The Evolution and Development of Sanitation Officials in the Southern Song Dynasty
Text/Lin Huangda
Professor Lin Huangda, Department of History, Tamkang University
Abstract: The establishment of sanitation officials in the early Song Dynasty was mainly to prevent the clans from interfering in politics and power, appeasing the surrendered monarchs, and dealing with the return of the feudal marshals, and there was no actual ministry. However, his position was also used as a demotion of military subjects, and gradually became lesser than the people of the time. After Emperor Xiaozong ascended the throne, under the guidance of his right-hand military policy, the posts of general lang and general in the sanitation were changed from virtual to real posts, as a place to train military generals. There are two types of reformed sanitation officers: the first is to appoint people with slightly qualified qualities as generals, as middle-aged generals and generals, responsible for participating in the imperial palace and other positions, so as to know whether they are talented or not, as a basis for promoting generals. In addition, it is also used for the purpose of attaching duties, and only orders that the line be carried out in all internal positions, and the external military ministers and generals are not allowed to take both, so as to enhance the prestige of the military ministers. The second category maintains the conferral of the clan sanitation officer, according to the five relatives alienated, giving different sanitation grades, but unlike the actual positions such as the military minister Zhonglang General and the Lang General, it is still a virtual position that is abolished by the official.
Keywords: sanitation officer; real and virtual; military minister; clan room; foreign relative
Preface
In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yan's article "On entering the Guaguo people to prepare official forms" said that in the operation and management of the bureaucratic system, the real and the virtual are often used to assist each other, and he takes the four items of the rank of ministry, scattered official, honorary official, and knighthood as an example, only the clerk is actually responsible for the handling of government affairs, and the other three are only used as auxiliary functions such as ziyin ren, driving chonggui, and zhen merit, that is, the so-called false name to support the real profit. If those in power can "support each other with the virtual and the real" and "control each other with the heavy and the heavy," they will not abuse their rights. The rulers control individual officials in terms of both real and false, and of course they are also used for special groups. In order to prevent the interference and power of the clans, foreign relatives, feudal generals and other groups, the Song Dynasty placed them in the system of sanitation, division and other officials and abolished their posts, which was another practice of complementarity between reality and fiction.
The establishment of sanitation officials in the early Song Dynasty was mainly to appease the surrendered monarchs and deal with the return of the feudal marshals, and there was no actual ministry, and the Song Shi Gongguan And Sanitation Officials said: "The so-called twelve wei generals are empty officials and have no reality. That is, the so-called "official existence and abolition." That is to say, the sanitation officers of the early Song Dynasty belong to the nature of idleness. In order to prevent the clans from interfering in politics and power, they also began to grant them sanitation officials. The "Sanitation Officer" says: "The generals, generals, generals of the guards, and the sanitation officers, without a fixed number, are all ordered to do so, and are also gifts from the military ministers." He also said: "Below the rank of great general, he is also a military attaché who is responsible for demoting and demobilizing officials." It can be seen that the sanitation officer is also used as a demeaning of the military minister, but like the sub-commander, it is gradually despised by the people of the times.
However, it should be noted that the real and virtual in the official system are not static, with the changes in the background of the times and the different concepts of the rulers, the real will become virtual, the virtual will become real, and even the same title, real and virtual coexist. The development and evolution of sanitation officials in the Southern Song Dynasty can be used to verify the changes in reality and fiction. Shu Baocheng's article "Analysis of the Song Dynasty Military Attaché "Taking Posts" System" discusses the song Dynasty with imperial instruments, The Gate Tongshi (Xuanzan) Sheren and Qihou, originally serving as a close military attaché and internal servant around the emperor, and gradually developed into the title of foreign military attaché and belt, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, the sanitation officer was also used as a military minister. The preface to the Chronicle of officials of the Song Dynasty reads: "Where officials are conferred, there are officials, offices, and dispatches." Officials are ranked and narrated, and their positions are to be chosen by literature, and they are not sent to govern internal and external affairs. "Youyun: In the Song Dynasty, "the people of the Song Dynasty took the stage and the promotion of the forbidden subordinate as the eunuchs, rather than the delay of the officials as the glory and stagnation." If the sanitation officer is only the nature of the official's abolition, he will not be valued by the military ministers, but if it is transformed into a nature similar to the civil servants' cabinet, it will make the military ministers have the intention of pursuing.
Why did Emperor Xiaozong reinstate the military guards? Zhao Dongmei's article "On the Officials of the Gate of the Song Dynasty" provides background explanations. She pointed out that Emperor Xiaozong tried to break the deadlock of the separation of civil and military paths in order to improve the national power of the Song Dynasty and thus enhance the overall status of the military elected officials. In order to cultivate the morale of the warriors, a number of reforms were made to the selection system of the military elected officials, such as the promotion of the military elected officials to the Privy Council to undertake the post, the formulation of the martial arts system, and the appointment of the martial arts as the people of the Gate Officiating, etc. Zhang said that he knew about the Privy Council, which expressed Emperor Xiaozong's determination to pay attention to military affairs. Through this article, it is helpful to understand that Emperor Xiaozong's reform of the system of military guards is related to his concept of right martial arts.
Portrait of Zhao Xuan of Song Xiaozong
When the military minister's sanitation officer became a real post, did it have any impact on the original positions such as those with imperial equipment, the gate of xuanzans, and the waiting for the people? In Zhao Sheng's "Essentials of the Imperial and Wild Dynasties" Volume 2 "Postings", it is described that Wenchen was given different positions according to his grade:
The qualified ones bring the Bachelor of GuanWen, Senior Administration, and Duanming, the qualification of the Attendants bring the Bachelors of the Various Cabinets, and the sub-attendants bring the Bachelor of The Cabinet, and the Qualifications of the Secretary of State bring the Cultivation, the Straight Cabinet, and the Jingguan Zhi Secret Cabinet.
However, Zhao Sheng did not explain much to the wuchen's position, only saying: "The wuchen takes the door to declare the praise of the people of the house." "With imperial instruments, the Gate Ofe Xuanzang Sheren, etc., just like the Wenchen Pavilion, used as a military official to attach his duties, when the sanitation officer is also used as a post, how is it divided with the former two? Since the sanitation officers of the military ministers have changed from virtual to real, then the sanitation posts of the clan and qili are the nature of maintaining the virtual posts of the officials? Or has there been a shift? All of the above problems are to be explored in this article.
