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The land of China, a vast territory, has undergone several dynastic changes and wars, although many of the place names have changed several times, but after thousands of years, the mountains and rivers are still standing proudly in the east of the world.
Speaking of ancient place name changes, netizens said that there are many uneasy phenomena, such as Changshan Zhao Zilong's hometown Changshan in the Three Kingdoms changed to Shijiazhuang, Lanling in Tang poems "Lanling fine wine tulips, jade bowl filled with amber light" changed to Zaozhuang, and Langya changed to Linyi, Runan changed to Zhumadian and so on.
In this way, the place names recorded in historical texts can only be sealed in the text, and the sense of historical heaviness and antique has faded.
The giant ship of history continues to move forward, in addition to these places that have changed their names with the times, there are many ancient place names whose specific locations have been blurred on the map of the motherland today, such as Youzhou. Where is the ancient Youzhou, and what are the historical facts about it?
Youzhou
geographical location
As the so-called "if you want to know the road, you must first be history", the historical Youzhou has represented different regions with the development of dynasties, let's look at her specific geographical location in each dynasty in the context of time, so as to understand her more comprehensively.
As the name suggests, the word "幽" implies the meaning of the underworld, and the ancients divided the east, west, south and north into the north according to the five elements of yin and yang, and the north belonged to the water lord yin, so although Youzhou represents different regions at different times, the general orientation is in the north.
The ancients believed that the Tianyuan region was originally referred to as the scope of the territory by "square circle", and legend has it that when Dayu controlled the water, in order to distinguish the flood flow and identify the geographical overview of each region, the world was divided into nine states according to mountains, rivers, lakes and seas.
The ancients often said that "Kyushu Fangyuan" means "this part of China".
The world is divided into nine states, highlighting the magnificent scene of the land of China, which has been used by several dynasties in later generations.
It is recorded in the "Zhou Li Xia Guan Zhifang Clan": "Northeast Yuzhou. Its mountain town is known as a doctor without lu, its ze is raised by the servants, and its rivers are rippled, and when it is immersed. ”
This is the earliest record of Youzhou in ancient texts. Later, in the first dictionary of the mainland, "Erya", Kyushu was divided into: "Jizhou between the two rivers, Yuzhou in Henan, Yongzhou in Hexi, Jingzhou in Hannan, Yangzhou in Jiangnan, Yanzhou between Jihe, Xuzhou in Jidong, Youzhou in Yanyu, and Yingzhou in Qiyue".
It can be seen that in the pre-Qin period, Youzhou was the eastern area from the medical Wulu Mountain in present-day Liaoning to the eastern part of Laiyang City, Shandong. From the Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty, the county system was implemented, and the division of "prefectures" was abolished.
Medical witch Lu Mountain
Until the fifth year of Emperor Wu of Han's reign, the central court continued to use some of the prefecture names in the pre-Qin texts, and added thirteen prefectures, each with a department of history.
At this time, the prefecture was no longer a simple geographical division, but developed into a regional unit for the emperor to strengthen the supervision and rule of the local government.
Youzhou is also included in it, referring to the central part of present-day Hebei Province to the Majie River in Shandong Province, the north to Chifeng City and Ao Hanqi in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, from Wanquan, Zhuolu and Yi counties in Hebei Province in the west, to most of Liaoning Province, part of Jilin Province and most of the Korean Peninsula in the east.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, due to frequent regime changes, in the process of fighting for us, the jurisdiction of Youzhou gradually decreased, focusing on the area around Youzhou Village under the jurisdiction of Guantang Town, Huailai County, Hebei Province, which now borders Huailai County and Mentougou District of Beijing. From the Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Wude administrative division, the county system was restored, and the area around the former Youzhou was changed to Zhuo County.
Emperor
In the first year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty, the county was restored to its old name as a prefecture, and the governor also used the name of the Han Dynasty - "Assassin History", and the prefectures were ruled by the governors and divided into counties.
At this time, Youzhou had 15 counties under its jurisdiction, and the prefecture (administrative capital) was established in Jixian (not Jixian in today's Tianjin, but in the southwest urban area of present-day Beijing).
