Tang Dynasty "Linqu" jinshi Liu Cang
Author | Maruyama Komin
Due to the lack of historical data, the jinshi before the Linqu Yuan Dynasty were lost. Recently read the eighth volume of the "Tang Caizi Biography School Notes" published by Fu Xuanzong, edited by Fu Xuanzong and published by the Zhonghua Book Company in 1990, and found that the book verified that Liu Cang, a scholar and poet of the Tang Dynasty, was a Linqu person.
Liu Cang (c. 800 – c. 865), the character 宸靈. The Internet shows that Liu Cang is either from Luoyang, Henan, or Ningyang, Shandong, mostly from Ningyang. The theory of Luoyang is not known, but the theory of Ningyang should be derived from Liu Cang's poems "Huaiwenyang Brothers". From the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wenyang County was established, and the prefecture belonged to present-day Ningyang County. However, the Sui and Tang Dynasties also established Wenyang County, which was not located in Ningyang. According to the Book of Sui, volume 31, "Geography", emperor Wen of Sui opened the emperor for four years (584), changed Lu County (present-day Qufu City) to Wenyang, and changed it to Qufu in 598. In the second year of WuDe (619), the geographical records of the new and old "Book of Tang" were established in Beihai County, taking 17 counties including Beihai, Pingshou, Weishui, Wenyang, Yingqiu, and Duchang. In 623, only the three counties of Beihai, Yingqiu, and Xiami were left, and the remaining 14 counties were abolished, and the 1997 edition of the "Fangzi District Chronicle" of Wenyang County was thought to be in the area of present-day Fangzi. Only these two Wenyang spins are set up to spin waste. Today's Ningyang Sui and Tang Dynasties are called Gongqiu and belong to Yanzhou. In this light, more evidence is needed to draw conclusions based solely on geographical names. So, where is Liu Cang?
Liu Cangqi is of origin
Liu Cang's place of origin, before the Song Dynasty, there is no clear record of it. "Tang Caizi Chuan School Notes": Liu Cang, two "Book of Tang" no transmission. The New Book of Tang, vol. 60, Yiwen Zhi ( Yiwen Zhi ) , has four clouds: "Characters contain spirits." "Junzhai Reading Chronicle" Volume IV Zhongyun: "Liu Cang, the word contains the spirit." Volume 19 of the Zhizhai Book Of Records is also only known: "Liu Cang, Yun Ling." "None of them are in the book. The "Reading Chronicle of Junzhai" and the "Zhizhai Book Record Solution" were written by Gongwu Chao and Chen Zhensun of the Southern Song Dynasty, respectively. Song Ji yougong 'Chronicle of Tang Poetry', vol. 58 "Liu Cang" Yiyun: "Cang, the word contains the spirit, the great middle jinshi also." ”
It was not until Xin Wenfang wrote "The Biography of Tang Caizi" in the early Yuan Dynasty that Fang proposed Liu Cang's approximate place of origin: "Lu Guoren also. "The Tang Dynasty did not have the State of Lu, which borrowed an ancient name and pointed out the general location. From this point of view, Xin Wenfang's basis is zhang qiao's poem "Sending Longmen To Liu Cang" written by Zhang Qiao, who is almost the same era as Liu Cang, in which Yun: "Go to Zailongmen County, and think about the years of change." He also passed on Lu Ruzheng and the Jin people. Liu Cang was judged to be a Lu person by "also Lu Ruzheng", and many descendants were therefore responsible. Such as Ming Lu Shiyong's "Tang Poetry Mirror", Qing Kangxi's "Quan Tang Poetry" and so on.
Left: "Tang Caizi Chuan School Notes"; Right: "The Complete Collection of Tang Poems and Hundred Families"
It was late to set Liu Cang's place of origin as Ningyang. The earliest thing I saw was the Complete Collection of Tang Poems published by Hainan Publishing House in 1992. Later, "Classification and Integration of Masterpieces of Classical Chinese Literature", "Selected Poems of Famous Artists of the Tang Dynasty", "Selected Poems of Chinese Dynasties • Tang Poetry Volumes", "Appreciation Dictionary of Tang Poetry", "Appreciation Dictionary of Tang Poetry Translation", "Appreciation of Whole Tang Poetry" and so on all held this view.
There are relatively few books that Liu Canglin said, and at present, I have seen "Tang Caizi's School Notes", "Chinese Poetics Dictionary", "Compendium of Ancient Chinese Poetry Masterpieces" and so on.