I. The Reform of The Sanitation Officials of the Xiaozong Dynasty
The design of the early Song Dynasty sanitation officials was originally to eliminate the power of the Fang Zhen generals, as well as to appease the surrendered monarchs and ministers, and grant them idle posts without real power. Since the Taizong Dynasty, most of them have been used as clan offices, Huizong Zhenghe, and the Song court to reform the military official system on a large scale, but the sanitation officials have been abolished, and they still maintain the forty-eighth rank without change. The rank of the sanitation officer is listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Establishment and rank of sanitation officers
Note: 1. This table is compiled from the "History of Song" volume 166 "Sanitation Officer", "Song History" volume 168 "Official Products", "Qingyuan Articles of Laws and Matters" Volume 4 "Miscellaneous Pressures on Official Products" and other materials. From the table, it should be fifty orders, not forty-eight steps. 2. According to the "History of Song" volume 166 "Shaoxing Later Class System", the Zhonglang will be placed together with the Chengyilang, and the Chengyilang will be from the Seven Pins, and the inference that the Zhonglang will also be from the Seven Pins. In addition, according to Table 6 of this article, the prince's environmental sanitation rate is from seven pins, and the rate of the deputy rate of the government is from eight pins, and the generals of the guards and the generals of the lang will be from the seven pins before the rate of the house.
Emperor Xiaozong himself wanted to restore the northern lords, but the war with the Jin Kingdom was not so smooth, which of course had to do with the incompetence of the generals, so Emperor Xiaozong was quite careful about the cultivation and control of the generals. In terms of the training of generals, Emperor Xiaozong deliberately changed the generals and lang generals of the sanitation from virtual to real, so as to serve as a place for cultivating military generals, and in November of the first year of Longxing (1163), he issued an edict: "Recently, sanitation has not been given for a long time, and it is not for the sake of storing materials and evenly serving." However, the system should still be maintained, and the person who can be appointed as a general and a long-serving military should be temporarily returned to the post of retired, and he should be a sanitation officer, let alone another order, and the order should be both taken. ”
Around March of the second year of Longxing (1164), Feng Hongshi, Zhou Cao, and others discussed the reform of the sanitation official system. After examining the "History of the State", "Huijiao" and related political classic history books, Hong Shi and others went to Zazi to explain the content of their discussion. First, a summary discussion of the development and evolution of sanitation officials in this dynasty is explained in the following articles. They pointed out that the Taizu and Taizong dynasties often held their posts as generals and subordinate monarchs, and later mostly used the imperial family, which was related to the fact that the position of sanitation was already idle in the early Song Dynasty, that is, the "History of the Three Dynasties" said that "officials exist and things are abolished". In the first year of Emperor Zhenzong's reign (1019), he ordered Murong Dechen (慕容德琛) and The Right Tibetan Treasury envoy Sun Zhengci of Xijing to supplement the shortage of the number of Wuchen trains in the Chang Dynasty. In the third year of Emperor Shenzong's reign (1070), he commanded that in the future, the southern Ban Wuchen sanitation officials had a gap, and shaanxi and Hedong could be sent to fill in the places of meritorious generals. In the first year of Emperor Jingkang of Qinzong (1127), the foreign relatives were too good to serve as envoys such as Jiedu, and Ling was replaced by a sanitation official; however, when Emperor Gaozong Shaoxing was too small, the sanitation official Feng Lu was too few, and the foreign relatives were changed back to the post of jiedu and other envoys. Second, it discusses Emperor Xiaozong's attempt to reform the military guards, that is, "to cultivate the military guards, to choose the ministers of the zhao zhao to put them on the left and right, to tap their wisdom and strategize, to look at their skills, in order to prepare for the selection of the general." Third, Hong Shi and others believe that the duties of the sanitation officer do not need to be changed back to the Tang system, but it is also not possible to change the envoys such as jiedu to the sanitation officer in order to reduce the number of guards, and it is suggested that they be changed to the nature of the same belt, such as the jiedushi to the assassin and the general of the guards, the general of the guards at the same time, the general of the guards at the same time, the general of the guards, the general of the guards, and the deputy general of the guards. Finally, all official officials, please give, people and other affairs are jointly handled by officials, households, soldiers and other departments.
Zaizhi presented the contents and suggestions of the discussion to Emperor Xiaozong. On April 26, Emperor Xiaozong said to the Zaizhi: "The sanitation officials want to consult the ancestors, choose the generals, and use the Chongwu Festival, build the town outside, the inner ring Yin, and the style of equipment." However, since the Yuanfeng official system, it has long been impossible to reserve a general in addition to the post of military minister as a sanitation. Therefore, Emperor Xiaozong hoped that the Zai commanders would be able to temporarily return those who were able to serve as generals and military commanders for a long time, and let them concurrently hold the position of sanitation, such as Jiedu envoy and left and right General Kingo Wei, and Chengxuan envoy and left and right Guard general. Zaizhi Tang Sihui took a different view, and he said to Emperor Xiaozong: "Sanitation officer, There are ministries in the Tang Dynasty, but there are no ministries in this dynasty. The old system of the ancestors, from the town of Fang, is all under the sanitation. Tang Seems to have advocated the restoration of taizu and Taizong dynasties' practice of "returning moderation to sanitation." However, Emperor Xiaozong still supported Hongshi's proposition, and he told Tang Sihui that the military ministers "were both on the inside and not on the outside, and now they are in charge", similar to the civil servants' pavilion posts. However, Emperor Xiaozong still had his own opinions: first, the clan office could still grant sanitation officials and not be included in this reform; second, they could not send Qili and non-military meritorious people; third, the military ministers were actually appointed as sanitation officers with ten members, responsible for the imperial staff and the palace, and according to the rules of the imperial equipment; finally, the chief military officer was not allowed to concurrently take the sanitation post, "doing part-time work on errands, such as running the imperial city division, carrying imperial equipment, etc., and still allowing both collars." Emperor Xiaozong also demanded that when the imperial court did not follow the above principles when appointing sanitation officials, they would be given a seal, and the imperial history could be discussed and written as an ordinance. In May of the second year of Longxing (1164), the Song court reinstated the military ministers as sanitation officials. Because Emperor Xiaozong positioned the military sanitation officers as the place for cultivating generals, he soon issued an edict to Lin'an Province, and built the residences of the sanitation officials according to Tuben, with two of the thirty rooms inside, waiting for the main observer to be above; twenty-one rooms were built four to wait for the remaining sanitation officials, and other officials were not allowed to illegally occupy them.
