Li Tai was the third son of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Born in the second year of Wu De (619), he was created the King of Wei, and in June of the third year (620) of Wu De, he was made the King of Yidu. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), he was demoted for the succession to the throne with Crown Prince Chengqian, and later changed his title to the Prince of Shunyang, and moved to Yunxiang County (郧乡县, in present-day Yunyang District) in Junzhou. In the twenty-first year of Zhenguan (647), he was enfeoffed as the King of Pu. Yonghui died in Yunxiang County in the third year (652) at the age of 33. Li Tai's life was short, but he was talented, proficient in literature, and wrote a lot of works, and his far-reaching influence was the "Chronicle of The Land", which founded a new genre of Lizhi and set a precedent for the general zhi of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
Terracotta Warriors of Li Tai's tomb
The tombs of the Li Tai family are located on the west bank of the Section of the Bangxiong Mallet River in the vegetable garden community 1 km east of Chengguan Town, Yunyang District, and are commonly known as the tombs of Li Wang. The base is adjacent to the Han River in the south, the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains in the north, and sits on the north-south side of the gangdi from northwest to southeast for about 750 meters, about 60 meters from east to west, and 157-167 meters above sea level. In 1954, the county people's government supported the construction of a brick and tile factory for the martyrs in Gangdi. In 1958, when the archaeological team of the Yangtze River Basin Planning Office conducted a survey of cultural relics at the archaeological site, the ruins of the tomb group were discovered. In the same year, the Brick and Tile Factory of the Liejun Army was renamed as the Cement Brick and Tile Refractory Factory. In 1959, it was renamed yunxian local state-owned brick and tile factory. In 1973, the archaeological department began rescue excavations of the cemetery. In March 1975, the tombs of the li tai family of the third son of Tang Taizong (li tai tombstone) were successfully excavated, and 2 tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty were successfully excavated, and the reputation of the cemetery was greatly enhanced. In 1999, the tombs of the Li Tai family were included in the list of cultural relics protection units by the cultural relics protection department of Hubei Province.
The four tombs of the Li Tai family are the tomb of Li Tai, the tomb of Yan Wan, the concubine of Li Tai, the tomb of Li Xin, the eldest son of Li Tai, and the tomb of Li Hui, the second son.
Li Tai's tomb is a brick chamber tomb, which is composed of a tomb passage, a small niche on the Yongdao Road, and a burial chamber. Although the tomb was stolen, 442 cultural relics were still unearthed. Among them, 99 pieces of pottery, 9 pieces of porcelain, 13 pieces of silverware, 121 pieces of goldware (weighing 3102.35 grams), 9 pieces of glassware, 7 pieces of stone tools, 2 pieces of pearls, 2 pieces of crystal beads, 178 pieces of bronzeware, and several frescoes remaining in the burial chamber; Yunyang District Museum has a collection of 225 pieces, and Hubei Provincial Museum has 217 pieces (42 pieces of pottery, 3 pieces of porcelain, 18 pieces of bronze, 11 pieces of silverware, 121 pieces of goldware). Exhibited and studied high value are pottery figurines, honor guards, band figurines, golden lions, epitaphs and so on.
Tomb of Ge Wan: Yan Wan, a native of Henan, zhenguan sixth year (632) At the age of 11, she should be elected to the palace as Li Taifei. Tianzhi died on September 8, 690, at the age of 69, in Shaozhou (邵州, in modern Shaoyang, Hunan). 12th year of the new century (724)
On June 2, the burial was made of bricks in the long slope of the tomb of Li Tai in the northwest corner of Ma Zan Mountain, which consisted of a cave, a heavenly well, a Yongdao and a burial chamber. There are 34 cultural relics unearthed, including 1 ceramic ware, and the rest are silver, copper and iron. Silver collars, bronze mirrors, murals, and epitaphs provide a physical basis for the study of Tang Dynasty politics and culture.
Li Xin (李欣), courtesy name Boye, was the eldest son of Li Tai (李泰) the Prince of Pugong (濮恭王), and was married to Princess Zhou of Linchuan (林川, in present-day Linchuan District, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province). He died on his way to the deserted Tang huan prefecture (present-day Huan county, Qingyang city, Gansu Province) with his mother Yan shi, and was buried by his wife Zhou Shi Feng coffin at Longmen in Luozhou (present-day Luoyang, Henan). On June 2, 724, his son Li Jiao was buried in Mashan Mountain, Yunxiang County. Tomb passages, caves, patios, base rooms a large amount of water, excavated cultural relics mainly include copper stirrups, gilded stirrups, copper ornaments, stone plaques, white pearls, gilded Kaiyuan copper coins, etc., epitaphs, murals have research value.