Looking at the various books, the vast majority of them are based on the old theory, but the book "Tang Caizi Chuan School Notes" is deeply examined, widely quoted, thoroughly analyzed, and in line with reality, which can be described as reasonable and well-founded. The full text of the book is as follows:
Cang has the poem "Huai Wenyang Brothers":
Looking back at Yunling, there are several Guanhe rivers across Wenyang.
The letters have been far away from the country for many years, and the brothers are powerless to dry the sea fields.
The sky is high frost moon anvil sound bitter, the wind is full of cold village wood leaves yellow.
All day long the road is not returned, and the autumn is empty of envious geese.
"Hotel Book" and cloud:
Autumn watch the garden trees change the wind and smoke, and the brothers float to the sea.
The guests are tired of dividing the Shaanxi Road, and the family is poor and resting to plant Wenyang Tian.
The clouds are low and far away, and the cold geese are singing, and the rain is intermittent and the mountains are noisy and twilight.
Leaf-falling insect silk filled the windows, and Qiu Tang sat alone and thought leisurely.
From this point of view, it seems that they are Wenyang people. Rancang also has the poem "Wenyang Guest House":
The years feel self-conscious, what is the wrong way?
The rain outside the window is close to the mountains, and there are many geese on the beach in autumn.
Homesick every time I read the ascension to the building, I chanted a horn song to the moon sky.
Pass the old mountain and the water, break the desert path and open the smoke.
Then it is not like the Wenyang people. And Cang has repeatedly said that when he talks about his hometown, he knows that the sea is not far from the sea, and Wenyang County (that is, Yanzhou Gongqiu) is two or three states away from the sea, which seems to be not called the seaside. In his poem "Late Crossing in Zhejiang", there are even more clouds: "The blue and clear are divided into flat Chu, and the green mountains come out of Mulingxi at night." This poem is currently opposite to Guisi, whose hometown seems to be near MulingGuan. According to volume 171 of the Qing Yi Tongzhi, "Muling Pass is located on the Da Shan Mountain one hundred miles south of Linqu County, and the border of Yishui County, the capital of Yizhou, to the south. "Sui Shu Geographical Chronicle": There is Muling Mountain in Linqu, Beihai County... The mountain is related to Muling Pass. "Yishui Miscellaneous Records": One hundred miles north of Yishui County, there are generals, Southwest Anshan, and North of the Mountain about Muling Pass. Qi Cheng: Da Da Shan, that is, Mu Ling Guan Ye. "Qi Cheng": "YiShan is a unique item, there is a waterfall spring on the side of Mufei Mausoleum, hanging down a hundred cliffs, that is, Wenshuiye." The so-called Wenyang system refers to the Sun of Wenshui (there are many Wenshui in Shandong) rather than to Wenyang County (Gongqiu), while the "Wenyang Tian" Yunyun is a codex. Liu Cang is a Qingzhou Linqu person, so his residence in Wenyang Guest House fashion cloud "passing the old mountain Yishui riverside", this Yishui cover is the wrong time of Yishui. Qingzhou Binhai, Sui is Beihai County, so Liu Cang's poems often refer to the seaside. Linqu, present-day Linqu County, Shandong.
Regardless of whether "Yishui" is "Yishui" or not, because Yishui is a tributary of the LuoHe, Liu Cang's poem also mentions it several times. In terms of Liu Cang's poetic theory, neither Ningyang nor Qufu has anything to do with the sea; although Fangzi is closer to the sea than Linqu, it has nothing to do with Muling. There are also Wenyang County, southern Dynasty Song Dynasty, Sui ruin, belonging to Hubei Jingzhou, and shandong has nothing to do with it.
Liu Cang's hometown is near the sea, and the east return passes through Taishan and Qufu. Present-day Ningyang is in Tai and Qudong, and from the geographical point of view, it seems that it should not pass through this since the return of the capital to the east, so it can also be inferred that its hometown is not today's Ningyang. "Writings on the Way Back to the East" poem Cloud:
Xia Lu who knows this feeling, the exchange is mostly half a year.
Lonely Yin LuoYuan is at the end of spring, and several times to Qincheng to see the moon.
The smoke of the high willow breaks into the shadow of Yue, and the sound of the ancient causeway obliquely back to the beach.
There is a surplus of industry on the east back to the sea, and it is firmly settled in the countryside and barren grass.
"Jingqu Fucheng" poem cloud:
After passing through Que Li, he was injured, and once lamented that the water flowed in the east.
There are several barren trees and many ancient palace walls in the berry moss.
Three thousand disciples Biao Qingshi, Mr. Bandai called Su Wang.