The only re-established military and environmental guards are the Generals of the Guards and the Lang Generals, and the upper limit is ten. In the Tang Dynasty, the generals of the Guards of the Tang Dynasty, Lang Generals, "Commanding the lieutenants of their houses, brigade commanders, lieutenants, Xun Wei, and Yi Wei are subordinate to Su Wei, and to the general affairs of their houses"; "If the Great Dynasty will be and patrol lucky, then it will be like the law of the Halogen Book, in order to lead its honor guard." "The liangzhong lang general and lang general who were reinstated in the second year of Longxing were only left with the duties of the imperial counselor and the attendant hall, and did not have the responsibility of the guard. The emperor put the warlords at his side and allowed them to observe whether their abilities were enough to be as good as a general. In April of the second year of Qiandao (1166), he issued an edict: "The general of the sanitation will be the general of lang, please give, the person is subordinate, the post is discharged, the grace is given, and the relatives are sent to the official, and the general has been commanded." The approval paper of General Lang and General Lang in the sanitation is responsible for the front of the temple. That is to say, at this time, the military sanitation officer was subordinate to the front division of the temple. In the second year of Chunxi (1177), Emperor Xiaozong issued an edict: "From now on, except for the general Zhonglang, let the ascension hall stand." ”
According to Emperor Xiaozong's instructions, the part with the sanitation officer is "both on the inside and not on the outside." At the beginning of the Qiandao Dynasty, the Song court set the rules for the rank of military ministers and the appointment of sanitation officers, as listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Dryway with sanitation grade table
Note: 1. In volume 26 of the Full History of the Song Dynasty, "Chunxi's four years are years old". 2. The Miscellaneous Records of the Dynasty and the Wild since Jianyan, Volume A, Volume 10, "Sanitation Officer", says: "The right general is removed from the upper general (Chengxuan envoy to the assassination history as the main appointment), the yaojun is removed from the general (with the rank of the official to lead the assassination history to the envoy of the eunuch is haruka county), the general is removed (The Wuyi Doctor has been on the top), the deputy envoy is removed from the general (Wu Yilang has been on), and the envoy is below the left and right lang generals (Xun Wulang has been down). ”
Judging from Table 2, the grade of sanitation is generally based on the suggestions of Hong Shi, Zhou Cao and others. Later, Li Xinchuan's "Miscellaneous Records of the Dynasty and the Wild Since Jianyan" Volume A collection volume 10 "Sanitation Officer" and "Song History" volume 166 "Sanitation Officer" recorded that "the right to serve in addition to the general, Yao County to eliminate the general", obviously according to the provisions of the Qiandao and the belt of the sanitation officer.
"History of Song" book shadow
During the Reign of Emperor Xiaozong, most of the sanitation officials who were also in charge were not given according to the principle of "both inside and belt, and no outside". Feng Zhan, who had made meritorious contributions during the invasion of the jinhailing king to the south, was transferred to the command of the Jiankang Water Army, and sought the jurisdiction of Longxing Province. At the beginning of Qiandao, he was also the commander of the temple and the head of the sanitation officer; in the fifth year of Qiandao (1169), he served as the commander of the Imperial Dinghai Army and the commander of the Xuanzang Sheren with the Gate of The Gate. Judging from Feng Zhan's experience, the inside is also a sanitation officer, and the outside is changed to a gate to praise the people. In the seventh year of Qiandao (1171), Zai Zhijin sent Zheng Renjing to the right guard Lang, and Emperor Xiaozong could only carry out the internal position as a military minister, and the foreign officials could not take him. The zai officials admitted that Zheng Renjie's appointment violated the regulations, and asked for a change of appointment to concurrently waiting for the door. However, this incident also made Emperor Xiaozong feel the problem of insufficient posts of foreign military ministers, and he pointed out that at present, there are too few settings for military ministers to post, and only the Gate of Honoring the People of the House, Waiting for the Second Class, etc., hoping that the Zai officials will review the stories of the canon and add some titles to the posts as a way to honor and favor the military ministers. In the eighth year of Qiandao (1172), Zhongshu Menxia Province played: "The kanhui sanitation official is in office, and in addition to being sent outside, he still leads the line when he is not in line with the title." That is, it was once again emphasized that if the military minister was granted a foreign dispatch, he could not also take the sanitation officer.
In the third year of Chunxi (1176), Emperor Xiaozong issued an edict: those who were sent outside and in the army were still not allowed to take the rank of internal sanitation officer. In the tenth year of Chunxi (1183), Wujing Lang Lang Waiting for the King to remove evil and give the sanitation officer, and the relevant departments to remove the sanitation officer with the king to remove the evil, will they continue to take the Gate of The Gate to wait? The officials of the imperial court looked at it in detail. As a result of the investigation of the officials, if wang went to evil and took tun Wulang (正八品) 閤門祗闽祗磨勘轉官, and was currently serving as a military minister for The Gate of The Gate, he could be transferred to the Rank of Wu Yilang (from Qipin) and xuanzang Sheren; if it were not for the wuchen who was serving in the post of Commander of the Gate, he would be removed from his post. And the king went to evil by Bingyi Lang (from The Eight Pins), specially granted Dun Wulang, nor was it of the nature of grinding and turning officials. Therefore, the officials suggested to the imperial court that according to the practice of Wen Chen's dispatch in Beijing, the king should be removed from the evil and the waiting power of the Gate of The Gate, and then let him still take the post when he was sent to the outside world in the future.
In addition, among the sanitation officers designated by Qiandao, the zhengshi shi could also take the sanitation general, while the Yao Commandery and Hengxing also had the sanitation general, which seemed too loose, so in the fourth year of Chunxi (1177), the Song court rebuilt the sanitation official style, as listed in Table 3.
Table 3 ChunXi's four-year military minister sanitation official
Note: This table is compiled on the basis of the "Song Hui Zhi Manuscript" official 33-3 "Chunxi Fourth Year February 23 Article", "Chunxi Four Years is the Age Article" on Volume 26 of the "Song History Full Text", Gong Yanming's "Song Dynasty Official System Dictionary" Appendix 18 "Zhenghe, Shaoxing Military Officer Rank Table" and other materials.
Judging from the listed in Table 3, there are also some problems in Chunxi's four-year sanitation official personality, that is, there is no provision for the sanitation grade that Can be carried by Yao County. In the fifteenth year of Chunxi (1188), the sanitation official Zhao Kuo begged to follow ren Shouji's example and take the sanitation general to Yao Commandery. Emperor Xiaozong was puzzled by his request, and according to the regulations of the environmental guard official, the right defense envoy and assassin could only be awarded to the Zhuwei General, while the lower rank of Yao Commandery could only be awarded to the Zhuwei General. Emperor Xiaozong believed that Ren Shouji had taken the rank of Yao Commandery (遥郡) with the general of sanitation, which was obviously a wrong appointment, and Zhao Kuo could only take the rank of General Qianniu Wei (千牛衛) with the rank of Yao Commandery (遥郡).
In November of the first year of Shao Xi (1190), ren Shi'an was appointed as a sanitation official, Pei Liangxian, and other than Pei Liangxian, Guangzong told Zaizhi that Emperor Xiaozong had set up ten generals in the sanitation of the generals and lang generals to cultivate the talents of the generals, and this policy should be maintained. In the fifth year of Shao Xi (1194), the imperial court wanted to appoint Jiang Jie's right guard Zhonglang general and give him the key to the matter to oppose. The reason he held, that is, according to the provisions of the second year of Longxing (1164), the general and lang of the sanitation would be capped with ten members, which was nothing more than refining his selection, "the position of strict guard inside, and the reserve of the general on the outside", which has been implemented for more than thirty years. Lou Key pointed out that at present, there are ten members in the position of sanitation worker, and if jiang jiezhonglang is granted the post of general again, the original establishment will be destroyed, and as soon as this case is opened, the powerful and fortunate nobles will have to climb and beg on their own, resulting in a large increase in the number and flooding, which will make the sanitation position no longer valued. Lou Key therefore did not read the appointment of General Zhonglang, the right guard of Jiang Jie.
