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After experiencing a relatively prosperous and powerful situation in all aspects of the first and middle periods, the Li and Tang dynasties gradually weakened their ruling power due to internal rivalry among their friends and the intensification of rebellion in the clan towns. Especially at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the corrupt forces within the ruling class continued to expropriate and violently extort against the broad masses of the people, further aggravating the deepening of class contradictions.
In this situation, people everywhere revolted, especially the uprisings represented by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao, which had a serious impact on the rule of the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the separatist forces in various places also hegemonized each other, attacking each other for their own interests, bringing deep disasters to the local people and greatly damaging the economy.
In April 907 (the fourth year of Tang Tianhu, the first year of Later Liang Kaiping), Zhu Wen (Quanzhong) deposed the Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Zhu (李祚) and declared his accession to the throne in Daliang (present-day Kaifeng, Henan), marking the complete overthrow of the Tang Dynasty. In the following 50 years, following the previous Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese history entered an era of division and division - the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
During this period, the Central Plains region successively experienced five dynasties, including Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou, and the change and dominance of each dynasty did not bring too many stability factors to the society, and the Central Plains region was still in a turbulent and chaotic social situation. The society of this period was in a very dark and chaotic historical situation.
During the Five Dynasties period, years of war in various places greatly reduced the number of hukou in and around the Yellow River Valley; The ruling class set up severe punishment laws and arbitrarily killed the people; The ruling class of successive dynasties imposed taxes on the common people under various names and cruelly exploited the people. In addition, various natural disasters often broke out during this period, making people's lives even more difficult to maintain.
In the year of the catastrophe, the ruling class of the dynasty, regardless of the livelihood of the people, still ordered the people to pay grain to the imperial court, thus displacing a large number of people. Objectively speaking, although the society was in constant war during the Five Dynasties period, it was in the Tang Dynasty and the historical period before it.
The northern region centered on the Central Plains has always been the center of gravity of China's politics, economy, population and culture, so various fields in the Central Plains during the Five Dynasties period still developed to a certain extent while suffering damage and attacks.
For example, by counting the territorial distribution of the regime at that time, we can see the actual situation in some of the Central Plains: "In the early Liang period, there were eleven countries in the world, Wu, Zhejiang, Jing, Hu, Fujian, and Han in the south, Qi and Shu in the west, Yan and Jin in the north, and all 78 prefectures of the Zhu clan were Liang. At the beginning of the Liu clan, Qin, Feng, Cheng, and Cheng reverted to Shu, and during the reign of Emperor Yin, one prefecture was added to the city, one hundred, and six prefectures were considered Han.
Guo replaced the Han dynasty, ten prefectures were added to Liu Man, and Sejong took Qin, Feng, Fu, Cheng, Ying, Mo and Huainan fourteen prefectures, and added five prefectures and three abolished them, combining 118 prefectures as Zhou. "From this, it can be seen that there were seventy-eight states in the Zhuliang period; After the Later Tang passed through Pingshu, there were a total population of one hundred and twenty-three states; Although the Later Jin Dynasty ceded the sixteen states of Youyun to the Khitan, it still occupied one hundred and nine states;
The Later Han and Later Zhou wars also occupied the population of 106 prefectures and 118 prefectures respectively. Therefore, in the late Tang dynasty and the fifth dynasty, although the Central Plains was full of wars, it was still a region with a relatively wide area and population, and there was still development in terms of economy and culture.
For example, the three towns of Weibo, Lulong and Chengde in the Hebei region at the end of the Tang Dynasty, historically known as the "Three Towns of Heshuo", are still quite prominent in economic and other aspects, and have made achievements in restoring social production. During the reign of Emperor Tang (766-779), Zhu Xicai of Youzhou Domain "made a tax martingale for a car, and was able to do simple things, but it was only wrong in terms of Ning, and it was true in Tianfu." ”
Through a series of economic measures, Ruta has effectively promoted the production of local society and further improved its economic strength. Another example is the Cangzhou festival during the reign of Emperor Wenzong of Tang (872-840), which made Yin You face the scene of "full of thorns, corpses and deserts" in the territory at that time, and he "attacked bitter food and ate lightly, and toiled with the soldiers."
After the first birthday, the displaced returned as a displaced. ...... After a few years, the household registration was a nuisance, the warehouse accumulated, and everyone died. "During the Later Zhou period of the Five Dynasties, after Guo Wei, the Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty, came to the throne, he was determined to reform, and actively restored production through various measures including incentives for farming, tax exemptions, and water conservancy construction, which effectively promoted the recovery and development of the economy at that time.
After Zhou Shizong succeeded to the throne, he also continued to rectify and reform in the political and economic fields, and continued to improve social production and other aspects, laying an important foundation for the subsequent partial unification of the Central Plains in the Southern and Northern Wars. The Khitan are one of the ancient northern ethnic minorities on the mainland, and their clan names were first found in mainland texts in the Book of Wei in the third year of the Northern Wei Dynasty's accession to the state, that is, in 388 AD.
