Trotsky wrote in Stalin and the Chinese Revolution:
"In the first half of 1927, trade unions under the influence of the Communist Party [of China] had 2.8 million workers. But now, according to Su's report, there are only 60,000 "red trade union members" in all of China! These poor "leaders" have made countless mistakes and have been stuck in a dead end and can't climb out... This is the good disciple trained by Stalin the "doer"! ”
Beginning in 1928, Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang reactionaries practiced a one-party dictatorship and built up a huge army. In order to suppress the people and eliminate dissidents, the Kuomintang established a huge secret service system, taking the sabotage of the organization of the Chinese Communist Party and the kidnapping and assassination of Communists and Leftists as its main tasks, and creating white terror throughout the country.
Chinese people must resolutely struggle against reactionary rule in order to win national independence and self-liberation. Soong Ching-ling said: Only a revolution based on and serving the masses can smash the power of warlords and politicians, get rid of the shackles of imperialism, and truly practice socialism.
After the defeat of the Great Revolution, there was an impatient and desperate mood within the CCP, which provided a hotbed for Qu Qiubai and other "Left" blind movement mistakes. It should be said that the ideas put forward by the deputies of the Communist International, in accordance with the spirit of Stalin, in the struggle against the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeoisie in the struggle against the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie, as well as the idea of "uninterrupted revolution", are important reasons for the blind movement errors in the CCP. The erroneous line of "Left" blindness has caused many losses to the Communist Party of China and aroused criticism and resistance from many comrades in the Party.
From January to February 1928, Zhou Enlai, on behalf of the Central Committee, drafted a series of letters of instruction to various localities, reflecting his efforts to correct the mistakes of blind movement, the main point of which was that the riots must have mature conditions, especially those of the workers and peasants; the "burning and killing policy" in the riots was wrong; and the urban riots must be coordinated by the rural uprisings to succeed. Zhou Enlai's efforts, in time, avoided some greater sacrifices.
By the beginning of 1928, many places had ceased to carry out the "Left" blind activism line.
Trotsky wrote in Stalin and the Chinese Revolution:
In a February 7, 1928 newspaper Pravda, Stalin wrote: 'The Communist Party of China is moving towards a full-scale armed insurrection. The overall situation in China proves that this route is correct... Experience has proved that the Communist Party of China must concentrate all its forces and prepare for armed insurrection at all times, extensively and thoroughly. ’
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The Ninth Executive Committee of the Communist International, while approving the adventurist line of the CCP, made some ambiguous reservations. The purpose of such reservations is obvious: to leave a trail for oneself and to avoid liability when circumstances are unfavourable.
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The Chinese resolution of the Ninth Plenary Session was frivolous and evil. The implementation of this resolution will only lead to new adventures, new worthless sacrifices, further undermining the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the masses, depriving the Party of its position among the masses, burying the surviving excellent revolutionaries in the crater of adventurism, and destroying what little strength remains of the Party. ...... This period was thoroughly saturated with the theory and practice of blind activism. This is how the CpSU and the Comintern, led by Stalin, helped Chiang Kai-shek to extinguish the last spark of the Chinese revolution. ”
In early March 1928, when Mao Zedong led the First Division of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army into Suixian County, he learned that the remnants of the Nanchang Rebel Army led by Zhu De were retreating in the direction of Jinggangshan after the Shonan Uprising. He immediately decided to divide the troops into two ways to receive Zhu De's troops up the mountain.
On March 29, under the assistance of secret agents led by Mao Zeqin, Zhu De and Wang Erzhu led the main force to reach The Crossing in Shu County via Anren and Chaling.
On April 8, Chen Yi led the organs and a part of the troops to reach the county seat of Zixing county, where they met the 2nd Regiment of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army led by He Changgong, Yuan Wencai, and Wang Zuo, who had come down from Jinggangshan. Mao Zedong and others led the 1st Regiment to contain the enemy forces in Guidong and Rucheng to cover the transfer of the xiangnan rebel army. Soon, Zhu De and Chen Yi led their directly subordinate troops to the city of Ninggang under the Jinggang Mountains.