However, during the Shaoxi period, there were still some adjustments to the sanitation officer system. In the first month of the second year of Shao Xi (1191), Zuo Wu Wei Lang proposed to Sheng Xiongfei that Wu Chen be removed from the rank of sanitation officer and given a horse according to the custom, and his support of Feng Lu was given thirty guan by the general and twenty guan by Zhonglang, which was given by Lin'an Province. In addition, in the second year of Qiandao, it was stipulated that the printing paper of the wuchen sanitation officer's examination was responsible for the approval of the temple, and Sheng Xiongfei suggested that the privy council approve the book instead. The imperial court accepted Sheng Xiongfei's advice. In April of the same year, the sanitation officials Qin Shifu and Ren Shi'an both asked to return to Jianjian, and Ge Shao, the Privy Council, suggested that Guangzong be replaced according to their wishes. Ren Shi'an removed the sanitation officer on November 22 of Shao Xi's first year and applied for restoration less than five months. Emperor Guangzong believed that the sanitation officer's salary was too thin and not as generous as the military's request, which would lead them to apply for reconstruction. However, judging from Ge Shao's speech, it can also be confirmed that the Military Guards officer is already subordinate to the Privy Council.
On the whole, there are two types of sanitation officials after the reform: one is the sanitation officer who grants actual positions such as lang general and lang general in the military sanitation, and the sanitation officer who performs both internal duties and has the nature of the nature, and prohibits the granting of qili sanitation posts; the other is to maintain the conferral of the clan sanitation officer, but it is still a virtual post that is abolished by the official. The following is to use several cases of military ministers to illustrate the appointment of lang generals and lang generals in the sanitation, and further analyze the relationship between the sanitation and the three of them. It is also discussed that although Qi Li cannot serve or concurrently serve as a sanitation officer, he can still be awarded or concurrently appointed to the posts of Xuanzang Sheren, Waiting, and Carrying Imperial Instruments.
2. Wuchen and Qili
The biggest change in the sanitation official system in the Southern Song Dynasty was that the wuchen sanitation official changed from the virtual part of the "official existence and abolition" to a real position and a concurrent nature, and the granting of the qili sanitation post was prohibited. First of all, in the case of Wu chen, Longxing's reinstatement of wuchen sanitation officials in the second year was related to Emperor Xiaozong's "right wu" policy, as Zhao Dongmei said: Emperor Xiaozong's ideal was to break the deadlock in which culture and martial arts were divided, and to attach equal importance to both culture and martial arts, so as to improve the national defense strength of the Song Dynasty.
Emperor Xiaozong attached great importance to the appointment of lang generals and lang generals in the sanitation. For example, Zheng Renjie, in the Gaozong Shaoxing between the Chinese material Wu Superior, etc., was awarded the provincial warehouse lower boundary household department. In the thirtieth year of Shaoxing (1160), he was envoyed to the Jin Dynasty. During the Song-Jin war, he used military merit to make up for the gate and waited for the general of Gyeonggi. When he was on the road, he was recommended by zheng wen, Shen Jie, Li Chuquan, Han Yangu, Hu Quan, and more than ten other people, and Emperor Xiaozong summoned the ben temple with a lot of recommenders, and Zheng Renjie was promoted to the position of right guard lieutenant general because of the timing of Chen's play. During his tenure as a sanitation officer, Zheng Renjie also went to Chen Junmin and was rewarded by Emperor Xiaozong. However, due to his disagreement with Zaizhi, Yu Qiandao took up his post at his own request in the seventh year of Qiandao (1171), except for the jurisdiction of Zhenjiang Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Judging from Zheng Renjie's experience, Zeng Zhongwuju, the establishment of military merit, the post of Li Guanmen, and the recommendation of more than a dozen officials, was a man with talent and ability to serve as a general, so Emperor Xiaozong appointed him as a general in the sanitation, and Zeng Feng wrote in Zheng Renjie's epitaph: Emperor Xiaozong will want to be of great use.
Emperor Guangzong basically continued the right-hand martial policy of the Xiaozong Dynasty, and carefully selected military ministers and sanitation officials. Jiang Jie, the first person to enter the military in the second year of Deng Chunxi (1175), was awarded to BingyiLang. In the twelfth year of Chunxi (1185), he was granted the right to send Qianzhou to the post. In the second year of Shao Xi (1191), the chancellor Ge Wu was the first person to be held by Jiang Jie, begging for exemption from the examination and directly granting him the post of Gate Sheren.
Set up in the sixth year of Qiandao (1170), he was in charge of such matters as "the various halls perceived the loss of honor, and they also served and stood, and drove out of the same place of good fortune, and also the six counselors, the Chang Dynasty, and the harem led the prince to live"; the criteria for selection were: "First summoned to Zhongshu Province, try the time to make a policy, limited to more than 800 words." And try to shoot seven bows and four arrows, and learn to lead the test. If it should be qualified, it will be dispensed with. Emperor Xiaozong's purpose in adding the Gate Ofs was to imitate the system of the Wenchen Pavilion and "wait for those who have entered the military service." In the seventh year of Qiandao (1171), he issued an edict: "The people of the Gate of The Gate, from now on, are in the Pavilion of the Wenchen Pavilion, and the second round is opposed." "After serving in the Gate for three years, it was granted to the Border Commandery Zhizhou, which was the choice of Rong Shuai and The History of the Ministry. Li Xinchuan specially gave the example of Xiong Fei, Tan Xizai, Jiang Teli, and other military ministers, saying that after they were appointed as the people of the Gate of The Gate, they were all able to smoothly transfer and promote officials, which can be regarded as the important positions of the military ministers. That is to say, Jiang Jie, who has a martial arts background and a background of a humen sherman, should be regarded as one of the military ministers promoted under the right martial policy, and the future is promising. In the fourth year of Shao Xi (1193), Jiang Jie even sent an envoy to the Jin Kingdom with one of the Wenchen Xu Ji under the pretext of mingzhou observation.
In the fifth year of Shao Xi (1194), the imperial court wanted to appoint Jiang Jie as the right guard Zhonglang General, but was refuted by the key to the zhongzhong lou. Lou Key, in a petition with the emperor, said that Emperor Xiaozong regarded the positions of sanitation, gatekeeping, and imperial apparatus as the choice of the Right Wu Qing, and specially appointed Wu Yong as a man of wisdom, strategy, and literature. Jiang Jie was born in Wuju, and had been serving as a gatekeeper for three years, and he could be granted the post of Zhizhou of Bian County according to law, but because His Majesty specially praised Jiang Jie, he was renamed the post of Right Guard Zhonglang General, and he had no objection to it. However, Emperor Xiaozong had stipulated that the general and lang of the sanitation would be capped at ten, and Lou Key used this as an excuse to "not read" Jiang Jie's appointment.