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan ministries were annexed in view of the prosperity of the Central Plains Dynasty, and during the Tang Taizong period, the local prefecture was set up, and the Qu Zheng was used as the Xuanzhou Spur History, and it was subordinate to the prefecture governor's office: Tang also set up the Songmo capital governor's office, with Cave Ge as the governor, gave the surname Li, and established its eight departments as Kyushu, and the Khitan tribal alliance was further developed.
During the Wu Zetian period (690-704), due to the improper ethnic policy of the Tang court, which led to the rebellion of Li Jizhong (李 Jizhong), the grandson of Cave Ge, who called himself the "supreme khan", and appointed Sun Wanrong as the vanguard to attack the south, although it was later defeated by the Turkic silent khan after the Tang army united, causing the Khitan forces to transfer to the Later Turks, but this brought great losses to the northern states at that time.
After the fall of the post-Turkic khanate, the Uighur Khanate arose in the desert steppe, and in 840 it was attacked by the Cymbals, the people fled, and the khanate perished. The Khitan was annexed to the Tang Dynasty, and the two re-established themselves, which laid a good foundation for the Khitan to continue their later development.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan Yaoji clan was succeeded by the Khan of the Chende, and the Khitan tribes expanded rapidly during the decline of the Tang Dynasty, especially the development of the Dieraku tribe, where Yelu Abaoji was located, was very prominent during this period. Later, with the strength of Abaoji's power, the Haruka clan was gradually replaced by it.
According to historical records, in the third year of Tang Tianhu (906), after the death of the Khan of Tang Deyu, Abaoji won the throne by virtue of the strength of his tribe. "The Khan of Chende, the courtiers were ordered to ask Taizu, and Xiao Lu and others persuaded them to enter. Taizu three let it, from it. After becoming the leader of the Khitan Alliance, Abaoji continued to lead his people to expand the territory.
First of all, Abaoji successively conquered the neighboring northern tribes such as Wubu Xi, Murwei and Tatar, and then destroyed the Bohai Sea, known as the "Haidong Shengguo", further consolidated the rear and accumulated sufficient strength. During this period, Abaoji began to speed up the pace of invading the Central Plains south.
At this time, the Central Plains region was in a period of chaotic wars between various separatist regimes and frequent wars, which gave the Khitan the opportunity to profit from it and continue to go south to plunder. For most of the period from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Khitan took advantage of the chaos and internal instability in the Central Plains to continue to plunder south, gaining a large number of people and many benefits.
It has an important impact on its internal economy and all aspects of development. Tracing back to the roots, during the development period of the Khitan, its tribe attached great importance to the development of social production. As early as the ancestor of the Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji, he advocated the development of social production such as agriculture, animal husbandry, iron metallurgy, and textiles.
During the reign of Yelu Abaoji, he paid more and more attention to production, and he once ordered that "the household registration should be used to prosper, and the jurisdiction should be alienated, and it should be divided into two departments of Peking University, and Cheng from tree art and all ministries should be effective." Emperor Taizong Yelud Guang, who succeeded him later, also "persuaded the peasants to sang, revitalize education, and reap the rest of the people", and at the same time, the Khitan rulers paid great attention to absorbing the technology and experience of agricultural production in the Central Plains.
For the Han people in their territory, the Khitan rulers actively appeased them, and through Han Yanhui and other Han people, they combined the advanced production technology of the Central Plains with the local environment, which effectively promoted the development of the Khitan economy.
In terms of handicrafts, the Khitan silver and iron manufacturing industry developed rapidly with the help of the Han people in the Central Plains, and the textile industry was also due to the fact that after the Khitan captured a large number of Han people in the Central Plains, this industry made obvious progress by using advanced textile technology in the Central Plains.
Especially after Yelud Guang brought a large number of handicraft craftsmen into the Khitan territory on his way back to the Khitan north, the quality of textiles in the Ayajinyuan Temple, which specialized in serving the Khitan royal family, was rapidly improved. Although there were frequent frictions between the Khitan and the Central Plains Dynasty in history, the two sides had many large-scale wars.
However, in peacetime, the exchanges and contacts between the Khitan and the Central Plains Dynasty were also very frequent and close. In addition to paying tribute to Northern Wei with famous horses and mink, the Khitan ministries also traded with Long and Miyun, and such economic and trade exchanges played a positive role in promoting the development of Khitan society.
At the time of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Khitan and the Central Plains dynasty were further strengthened. "In the fourth year of Emperor Kai of Sui (584), he led Mo Hefu to come to the court. For five years, he attacked his people, and Ventina listened to his place of origin. "Five years after Emperor Yiwen opened the emperor, the Khitan tribes came to the dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty made special arrangements for them.
During the Tang Dynasty, in November of the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (648), the Khitan chief Cave Ge was attached, and Tang Sui set up the Songmo Governor's Mansion, with Cave Brother as the governor, Wuji Nan, given the surname Li, and made the eight Khitan departments prefectures, with the chiefs of each tribe as the assassination history, and the two sides were more closely connected.