Xiao Suo's wind is high on the si, and the autumn mountain is bright and bright and the night is clear.
The Tang Caizi Chuan School Notes interpret Wenyang as "the sun of Wenshui", and this Wenshui is the Wenshui that originated in Yishan (now known as Wenhe), which is not isolated in Tang poetry. For example, Gao Shi's poem "Sending Cai Shaofu to Dengzhou to Push Things":
Jiaodong is connected to the ink, and Laishui is into the vicissitudes.
The country is often troubled, and people have repeatedly resisted punishment.
Gongcai enlisted the county and commanded the outskirts.
Whoever is guilty of the standard, the wind rumor letter can be heard.
Zhengrong Da Da Kou, Yi Yi Wen Yang Pavilion.
The clouds are whiter, and the Tianqiu Mountains are greener.
Zu Feast Fang Bu Day, Wang Shi rushed to invade the star.
Persuasion will be for virtue, and Syan will be covered with listening.
Da Da Kou is da Nang Mountain or Mu Ling Guan. Da Da Shan is located in the southeast foothills of Yi Mountain, and Muling Pass is located in the eastern extension of Da Da Shan Mountain, so it is also known as Da Da Guan. In the poem, Wenyang Pavilion and Da Da Kou are opposite, which should be the sun of Wenshui, not the place name. During the Tang Dynasty, Dengzhou bordered Laizhou, and in the east of Qingzhou, Cai Shaofu went to ren when passing through Muling and wading through Wenshui, so Gao Shi's poem mentioned it.
The north of the south of the mountain is the yang, and Liu Cang's poem also mentions Mu Lingxi, from which it seems that Liu Cang seems to be a person near the east side of Yishan, the yang of Wenshui, the west of Muling, or Jiang Yu and Daguan near the Yishan area. Liu Cang's poem "Spring Festival Gala Journey with Nostalgia":
Late out of the Guanhe River green wild flat, yiyun tree moved nostalgia.
The residual spring flowers are full of yellow warblers, and the distant guests are sad and white.
Wild water flows chaotically to the ancient station, and the smoke is frozen near the isolated city.
The east and west attempts to return to the field, and the green mountains on the sea have long been abandoned.
Yishan is the ancient Qingzhou Town Mountain, which is known as the "first mountain from the east of the sea", and the "Qingshan Mountain on the Sea" or Yishan Mountain in the poem is also unknown.
Liu Cangqi
"Biography of Tang Caizi" Yuan Dynasty engraving
The "Reading Chronicle of Junzhai" records that Liu Cang was the eighth year of Da Zhong, that is, in 854 AD, da zhong was the era name of Li Chen of Tang Xuanzong. Liu Cang's examination of jinshi has not been the first many times, and many of the existing poems are involved, such as the poem "Nostalgic Residence after the Lower First": "A few to the Qingmen name has not been established, and Fang Shi has many negative hometown feelings." "Qingmen, according to the "Three Auxiliary Yellow Figures": "Chang'an City is east of the south, the first gate dominates the city gate, and the people see the gate of the blue, known as the Qingcheng Gate, or the Qingmen Gate." "This Qingmen refers to Chang'an, and Gai has arrived in Chang'an many times. But Liu Cang was not discouraged, and finally went to high school after eight years of college and middle school, and his mood was happy, and there was also an expression in the poem. His poem "Look at the List Day":
At the beginning of the prohibition of leakage, Lan Province was opened, and the name of the immortals was cleared.
Flying sun warblers sound far away, changing spring wind crane shadow back.
Guangmo wansheng is happy, and the thousand trees in Qujiang are cold plums.
Qingyun was already a reward, and Mo Xifang was drunk with wine glasses.
There is also the poem "And the Later Feast qujiang":
and the first Spring Festival selection tour, the apricot garden first feast QuJiangtou.
Purple pink wall inscription immortal book, willow color whistle whispering royal building.
Ji Jinglu is bright and far away, and the evening sky mountain is green and falls on Fangzhou.
When you return home, you are drunk between the flowers, and the car is like a stream of water.