Jiang Jie may not have held the position of General of Zhonglang due to Lou Key's "non-reading", but this also confirms that the Guangzong Dynasty still attached great importance to the appointment of military guards. In the article "Sanitation Officials" in the article "Miscellaneous Records of the Dynasty and the Wild Since Jianyan", Volume 10, "Sanitation Officials", Li Xinchuan cited the example of Guo Gao, saying that he was known to Emperor Xiaozong as the Right Guard Lang, and later moved to Bian Shuai, adding: "So far, the sanitation officials have all been the reserve clouds of Rong Shuai. ”
"Miscellaneous Records of the Dynasty and the Wild Since Jianyan" ([Song] Li Xinchuan, Xu Zhidian)
Judging from the cases of Zheng Renjie, Guo Gao, Jiang Jie, and others, the wuchen sanitation officers reinstated by Longxing should be to cultivate military ministers of lower rank but with talent, appoint them as generals of the sanitation of the middle and lang generals, and use the upper limit of ten to show that the military sanitation officers restored by Emperor Xiaozong are neither empty officials nor real, nor only have the nature of holding their posts, but are like the Xuanmen Xuanzang people, waiting, and carrying imperial equipment, there is a difference between actual and posting. But what is the relationship between the three? Zheng Renjie served as the Waitress of the Gate gate and later moved to the Right Guard Zhonglang General; Jiang Jie moved from the position of The GateKeeper to the Right Guard Zhonglang General. The ranks of the Gate Sheren, the Gate Xuanzan Sheren, and the Gate Of The Gate Are located below the General lang and the general of the various sanitations; and the rank with the imperial apparatus is higher than that of the general in the sanitation. In August of the sixth year of The Qiandao Dynasty (1170), the Edict read: "Take the imperial apparatus to the class, and examine the writings of the chambers in the Privy Council; Zhonglang will be on the deputy envoy, and the left and right lang will be above the Fengyilang." "According to the edict, the imperial apparatus was placed before the Zhonglang General, indicating that its quality was higher. By September, Zhongshu Menxia Province suggested that the establishment of classes with imperial instruments should be consistent with the miscellaneous pressure, and Emperor Xiaozong issued an edict: "The former imperial instrument officers are above the officials of the rampage, and the remaining officials are not implemented under the rampage." "The Privy Council examines the writing of the houses from six pins, while Zhonglang will be from seven pins. It is also proved that the imperial equipment is higher than that of the General Lang and the Lang General of the Guards. Therefore, in the first year of Shao Xi (1190), Emperor Guangzong said to Zaizhi: "From now on, those who are high officials are except for the imperial instruments, and the small ones are except for the sanitation officials." In addition, like the Gate and the Sanitation, the imperial apparatus was also the position of Emperor Xiaozong to train the generals of the warriors, and Chunxi's third year (1176) stipulated: "Those who are sent or appointed outside the army are not allowed to take the ranks within the ranks." You must serve for another year, and you will have to take grace with you. "It shows Emperor Xiaozong's determination to reuse the imperial apparatus warriors." On the whole, under Emperor Xiaozong's right-hand martial policy, the warriors of different ranks were placed in the belt of imperial equipment, sanitation, and gates, and the training of future usable generals.
When the military sanitation officials gradually became valued, the number of beggars would increase spontaneously, and it was easy to have uneven situations. In the first year of Emperor Ningzong's reign (1201), an official said that the purpose of reinstating military ministers and sanitation officials was to put them at the emperor's side, so as to know whether they were talented or not, as a basis for the future promotion of generals. However, in recent years, most of the sanitation officers who have been appointed are mediocre people, "planning to recommend and recommend, not to give priority to talent and martial arts; luck to advance in order, not to choose as an emergency", "when encountering the general's que, it is even a cute intention", making the position of military minister and sanitation a place of greed and adventurousness. This official suggested that if the general Lang and Lang were to be dismissed by the general of the sanitation, they should be carefully selected according to the edict issued by Emperor Xiaozong, and if there were people with great ambitions and could be sent to the court, the imperial court should be promoted and appointed; if they encountered those who were cowardly and specialized, they should be retired on the same day.
In the second year of Jiading (1209), another minister said: The military sanitation officer who was reinstated in the second year of Longxing was set at a ceiling of ten members, and was dedicated to the general and long-serving military. However, most of the people who have been removed in recent years are humble and lowly people, and if they are elected as generals in the future, they are often unable to hold their posts, which makes the court feel that it lacks talent. The official suggested that those who had made meritorious service in battle as soldiers, or who had the talents and talents of the descendants of famous generals, could be awarded the titles of General lang and general of the sanitation; if they were appointed by chance in the face of agitated people, they should follow the law of Longxing, and Xu Fuchen would perform the work, give them a refutation, and make a comment on the taiwanese advice.
As for the regulation of "internal belt, external belt, no belt", in the late Jiading period, due to the continuous war with Jin and Yuan, it also began to be awarded to meritorious and surrendered generals. In the fifteenth year of Jiading (1222), the Song court made The Right Jin WuWei General Jingdong Lu Zhenfu envoy with Li Quan as the Baoning Army Festival, and if you look at the Chunxi Four-Year Sanitation Official, the position of the Jiedu Envoy is "Left and Right Jin Wu Wei General, Left and Right Wei Shang General", so Li Quan also took the Right Jin Wu Wei General with the Festival Degree Envoy. In the second year of Baoyou (1254), Gundam was appointed as a sanitation officer with the Yao Commandery Regiment, and his position remained the same. In the first year of Jingding (1260), Jia Xiangdao played the victory of The Ping, and the Song Tingzhao: Fan Wenhu turned zuo Wu Dafu Huangzhou Wuding to command all the armies, and led the sanitation officer; Zhang Shijie also took the sanitation officer, and the position remained the same. In the third year of Jingding (1262), the Shihuyan in Haizhou was completed, and the Song court issued an edict: Zhang Hanyingyao County, Zhizhou, was the deputy commander of the Shima Infantry Army, and led the sanitation officer.
In the later period of Emperor Lizong, the rank of the sanitation of the foreign military ministers and belts was not fully in accordance with the four-year sanitation official style of Chunxi, and in the first year of Jingding (1260), the Song court appointed Xia Gui as the general of the Left (or Right) Jinwuwei of the Baokang Army. Chengxuan made it impossible to take the left and right Jinwu Wei Generals (or left and right Wei Shang Generals) with him according to the sanitation official's personality, but could only bring other Wei Generals with him.
In the case of Qili, in the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the invasion of the Jin Dynasty, resulting in the financial constraints of the Song court, in April of the first year of Jing Kang (1126), the Pingliang Army made Fan Ne, and voluntarily changed its own temperance to the rank of The Right Jin Wuwei General to reduce the expenditure of the national treasury. This matter attracted the attention of the imperial court, and Yushi Zhongchen Chen Guoting suggested that instead of letting the envoys of various sections change the sanitation officials at their own request, it was better for the imperial court to take the initiative to take measures, except for the clan room and the festival envoys who had actual military merits, they were all changed to sanitation grades, in addition to correcting the situation of Chongning and Daguan since the high lord Houlu indiscriminately rewarded, but also to save the financial expenses of the imperial court. Emperor Qinzong then ordered the officials to take measures. In May of the same year, the Song court changed some of the emissaries to zhuwei generals, as listed in Table 4:
Table 4 Envoys change sanitation tables
Note: This table is compiled according to the "Song Hui Essential Draft" official 61 19-20.