Li Hui (李徽), zi Xuanqi (字玄柒), second son of Li Tai (李泰), born in the tenth year of Zhenguan (636), twenty-first year of Zhenguan (647), founding marquis of Fengshunyang County, fourth year of Yonghui (653), and fengxin'an Commandery (新安郡王); On September 23, 683, Hongdao died in Yunxiang County, at the age of 40; In the first year of his reign (684), he was buried at Mount Mashan in Yunxiang County. The tomb is a brick chamber tomb, which is composed of a burial chamber and a yongdao. 82 cultural relics were unearthed, mainly ceramics, followed by copper and iron gold and silver bone mussels. Precious cultural relics include the Sancai Dragon Head Cup, the Sancai Bottle, the Sancai Bowl, the Sancai Horn Cup Porcelain Stone, the Stone Smoke, the Silver Spoon, the Iron Kettle, the Epitaph and the Mural.
Since the tomb group of the Li Tai family is covered by greenhouse vegetables and the factory building of Yunyang Cigarette Factory, a comprehensive disclosure and comprehensive investigation of the cemetery is waiting for the opportunity to proceed.
In February 2004, the Hubei Provincial Cultural Relics Group of the Danjiangkou Reservoir Submerged Area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project conducted a cultural relics review, and the Li Tai family tomb group was identified as a key archaeological project in the submerged area of Yun County. The Hubei Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics closely cooperated with the construction of the national south-to-north water diversion project, made careful arrangements, and uniformly arranged the archaeological work in the submerged area. From November 2006 to February 2007, from May 2007 to January 2008, the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted two rescue archaeological explorations and excavations of the Li Tai family group. Exploration of 80,000 square meters, excavation of 3117 square meters, found 4 layers of strata accumulation, 104 tombs, excavated a large number of late Neolithic, Eastern Han to Ming and Qing dynasty cultural relics, and found that Li Tai's tomb wall from the north diagonal through to the northwest corner of the bend to the west extension, the east wall length of about 120 meters, the south wall length of about 55 meters, the width of the wall about 1.1-2.4 meters.
The third, fourth and two ash pits of the site are neolithic cultural layers. Neolithic relics are small in scope, thin in accumulation, and the 2 layers contain gray and white soil, the soil is fine and sandy, contains few things, and only excavates pottery fragments such as Ding, pot, and pot-shaped live counting Zhen and stone tools such as feng and knife, which belong to the late Longshan culture. For example, the opening of Ash Pit No. 2 is under the first layer, which is broken by Tomb No. 86, and the plane is irregularly shaped. The depth of the ash pit mouth from the surface is 0.35-0.38 meters, the length is 3.72 meters, the width is 3.32 meters, the ash pit is 0.58 meters deep, and the bottom is slope-shaped. The fill is grayish-black with a small amount of ash, braised clay particles and stones. The containment is mainly pottery pieces, most of which are clay gray pottery, followed by sand red pottery. The ornamentation is mainly based on rope patterns and string patterns. The shapes of the vessels include pottery feet, pot-shaped live calculation bottles and stone blades, and residual stone knives.
The opening of the Eastern Han Tombs is under the first and second floors, a total of 6, and the excavated Tomb No. 1 of the Eastern Han Dynasty is in the flat area in the northern part of the excavation area, and the 7 tombs are distributed in 2 areas according to the law, which is a typical family cemetery of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is different from the topographic system of the Eastern Han Public Tombs of the Old Happiness Courtyard in Yunxian County. The 7 tombs are all earthen brick chamber tombs with sloped tombs. Among them, 3 are single-chamber tombs in Yongdao and 3 are double-chamber tombs in front and rear. It belongs to the tombs of the early Eastern Han Dynasty to the late Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, the opening of the No. 56 cave under the first layer, breaking the third layer, found 2 tomb passages, partial preservation of sealing soil, is the same family and different burial Jia, one of the foundations consists of a slope base road, rain path and burial chamber, the base chamber is 3.32 meters long, 2 meters wide, 1.48 meters deep, once stolen; There are only 6 pieces of bronze and pottery excavated. The other tomb consists of a sloped burial passage and a narrow burial chamber, the base chamber is 4.1 meters long, now 1.16-1.26 meters, the depth (height) is 1.22, and the chamber retains a partially vaulted ticket roof, which has not been stolen; 20 pieces of brain burial items were unearthed, including gold, silver, copper, iron, lacquer, pottery and lead and tin small components, and utensils such as pots, barn stoves, pots, lamps, mirrors, kettles, knives and rings. Overall, the brick chamber tombs throughout the Eastern Han Dynasty were seriously disturbed. Tomb No. 2 of Tomb 56 was not infringed by tomb robbers, which provided a scientific basis for the study of Eastern Han tombs.