During the Tang Dynasty, the core jurisdiction of Youzhou was equivalent to the two cities of present-day Beijing and Tianjin, as well as the northeastern part of Shanxi Province, the northern part of Hebei Province, and the western part of Liaoning Province. It is bordered by the sea in the east, the desert in the north, the Taihang Mountain in the west, and the plain in the south, spanning more than 2,000 li, spanning the northernmost part of the territory of the Great Tang Empire, and is one of the most powerful clan towns in the empire.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the notorious "child emperor" in history, Later Jin Shi Jingyu, ceded the Khitan with the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun, and all the areas of present-day Beijing, northern Tianjin, northern Hebei and northern Shanxi were surrendered, and the northern gate of the Central Plains was guarded by the Khitans.
Shi Jingyao
The day when the Song Dynasty finally failed to see the day when the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun were reclaimed after several generations of emperors, after the Yuan Dynasty stepped into the Central Plains, it adopted the provincial system, and there was no longer such a title as Youzhou.
It was not until 1367 that Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to lead troops to destroy the Yuan, and the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun, which had been lost for 455 years, returned to the hands of the Central Plains regime.
After Zhu Di ascended the throne, the capital was Guyouzhou, which is today's Beijing, so later generations called the Ming Dynasty the dynasty of the Son of Heaven guarding the country, so Daming was the first Han dynasty to set its capital in Beijing in thousands of years.
Zhu Di
Historical events
The ancient regions of our country have certain imprints, such as Seibei is the shuofeng and the desert cattle and sheep, the south of the Jiangsu is the land of small bridges and flowing water, fish and rice, and the land of Shu is difficult and mysterious; And Youzhou is always associated with border beacons and wars.
For example, Li Bai wrote in "Going North": "Sand and dust catch Youzhou, and beacons are in the direction." ”； Du Fu wrote in "Five Songs of Back Out of the Stuff": "Sit and see Youzhou riding, long drive the river Luo dusk." ”
Lu You wrote in "The Sudden Rise in the Snow, from Rong Zhixing's Play": "The sand and soil of Sangqian flew in the first snow, and they did not reach Youzhou a zhang deep. ”； The most famous is Chen Ziang's "Waiting for Youzhou Taiwan Song": "I don't see the ancients before, and I don't see the comers later." Thinking of heaven and earth, alone but weeping! ”
Statue of Li Bai
It can be seen that when the literati mention Youzhou, they can always think of the hatred of the country, why is this? Let's list some important historical events that have happened here, and we can get some clues from them.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuyang Taishou and Jianzhong Marquis Peng Petong became rebellious because Liu Xiu, the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, did not make him king, and began to rebel against the Han in 26 AD.
He led 20,000 troops to defeat Youzhou Muzhufu at Jixian (present-day Beijing), and used this as a base to expand his sphere of influence, going north to make peace with the Xiongnu, claiming to be the King of Yan and confronting the Eastern Han Dynasty, a rebellion that lasted a year and ended with Peng Chong being killed by a family slave.
Liu Xiu, Emperor Wudi of the Eastern Han Dynasty
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in 193 AD, the fierce general Gongsun Zan who guarded the border pass was at odds with his superior, Liu Yu of Youzhou Mu, and led troops to kill Liu Yu, who was famous and beloved in the local area, and took the imperial envoy to obtain the authorization of the governor of the four northern states.
Taking advantage of the chaos in the world, he divided Youzhou and became one of the most powerful princes in the north, and was eventually destroyed by Yuan Shao.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the general Luo Yi was jealous of his colleagues Zhao Shizhu, He Lanyi and other generals, and he had the desire to stand on his own, and he said to his subordinates: "The goods in the Linshuo Palace are piled up, but the officials who stay behind are stingy with the goods. We will not reward those of us who have meritorious deeds, nor will we give relief to the people. ”
Therefore, ignoring the policy of the imperial court, he opened a warehouse and released grain to reward the army and help the people, won the support of the entire army and people in the city, and controlled the entire Youzhou, and then proclaimed himself the "governor of Youzhou". Until the third year of Tang Gaozu Wude, Luo Yi returned to the Tang Dynasty.
Gongsun Zhan
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao of the Tang Dynasty, in 755 AD, the Youzhou Festival, in the name of fighting against the rebel minister Yang Guozhong in the name of Tang Xuan's purpose, rioted in Youzhou as a base, and broke through the two Jingshi divisions of Chang'an and Luoyang, and established the pseudo-Yan regime.