In addition to the above-mentioned tribute from the Qiyue to the Tang court and the return of the Tang Dynasty, the mutual market trade between the Khitan and the Central Plains was also very prosperous, such as during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, "the governor of Yingzhou, opened more than 80 houses in Tuntian, pursued Yuyang and Ziqing no households to return the old field houses, and gathered merchants Hu Li Mansion, and in a few years, Cangguang was filled, and the people were in the house." "
The above records show that the mutual trade between the Khitan and the Tang Dynasty was positive both in the process and in the later effect, which was quite beneficial to the economic development of both sides and the stability of the border.
During the late Tang dynasty, although the Central Plains region was in a turbulent period of division of domains and towns and mutual attacks and wars, and the Khitan and the Central Plains regimes were often in a state of confrontation, trade between Qiyue and the Central Plains was still very frequent in the neighboring Xinzhou, Yunzhou and other regions on both sides. It is not difficult to find that in history, the economic and other exchanges between the Khitan and the Central Plains have not stopped.
The trade exchanges between the two sides through various forms such as tribute and mutual markets not only played a positive role in promoting the economic development of both sides, but also contributed to the restoration of the strength of all parties in the state of war; At the same time, these trade exchanges have deepened the ties between the two sides, which undoubtedly plays a very important role and significance for the further integration of various ethnic groups.
Since the collapse of the Uighur Khanate in 840, the Khitan took the opportunity to get rid of the control of the Uighurs and re-establish a vassal relationship with the Tang Dynasty, taking advantage of the situation of the division of the Central Plains Domain at the end of the Tang Dynasty, on the one hand, annexing the nearby tribes, on the other hand, it continued to go south to the Central Plains to plunder, encroaching on the northern part of the Tang Dynasty and the neighboring border counties.
It was during these acts of plunder and encroachment that many Han people were forced to move north into the Khitan territory, and the representative figures were Han Zhigu, Han Yanhui, Kang Moji, Geng Chongmei, Zhang Yan, Liu Shouqi and his son.
Later Liang was established by Zhu Wen (Quanzhong) after he deposed Emperor Wenzong of Tang in 907, and in 923 it was destroyed by Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang in 16 years. The founder of the Later Tang dynasty, Li Cunxuan, was the son of Li Keyong the Prince of Jin, a nobleman of Shatuo in the late Tang Dynasty, who was declared emperor and changed his name to Tang in April 923, and was destroyed by the Later Jin in November 936.
During the Later Liang and Later Tang dynasties, in order to stabilize his rule, Yelu Abaoji interacted with the two separatist regimes at the same time, meeting Li Keyong in the clouds, and making a brother, "hoping to raise troops to attack Liang". He also sent an envoy to Ping Liang, "to serve as a courtier, in order to seek the canonization," and the hoe led to the deterioration of relations with the Later Tang.
Especially after the demise of the Liu regime in Youzhou, Abaoji began to move south more frequently, clashing with the Later Tang Dynasty, and the Han people continued to move north. Among them, famous figures include Lu Wenjin, Zhao Siwen, Wang Yu, Zhang Li, Zhao Yanshou and so on. 'The Later Jin Dynasty was founded under the auspices of Emperor Taizong of Liao, Yelu Deguang.
As a thank-you gift, Shi Jingyao sacrificed the Sixteen States of Youyun to the Khitan, so that the Khitan forces crossed the Yanshan Mountains, gained the northern region of the Central Plains, obtained a base to chase the deer in the Central Plains, and also made the Central Plains dynasty lose the natural barrier against the Khitan going south.
The acquisition of the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun not only expanded the territory of the Khitan, but also greatly increased the number of Han people in the territory, and the relationship with the Central Plains became closer, especially during the Jin period after the fall of Emperor Taizong of Liao, changing the Yuan Datong and establishing the state as Daliao.
As if he was the overlord of the Central Plains, he sent "Jin officials and officials, concubines, eunuch temples, square techniques, hundred crafts, picture books, calendars, stone scriptures, bronze people, Mingtang engravings, taichang musical scores, palace hangings, halogens, magic objects and armor battles, all to Beijing", so that the number of Han people in the Khitan territory exceeded the ruling ethnic Qiyue people, resulting in the Liao Dynasty's "rule by custom" northern and southern official systems gradually stereotyped.
The Later Han Dynasty was a regime established by Liu Zhiyuan in 947 after the fall of Emperor Taizong of Liao, four years after the Second Emperor, and later replaced by the Later Zhou Dynasty, established in 951, and ten years after the Later Zhou Dynasty, and in 960 by the Northern Song Dynasty established by Zhao Kuangyin. Although the Liao Dynasty was in a state of confrontation with the two during the Later Han and Later Zhou periods, there were also Han people who moved north into the Liao Dynasty.