Emperor Qinzong changed the emissaries of the clan and military merits to sanitation officers, and many of them belonged to QiLi. For example, Qian Chen and Qian Yu were the eldest princess of the Qin Lu state, the tenth daughter of Emperor Renzong, who originally held the position of envoy of Jiedushi, and was replaced by a general and a general of the sanitation during Jing Kangshi; but because the sanitation official Feng Lu was much lower than the moderation, Qian Chen's family situation became embarrassing. In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1134), at the behest of his mother Princess Dachang of the Qin State, Qian Chenfu was appointed as the envoy of the Inspection School Of Luchuan Army, and Qian Yu was the envoy of the Guangshan Army. Emperor Gaozong also issued a special edict, with Princess Dachang as the daughter of Emperor Renzong, so his second son was corrected as an old official, and other Qili families were not allowed to help, "if violated, the constitution of the code was reset." In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), Emperor Gaozong again replaced the right JinWu Wei general Zhu Xiaozhuang with an observer envoy on the grounds that the sanitation was too thin. Zhu Xiaozhuang's system of words reads: Today's jiedushi envoys, like the ancient princes, during the Huizong period, the mediocre people and widows were fortunate to be blessed, so that Qinzong began to limit the number of envoys, and changed Qili to a sanitation official. After the Song-Jin collegial discussion, Emperor Gaozong used Emperor Qinzong's reform as a temporary measure to restore the appointment of Qili envoys. Zhu Xiaozhuang was the son of Emperor Zhezong's biological mother Empress Qincheng's brother, and Emperor Gaozong changed him from a sanitation official to an observer, which seemed to be opposed by many officials, so he specifically wrote in the system of words: "Erzhong is not in words, and his ambition has been determined, and his rank of restoring the incorruptible car is thought to be the light of Qili." The Song court also stipulated the law for the replacement of envoys by various sanitation officials: the general of Zhuwei was replaced by the general of Jiedu to the regiment of Yao County; the general of Zhuwei was replaced by the assassin of Yao County to Wuyi Dafu; and the general of Zhuwei was replaced by Wu Yi Dafu to Wuyi Lang.
In the reform plan of the sanitation officer in the second year of Longxing, Qi Li was specifically restricted from holding the position of sanitation. On February 24, 1167, in the third year of Qiandao (1167), Libu Shangshu Zhou Zhilan and others shen song, and Pan Caiqing, the head of the Wujie Grand Master Chungju Regiment, "pay attention to learning, isolate the group, confine yourself to Wu Ben, and do not hesitate to do its strengths." If literary resources are granted, there will be something to be obtained." It is proposed that Pan Caiqing be changed from a military minister to a civilian capital. When Emperor Xiaozong promoted the reform of the sanitation officer system, he proposed to appoint a sanitation official. However, this conflicts with Qili's rule that he is not allowed to be a sanitation officer. On the 26th, the auxiliary ministers performed the performance with "obstructing the command of Yuan Descending", and suggested that Pan Caiqing be transferred to another post, and expressed appreciation for Zaizhi's attitude in handling this matter. In the third year of Chunxi (1176), Emperor Xiaozong again issued an edict: it was forbidden to send Qili and non-military meritorious people as sanitation officials. However, soon after, Emperor Xiaozong issued an edict: "Within the command of the sanitation officer, it is not worse than a non-meritorious person, let alone a person." "There seems to be some relaxation for non-meritorious warriors.
Although Qi Li could not serve or concurrently serve as a sanitation officer, he could still serve or concurrently hold the posts of Xuanzang Sheren, Waiting, and Carrying Imperial Instruments. In the "Collection of Zhi Zhai", it contains the words proposed by Chen Fuliang when he was a Zhongshu Sheren, Shao Xi's fourth year (1193), the empress returned to the Gurudwara Temple, and his nephew Zhongxun Lang (正九品) 閤門 Xuanzang Sheren did the military leader Li Xiaochun and Wu Jinglang (from Qipin) with imperial equipment to run the Imperial City Division Li Xiaoyou, and each special turned to the right Wulang (from Qipin). Li Xiaochun and Li Xiaoyou brothers, both of whom were in the internal duty and with the gate and the imperial apparatus. And Han Nongyi changed the name of Bingyi Lang (from Bapin) to the Gate Ofshe, chen Fuliang wrote in his commandment: "Or the Ze of Mengqili, the more on the right level." "According to the six-year regulations of the Qiandao, the people of the Gate Officia are required to be responsible for the examination by the Zhongshu Menxia Province, and after they should pass the examination, they will be removed from the order. It seems that Han Washu was appointed as a ruler of the Gate Officiating, and Chen Fuliang wrote in his commandment: "Only after the test is the province, in order to issue its text; the official is above the test, and the choice is to hua qi." ”
Book Shadow of the Collection of Stopping Zhai (written by [Song] Chen Fuliang)
3. Clan room
Hong Shi said in Shangxiaozong's Zhazi that since Emperor Taizong's dynasty, he has served as a sanitation in the clan office. And the "Zhongshu Bei" also contains: In the second year of Yuan Feng (1079), the clan served as 294 members of the sixteen wei generals and 162 generals. The Song dynasty appointed the clan as a sanitation official, which on the surface seems to follow the ancient system, that is, according to the Zhou Guan, "all those who defend the royal palace have the same surname", and "the state dynasty is also Jian Zongying, the Yin of the Ring Of The Circle, and the Gai Follow the Zhou System". However, in fact, apart from Shuo Wang, Liu Shen (five days of residence) and other courtiers, there was no responsibility for the guards and attendants, and the purpose was to prevent the interference of the clan office.
In the twenty-sixth year of Shaoxing (1156), The Dingjiang Army Chengxuan envoy Tongzhi Dazong Zhengshi Zhao Shiluan said that the current members of the zongshi were three members of the observation envoys and one member of the defense envoys, four members of the yao county defense envoys, eight members of the yao county regiment training envoys, two members of the yao county assassin history, and two members of the right guard general. Emperor Gaozong asked too little to be appointed to the throne, and was transferred to the throne with Tuien, as listed in Table 5.
Table 5 Shaoxing twenty-six years of emperor Uncle Nanban transfer official table
Note: This table is compiled according to the Imperial Lineage 6-24-25 of the Song Hui Zhi Manuscript.
Judging from the list in Table 5, the transfer of the emperor's uncle Nanban can be divided into three parts: First, the transfer of envoys, such as the transfer of observation envoys to the envoys of the undertaking, and the transfer of the defensive envoys to the envoys of observation. The second is that the sanitation officers are transferred to envoys, such as the right guard general who is transferred to the regimental training envoy and the assassin history. The third is the transfer of envoys and sanitation officers, all the sanitation officers who are also accompanied by the table are the right guard guards generals, and Emperor Gaozong also issued a special edict, although the envoys have been transferred, such as the transfer of regimental training envoys to defense envoys, and the transfer of assassins to regimental training envoys, but the sanitation officers who are also brought with them are still the same.