An Lushan was eventually killed by his son, and the rebellion was quelled, but the Tang Dynasty was pushed from prosperity to decline.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Later Tang general Shi Jingxuan was jealous of the Li royal family in the court, and in order to protect himself and seize the Li regime, he took the initiative to ask the Khitan for help, honored Emperor Taizong of Liao as "father emperor", and ceded the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun to the Khitans.
Portrait of Yang Guozhong
Since then, the Khitan has used this as a springboard to easily step into the Central Plains, which has become a pain in the hearts of the Han people, and has repeatedly invaded the south and fought wars with the Song Dynasty.
In order to regain the lost territory, the Song Dynasty launched the Northern Expedition many times, until the demise of the two Song Dynasties. As mentioned above, it was not until the Ming Dynasty that Zhu Di was able to reap the retro Youzhou.
One thing these large and small historical events have in common is the rebellion of the internal ministers, so is the frequent occurrence of such events in Youzhou a historical coincidence, or is it a historical inevitability? Why did this place always become a stronghold for the rebels?
Zhu Di
Why
There are mainly the following reasons, which set the tone for the historical existence of Youzhou. First, the geographical location, as can be seen from the above, although the jurisdiction of Youzhou has undergone changes, the core area included in the era of rebellion is the area north of present-day Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin.
It has a natural natural barrier Yanshan Mountain Range in the north, Guangou and Taihang Mountain Ranges that cannot be easily crossed by the enemy in the west, and the Bohai Sea in the east, and the sea is the safest barrier in the era of cold weapons before naval warfare.
Compared with the Central Plains, it is easy to defend and difficult to attack, once it occupies this place, it is difficult to be breached, and the geographical location provides a guarantee for the separatist forces.
South of Youzhou is the flat Central Plains, so Youzhou is the northern gate of the Central Plains. The north of the Yanshan Mountains is a perennial activity area for nomads, including the Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty, the Xianbei in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Turks in the Tang Dynasty, and the Khitan in the Song.
These nomads are relatively scarce in materials compared to the Central Plains, and in order to plunder the Central Plains, they are expanding southward, and the Youzhou Mountains are the main obstacle to their iron riding south.
Once the northern nomads invade Youzhou, the Central Plains Dynasty will be at a glance and it is very easy to fall into danger.
Therefore, Youzhou has an extremely important military position, in order to guard this important northern gate, the Central Plains Dynasty will send elite generals to supply military supplies, weapons, food and grass, etc., which provides the rebellious people with the combat power needed to rebel.
In addition, Youzhou has jurisdiction over the North China Plain, which is one of the main grain-producing areas under the irrigation of the Yellow River, which is rich in land and products.
Moreover, compared with the land of fish and rice in Jiangnan, which borders the northern ethnic minorities, the Han also have the ability to breed animal husbandry and can provide the army with horses and other necessary military materials in ancient times.
Youzhou is located at the junction of the Central Plains and the nomadic region, and is a border fortress in military times and a transportation and economic hub in peacetime.
Sitting in Youzhou, not only have war horses in the north, but also can provide for their own food and grass, and can also go directly to the south of the Jiangsu along the Yellow River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, so you can sit back and relax here, so it has always been a place where soldiers must fight.
The rebels also knew this, and only Youzhou could meet these conditions in the entire Central Plains, so in order to seize power, it was the first choice to capture this place as a stronghold.
Another point is that Youzhou is located at the junction of ethnic groups, and the nomads in the north are fierce, and under their influence, Yan Zhao has produced many generous people since ancient times, such as the famous assassin Jing Ke, the famous assassin of the Qin Dynasty, Zhang Fei, the fierce general of the Three Kingdoms, etc., they are born brave and fierce, and they have the momentum to be fearless and not afraid of the earth.
Youzhou's neighbors, the nomads, advocate force, and under their influence, the Han people here are also more militaristic than other parts of the Central Plains, and the distant imperial court is more distant to them, but the generals in the military tent are so close, so they are easily encouraged by the boss and will recklessly follow the boss to rebel.
Finally, from the time of the rebel rebellion, most of them are the last years of the dynasty, the imperial court governance is chaotic, the people's minds change, providing the rebels with an opportunity, if it is the Taiping era when the rulers are clear and the country is rich and the people are strong, the powerful ministers will manage the important land of Youzhou, and they will not dare to give birth to two hearts.
On the whole, it is not by chance that Guyouzhou is very easy to become the base of the rebels, but the result of the mutual creation of the three factors of heaven, earth and people.
(Source: Shijun)