There are 98 Ming and Qing tombs, all of which are small vertical pit tombs. The pit is generally 1.65-2.64 meters, and the set is 0.33-1.36 meters. Excavations include clay pots, porcelain bowls, bricks and jade rings, copper coins, and copper hairpins. The tomb opening is under the first and second floors, the tomb is nearly rectangular in plan, and the head end is slightly wider. Among them, there are 12 tombs with the same burial and the joint burial of the same cave; Broken relationship tombs 8 groups of 16 seats; There are 30 tombs without burial items, and zero 1 is distributed throughout the cemetery; There are 4 tombs with no burial tools and bone traces found, and 4 tombs with cremation remains concentrated in the east of the excavation area; In some tombs, the pillow tiles on the head of the buried person, the bottom of the coffin are covered with grass and wood ash and lime, and the charcoal is placed around the human bones. The tombs are distributed in blocks, and there are more tombs side by side. Identify the gender, age and age of the burial products, which belong to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and determine that the entire base should be a common cemetery according to the distribution of 98 tombs, the types of burials, and the characteristics of burial customs. For example, Tomb No. 89 (numbered at the time of excavation, the same below), the opening of the tomb is under the first layer, breaking the soil. The tomb faces 335 degrees northwest. The tomb of the earth pit vertical cave, the tomb mouth is in the shape of a narrow trapezoidal shape of north width and south, 0.4 meters deep from the surface, 2.4 meters long, 0.5-0.8 meters wide, and 0.68-0.72 meters deep. The four walls of the pit are steep and straight, the wall surface is smooth and regular, the bottom of the pit is flat, the bottom of the pit is the same size as Jiakou, the fill soil is gray-brown soil, the texture is tight, the bottom of the pit is piled up with 2-25 cm of gray and black soil plus charcoal blocks, the soil is loose, and there are several rusty coffin nails unearthed. The burial style is straight on the back, facing upwards, and there are 9 tile platforms at the bottom and sides of the skull, and the sides of the skull and upper and lower limb bones are placed with round charcoal, close to the human bone. With the burial items, there are Northern Song Dynasty coins placed around the bones: Jingde Yuanbao, Tiansheng Yuanbao, Zhiping Yuanbao, Xining Yuanbao, Tianxi Tongbao, Xiangfu Tongbao and other 24 school copper coins. The tomb belongs to the Ming Dynasty. Another example is Tomb No. 9, Tomb No. 44, Tomb No. 11, the tomb opening is under the first or second layer, breaking the raw soil, the tomb to the northwest, is the pit vertical cave "pin" glyph or rectangular joint burial tomb, the tomb mouth is 0.22 meters deep from the surface of the ground, 0.42 meters, 0.34 meters, respectively, 2.3 meters long, 2.28 meters, 2.14 meters, width 0.64-0.76 meters, 0.6-0.911 meters, filled with red-brown soil with gray loess spots, brown, gray and red soil mixed flower soil, brown and gray soil under the brown raw soil, The texture of the fill soil is tight and slightly soft, and there are 3 or 2 concave or 2 concave or upward tiles under the skull, and 1 convex side is vertically paved upwards. Tomb No. 19 has 3 tile concaves on each side of the skull, and there are layers of lime about 3 cm thick under the bone, and there is about 2 cm thick grass and wood ash under the lime; There is a layer of about 6 cm of gray and white soil under the tomb bone of No. 44, and then brown raw soil; The protruding human bones of Tomb 11 remain after the fire, and there are 4-6 cm fillers under the skeleton, and then brown raw soil. Tomb 11 has human bones that were buried twice after burning. The burial style is to stand on the back with the limbs straight, the head to the north, and the burial tools are wooden coffins. With the burial of Tomb No. 19 and Tomb No. 44, a total of 3 pieces of bronze and colored pottery were excavated from tomb 19 and tomb 44, 3 pieces of copper ring, 1 piece of copper book, 1 pair of jade rings, 1 square of pottery mold bricks and another 37 tomb of The Northern Song Dynasty Yuanfeng Tongbao excavated Wanli Tongbao. Tomb No. 19 and Tomb No. 44 belong to the Ming Dynasty. Tomb No. 11 has decayed, only black trapezoidal thin line traces, no burial items, the specific era is unknown.
The excavation of the Li Tai family tomb group, especially from November 2006 to January 2008, the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the site of the Li Tai family tomb group in Yun County (now Yunyang District), and found that the strata were piled up on 4 layers, 104 tombs were buried, and 109 human bones were cleaned up from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Among them, a large number of human bones in the Ming and Qing dynasties were first discovered in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. For the identification of physical anthropology sex, morphological observation and related pathological research, scientific human bone specimens are provided, adding new evidence to the profound cultural heritage of Yun county (Lingyang District), and is a treasure in the material and cultural relics of Yunyang District, which is of great value and worth cherishing. ("Yunyang Cultural Material Heritage" Wang Tianfu)
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