As far as the first and second parts are concerned, they are mainly transferred according to the system of clan room transfer, and the transfer of the clan room contained in the "System of Officials and Resettlement" in volume 169 of the History of Song is as follows:
Crown Prince Right Inner Lead Fu Deputy Lead Prince Right Supervisor Gate Lead Fu Right Thousand Niu Wei General Right Supervisor Gate Guard Grand General Haruka Gun Thorn History (following the queens, see fengguo gong and special purpose, that is, turn to the right assassination history) Yao County regiment training envoy (following the queens, see the fengguo gong and special purpose, that is, to turn the right regiment to train envoy) Assassination regiment training envoy defense envoy observation envoy observation stay (zhenghe changed to undertake the propaganda envoy, special purpose to turn left, right guard general) left and right Wei general festival envoy degree envoy tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi festival envoy and attendant.
However, as far as the third is concerned, there are only envoys who can also take the sanitation officer, such as Jiedu Observation (Chengxuan Envoy) and Jiedushi, because of the special order to allow the transfer of the left and right guards to the generals; and among the special envoys of the emperors in Shaoxing in the twenty-sixth year, there are also envoys such as defense envoys, regimental training envoys, and assassins who also have the right guard general, and Emperor Gaozong also specifically said: "The sanitation officers they brought with them are still the same." ”
Why do clan envoys also bring sanitation officers? It may be related to the insufficient number of people in the regular dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Yu Shitai stopped one or two people as a military minister of the Chang Dynasty, and if he was on leave, he would not be able to work, and it was recommended to increase the number of people. Emperor Zhenzong made the general and general of the guards as a general. In the fourteenth year of Jiading (1221), Zhongshu Menxia Province, with emperor Taizu's sons and heirs such as the King of Yan and the King of Qin, was too small to participate in the imperial class. Emperor Ningzong issued an edict: Zhao Xisute and the replacement of the right guard defense envoy, Zhao Xixu and the replacement of the Right Guard General Ji Zhou Thorn History, and ordered the elevation of the Youshen Temple; Zhao ShiXiao, Zhao Xixiao, Zhao and JuTe and the replacement of the Right Guard Guard General, Zhao Shizhuo, Zhao Shi Zhi and the Right Thousand Niu Wei General, and ordered the emperor to ask. However, when the clan was demoted, he might dismiss the sanitation officials he also brought, such as the first year of Qiandao (1165), the right guard general and the state defense envoy Zhao Shimu, after Ding Youxiang was removed, committed violence in Fuzhou, and was specially demoted to the Chuzhou regiment training envoy. That is to say, there are some differences in the nature of the sanitation officer who is also accompanied by the clan office, compared with the sanitation officer who is also a military minister.
Although Emperor Xiaozong forbade QiLi to grant sanitation officials, he still maintained the dispatch of sanitation officials in the clan office. In the first month of the second year of Longxing (1164), the Wude Grand Master Rongzhou Regiment trained Zhao Shiqian to change to the Southern Class, and specially appointed the Right Guard General Chengzhou Regiment to train the envoy. In June of the same year, he was transferred to the hezhou defense envoy, according to the former Right Guard General. In the first year of Qiandao (1165), he was again transferred to the Fuzhou Observation Mission.
In the sixth year of qiandao (1170), some ministers said: "From the right of the crown prince to the deputy commander of the government to the tenth rank of the zhengren chengxuan envoy, and use ten years of grinding and surveying to change to an official, until the observation makes the order to be implemented." That is to say, the defense envoys below are transferred according to the ten years of grinding and surveying; while the observation envoys above must be transferred to the emperor. For example, in the sixth year of Qiandao, Emperor Zu Junzhou defended Zhao Shichen, saying that he had been in office for ten years and begged to be transferred to an official. Zhao Shichen counted the mill survey from the age of fifteen (1133, the third year of Shaoxing), and was awarded the title of Wu Jielang in July of the twelfth year of Shaoxing, and in the ninth year and six months of the official calendar, there were non-foreign officials in the middle and there was no calculation; the Qiandao fourth year was granted in October, and the Southern Ban Mill Survey was carried out in October of the fourth year of the Qiandao, and by April of the following year, the real calendar was five months. Zong Zhengsi calculated Zhao Shichen's experiences before and after, a total of ten years, in line with the provisions of the grinding survey and relocation. Emperor Xiaozong issued an edict for Zhao Shi to be transferred to Suizhou As an observer. Relative to this case, Gaozong Shaoxing's twenty-six years of transfer of the emperor's uncles obviously belonged to the nature of Special Grace.
In addition, due to the distance of the relatives of the five costumes, the rank of sanitation official was also different, such as the imperial nephew of the Emperor Ma, who was granted to the crown prince Zhu Wei to lead the government rate and the deputy rate. The sanitation officer of the Prince's Eastern Palace originally had ten guards, as listed in Table 6. In the first year of Emperor Taizong's reign (995), he was responsible for the business of praise and introduction, with Zuo Qingdao leading the government, deputy leader, and Zuo Chunfang Gurudwara. After Emperor Zhenzong ascended the throne, he deposed him; in the second year of tianxi (1018), he led Guo Chengqing and left and right (left or right?). The deputy of the prison led xia yuanxiang and the guru of the left and right chunfang. Emperor Renzong ascended the throne and restored the province. After emperor Gaozong's dynasty, the rank of prefectural and deputy governors was used as the rank of sanitation official, but "the official existed but did not have a function".
Table 6 Ten Guards of the Eastern Palace
Note: This table is compiled from the "History of song" volume 162 "Eastern Palace Officials", "Qingyuan Articles of Laws and Matters" volume 4 "Miscellaneous Pressures on Official Products", Gong Yanming's "Song Dynasty Official System Dictionary" "Prince Zhu Rate, Deputy Rate" and other materials.
In the thirtieth year of Shaoxing (1162), the three provinces and the Privy Council entered the Pu'an Commandery Wang Jiaguan, moved the town, entered the country name and proclaimed the auspicious day, Tang Sihui said to Gaozong: "Shaobao, Kaifu, since Yuanfeng, have not been merged into the title", and then asked Gaozong's idea, Emperor Gaozong believed that the Fengzhen King must also bring Kaifu Yi with three divisions, and the king of Pu'an County could first remove the envoy. Tang Si stepped back and said, "Subjects and others are not crowned true kings according to ceremonies, and if they are not close relatives, they should be given the title of genus, such as the sanitation officials who are called the emperor's nephews." Emperor Gaozong thus made King Lipu'an crown prince. From the dialogue between Tang Sihui and Emperor Gaozong, it can be seen that the clan was estranged from each other according to his five relatives, and granted different envoys and sanitation ranks, while the imperial nephew was awarded the title of prince of the Eastern Palace.