In late April, Mao Zedong led his troops back to The City of Longjiang and immediately went to Longjiang Academy for a historic meeting with Zhu De. It has written a glorious page in the history of our party and our army, and since then, the names of Mao Zedong and Zhu De have been closely linked.
After the establishment of the Nanjing government of the Kuomintang, it betrayed Sun Yat-sen's anti-imperialist, united Russia, and united communist ideas, and practiced a pro-imperialist and anti-Soviet foreign policy abroad. With regard to the shelling of Nanjing by British, American and other armies in March 1927, as well as the Jinan Massacre (also known as the May 3 Massacre) in which the Japanese army slaughtered more than 6,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians on May 3, 1928 and for a period of time thereafter, the Nanjing government complied with the unreasonable demands of these countries, made a compromise, and promised to continue to uphold their privileges in China. In contrast, in December 1927, the Nanjing government sent troops to besiege the Soviet consulate in Guangzhou, shooting and killing more than a dozen people, including the vice consul, and expelling the Soviet consul in China.
In the midst of the most severe white terror in the country, the Communist International, led by Stalin, decided to convene the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Moscow.
From late April 1928, Qu Qiubai, Zhou Enlai and other central leaders and more than 100 delegates attending the Sixth National Congress went to Moscow in batches.
On May 4, 1928, Zhu, Mao and others held a meeting meeting in the square of The City of Stone, officially announcing the establishment of the Fourth Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army (later renamed the Fourth Army of the Red Army). The congress announced that Zhu De would be the commander of the army, Mao Zedong would be the party representative and secretary of the Central Military Commission, and Chen Yi would be the director of the political department.
From June 18 to July 11, 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in secret at the "Silver Villa" in the town of Zvinigorod, a suburb of Moscow.
The meeting summed up the lessons and lessons of the defeat of the Great Revolution, especially the Party's work since the "Eighth and Seventh" Sessions, and formulated the Party's line, principles, and policies in the new period. Prior to this, on June 9, Zhou Enlai, Qu Qiubai, Xiang Zhongfa, Li Lisan, Deng Zhongxia, Su Zhaozheng, and other leaders of the Communist Party of China, one of the principal responsible persons of the "Six Congresses" of the CPC, arrived in Moscow and were received by Stalin.
Stalin talked with Qu Qiubai, Xiang Zhongfa, Zhou Enlai, Li Lisan, and others to analyze and expound on the situation and tasks of the Chinese revolution. Stalin pointed out: At present, we cannot say that the Chinese revolution is already at a climax, and that the revolutionary upsurge is a matter of the future. This issue has given rise to debate. Li Lisan said: It is still the climax, because there are still struggles among workers and peasants in various places. Stalin replied: Those are a few waves at low tide. Zhou Enlai believed that Stalin's current view was correct.
On July 9, 1928, the Sixth National Congress passed the revised Constitution of the Communist Party of China and various resolutions, electing 23 members of the Central Committee and 13 alternate members of the Central Committee to form a new Central Committee. Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong were elected members of the Central Committee.
On July 19, at the First Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Moscow, Zhou Enlai was elected a member of the Politburo. On the 20th, at the first meeting of the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee, Xiang Zhongfa, Zhou Enlai, Su Zhaozheng, Cai Hesen, and Xiang Ying were elected as members of the Politburo Standing Committee. Zhou Enlai was responsible for the party's organizational and military work, and was also secretary general of the Politburo Standing Committee and head of the Central Organization Department.
In November 1928, after Zhou Enlai returned to China, he carried out a lot of fruitful work in a year and a half. Mainly:
First, to rectify the almost scattered Party organizations and to restore and develop the Party's clandestine work in the kuomintang-ruled areas;
Secondly, to direct the armed struggle in the regions, to strive to expand the Red Army and the revolutionary base areas in the countryside, and to place this work in an increasingly important position;
Third, to lead the defense work under the severe white terror and ensure the security of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China;
Fourth, the struggle against right-wing abolitionism plays a key role in the historical process of the Chinese revolution from severe setbacks to rejuvenation.
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