with a rich country and a developed economy.
The highly developed commodity economy made the Song Dynasty famous all over the world.
However, divorce in the Song Dynasty was common, aggravating the unhealthy social atmosphere.
Divorce is an abyss of pain.
Causes a lot of pain to family members.
The separation of the wife and the family has a great negative impact on the growth of the child.
Families are divided and happy families are broken.
When men and women remarry, frequent emotional entanglements occur, and society becomes unstable.
It threatens the stability of society and the long-term peace and stability of the country.
The social atmosphere became unhealthy and exacerbated the crisis of dynastic rule.
epilogue
The Song Dynasty created a splendid civilization over a period of more than 300 years.
Its economy is also second to none in the world.
The economically developed society of the Song Dynasty was prosperous and stable, and there were merchants, tiles, and night markets everywhere in the society.
Divorce was common in the Song Dynasty and was a phenomenon worth paying attention to.
The domination of traditional Confucianism in the field of ideology and culture imprisons people's minds and makes society conservative.
The measures taken by the Song government to strengthen imperial power and subordinate the people to the emperor's rule.
People pursue happiness, sing the praises of freedom, and are more active in their minds.
The Confucian three principles and five constants, the three subordinates and the four virtues, and the shortcomings of the patriarchal society have all aggravated the commonness of divorce and the unhealthy social atmosphere.
Everyone has the right and freedom to pursue happiness, and only when husband and wife understand each other, care for each other, and everyone is equal, the family will be happy and the society will be more harmonious and beautiful.
bibliography
1. History of Song - Emperor Taizu of Song
2, Song Shi-Cheng Yichuan
3, Song Shi - Zhu Xi Biography
4, Sima Guang "Zizhi Tongjian"
5, Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Menghualu>
6, Su Shi "Chibi Fu"
7. Su Zhi "On the Inconvenience of Hiring River Fu"
8, Zhu Yu "Pingzhou Can Talk"