In the first year of Longxing (1163), Emperor Xiaozong issued an edict to grant Zhao Juguang the second male supplementary prince Right Inner Touchi to lead the deputy governor, but was opposed by his courtiers, and his reason was that the clan would give the name of the official according to the regulations when he was given a big gift and a holy day, and his ma relatives would supplement the deputy governor of the house, and the relatives of the emperor would supplement Bao Yilang. Zhao Ju was widely regarded as a relative of The Ma Ma, and the deputy governor of the government was in line with the provisions of the decree, but his two sons were already exempted from the family and could not be granted the deputy rate of the government according to law. The bureaucrat also pointed out that if the emperor issued an edict to grant special favors, it would cause the imitation of the relatives and clansmen, causing disturbances, and suggested that Emperor Xiaozong should specifically mark it as "temporary command", which would exempt him from the disadvantages of begging according to the custom. In the eighth year of Chunxi (1181), Cheng Zhonglangquan was in charge of King Wu's sacrifice to Zhao Duocai and begged for a change of official. The official department named Zhao Duocai (赵多才), who was originally a relative of Zhao Duocai (赵多才), and has now been changed to a ma (缌麻親), and can be changed to the official style of the clan room, and the deputy governor of the crown prince's right inner rate can be changed, and the word "imperial nephew" is carried on the rank.
When the five brothers and uncles who are farther related to each other change to the southern class, they will also be awarded to the Eastern Palace Sanitation Officer. In the first year of Shao Xi (1190), Zhao Duogong said: The sons under the current "Ju" character have all been transferred to the Southern Class, and his father Zhao Juren has not yet received the same Grace Pei, and begs to change the Southern Class according to the custom. Emperor Guangzong changed Zhao Jugong from Cheng Zhonglang to The Deputy Governor of the Crown Prince's Right Inner Commandery, still wearing the word "Imperial Brother". In the first year of Emperor Ningzong's reign (1195), Zhao Duofu led zhao Duofu to lead the government to play with his late uncle Crown Prince Youjian Men, and since Shaoxing and Longxing, more than twenty members had served as envoys, jiedu, chengxuan, and observation; however, during the years of Qiandao and Chunxi, they had been reduced to seventeen or eight; in recent years, only seven or eight members remained, and more and more than one member remained, and they were increasingly scattered and unable to obtain Feng Lu. Emperor Ningzong issued an edict, and Zhao Duomute, a loyal trainer, was given the title of crown prince's right inner governor. Emperor Ningzong was the son of Emperor Guangzong, and the character "many" was emperor of Emperor Ningzong in terms of generations, but because of the estrangement of the five services, he was only appointed as the deputy of the governor.
Portrait of Zhao Kuo of Emperor Ningzong of Song
With the change of the relationship between the five services and relatives, the rank of the southern class of the clan chamber will also change. In the case of Emperor Ningzong, he was born in the fourth year of Qiandao (1168) and was the grandson of Emperor Xiaozong. In the fifth year of Qiandao (1169), he was given his name in the first month of the first month, and in November he was awarded the title of Grand General of the Right Thousand Niu Wei. In October of the fifth year of Chunxi (1178), he was made an envoy to the Ming Prefecture and enfeoffed as an English duke. However, Zhao Guicheng (i.e., Emperor Lizong Zhao Yun) was not the biological son of Emperor Ningzong, and originally belonged to Emperor Wu of Ningzong, and in June of the fourteenth year of Jiading (1221), he was awarded Bingyi Lang; however, in August, he was renamed the Right Guard General and given the name Guicheng; in the same month, Peng Yin was transferred to guozhou regimental training envoy. In September, he was made the heir of the Emperor's brother Yijing Hui. In May of the fifteenth year of Jiading (1222), he was again promoted to the position of Shaozhou Defense Envoy. When Emperor Lizong was in Zongzi, due to his increasingly close relationship with Emperor Ningzong, he was transferred from BingyiLang to a sanitation official and then to an envoy.
Conclusion
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, in order to eliminate the power of Fang Zhen's generals and appease the monarchs of the various surrendered states, they were granted idle posts, and then in order to prevent the clan and Qili from interfering in the government, they were also given sanitation officials. Sanitation officials have existed and abolished, and have given them real power but no real power, which is nothing more than to control special groups such as monarchs, guique generals, clan offices, and qili. However, after the demotion of the military minister also blamed the sanitation officer, his status was gradually underestimated by the people of the time, just like the sub-commander. However, the two sides of the sanitation and the division had different development trends in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the division officials gradually disappeared into the bureaucratic system since the Gaozong Dynasty; and the military sanitation officials were not only retained, but also transformed into important positions for cultivating generals, making the sanitation officials who were originally "official existence and abolition" become important real gaps in the transfer of military ministers.
On the whole, there are two types of sanitation officers after the reform: one is to grant sanitation officials who are abolished by the clan officials, and the other is to grant sanitation officials who are actually appointed and attached to the nature of military ministers. In order to enhance the status of the military ministers and achieve the ideal of right martial arts, Emperor Xiaozong reinstated the positions of general and lang general of the military guards, on the one hand, he appointed people with slightly qualified generals, as well as military ministers who had long been diligent and temporarily returned to Xiu, so that they were responsible for the positions of imperial attendants, and set a ceiling of ten as the upper limit, so as to reserve their talents and worship the martial festival. On the other hand, the sanitation officer was also used as a post, and only the Imperial City Division and other lines were allowed to take both internal and external military officers and generals, so as to increase the prestige of the military ministers. In addition, in order to prevent the indiscriminate conferment of sanitation officers, the Xiaozong Dynasty also stipulated that those who were not meritorious in battle could not be awarded sanitation officers.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, the gates, sanitation, and imperial equipment were all places for Emperor Xiaozong to train military generals. The grades of the Gate Sheren, the Xuanzansheren, and the Gongmen Qihou are lower than those of the General lang and the general of the sanitation; and the rank of the general with the imperial apparatus is higher than that of the general of the general in the sanitation. Theoretically, it was transferred from the Gate Sheren to the Zhonglang General, and then from the Zhonglang to the Imperial Instrument. That is to say, imitating the system of the Wenchen Pavilion, the military ministers of different ranks were placed in the belt of imperial equipment, sanitation, and gates.
Although Emperor Xiaozong restricted QiLi from granting sanitation officials, he still maintained the granting of sanitation officials in order to treat the clan chamber with courtesy. According to the relatives of the five services, the clan is granted to sanitation officials of different ranks, and there are relevant regulations on the relocation of grinding and surveying. However, with the change of the relationship between the five services and the consideration of the number of people invited by the Southern Ban Dynasty, the emperor would adjust the rank of the clan sanitation in the way of special grace. However, unlike the actual military and environmental sanitation officers, it still belongs to the nature of the official's existence and abolition.
Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (Social Sciences Edition), No. 1, 2022
Editor-in-Charge: Zhao Hongyan
Review publications
Preliminary: Song Yu
Review: Zhan Baqun, Zhou Jimei
Review release: Peng Yuping, Li Qingguo