Talent and opportunity are inextricably linked. "Tang Caizi Biography School Notes" contains: Liu Cang and the first, related to the Zheng Xuan Award. New Book of Tang, vol. 177, "Biography of Zheng Xuan" Yun: "Kaoru Duanjin, and then (again typo) Zhi Li Buju, Han Jun, and many kinds of scholars." ”
The Biography of Tang Caizi says that Liu Cang "has a large physique, is still virtuous, good at drinking, and talks about ancient and modern people all day long." Generous nostalgia, the rate is found in the chapter. "Tang Caizi's Biography Of School Notes": "The detailed version of the description is not detailed, and the Xin clan takes it for granted according to Qilu's heroic spirit." There are few generous Liu Cangshi poems that exist today, but there are those who cherish the past. ”
Liu Cangdengdi was about forty or fifty years old. The Biography of Tang Caizi says: "After Zheng Xuan, a waiter in the eighth year of the Great Middle School, entered the list of scholars, he entered the Gurudwara, and Xuan Yue said: 'The first is Liu Junruizhi, and the first is not enough. The old man did not come for thirty years and did not know each other, who said that the white head of the present day is one after another. His poem "Spring Tourism" first Lianyun: "Xuanfa resigned from family affairs to travel far, and the spring wind returned to the geese with a sad voice." "Then he left home and traveled far away in his youth. Fu Youyun: "Spring is over and the original white happens." ("Nostalgic Residence After the Lower First Place") When he ascended the throne, he was indeed born with white hair, when he was forty miles away. Coupled with Zheng Xuan's statement that "white heads are full of white heads", some sources set Liu Cang's birth year around 800 AD, although it is not very accurate, it is similar to it.
Liu Cangwei was more clear as an official, and he had served as a lieutenant of Huayuan County and a commander of Longmen County. Huayuan County is now Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province. Volume V of Ming Jiajing's Yaozhou Chronicle records: "Liu Cang, Lu Ren, Jin Shi, Lieutenant of Tuning County, has a poetic name. "Cang has the poem "Strike HuaYuan Captain Shang Shang Shang Shu":
Self-pity makes a living, and the vast waves are a fishing boat.
Qianli Dream returned to Qingluo near, and three years of officials dismissed Du Lingqiu.
The mountains are colorless, and the water flows to several places in Pingsha.
White dew and yellow flowers are late in the year, and they can't bear the frost sideburns.
The "Lord Shangshu" mentioned in the poem is Zheng Xuan, who was once the left servant of Shangshu. Cang was originally a lieutenant in China for three years, about nine to eleven years in junior high school. "Yuanhe County Atlas" Volume II Jingzhao Fu under "Huayuan County, Ben Han Qiqi County, belongs to Zuo FengYi ... The Sui Kai Emperor dismissed the county in three years, taking the county as Yizhou, and changing Niyang to Huayuan County in the sixth year. Daye province Yizhou in the second year, the county belongs to Jingzhao.
After Liu Cang deposed Hua Yuan, he served as the commander of Longmen County. Volume 638 of quan tang poems has Zhang Qiao's poem "Sending The Dragon Gate to Liu Cang", Yun:
Go to Zailongmen County, think about the years of change.
He also passed on Lu Ruzheng and the Jin people.
The cliffs opened in the Middle Ages, and the long river fell for half a day.
Several townships were exhorted to cultivate crops full of smoke.
After cangren was appointed as a lieutenant of Huayuan, it was about the beginning of the Xiantong at the end of the middle school. "Yuanhe County Atlas" Volume 12 Dai Prefecture "Longmen County... Later Emperor Taiwu of Wei changed the name of Pishi County to Longmen County, which belonged to Beixiang County because of the name of Longmen Mountain. The Sui Kai Emperor abolished the county in three years, and the county belonged to Dai Prefecture. "Present-day Hejin County, Shanxi Province." In 1994, it was upgraded to a county-level city and was subordinate to Yuncheng City. There are still four or five surviving poems of Liu Cang related to the Dragon Gate.
Liu Cang was an official and also traveled to various places. From his poems, it can be seen that Liu Cang has traveled to Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and other places, and has reached Qufu in Shandong Province.
Liu Cang's circle of friends is not fully known, he and Li Pin, Yan Biao and other jinshi in the same year, and Li Shangyin, Du Mu, Xu Hun and other people lived in the same period, with Jia Dao, Zhang Qiao and other poetry exchanges, and with the replica, Xiugu, Yuanxu, Chongyou Shangren and The People of The Mountain.
Liu Cangqi's poems
The New Book of Tang and Yiwenzhi contains a volume of Liu Cang's poems, the Quan Tang Poems volume 586 contains 101 poems in one volume, and the Poet's Jade Chips contains 1 poem of five words, which is all the poems of Liu Cang that are currently known, and I am afraid that they are not fully ranked.
Regarding Liu Cang's poetic style and level, the Biography of Tang Caizi says: "The poems are extremely clear and beautiful, and the syntax is absolutely the same as that of Zhao Gao and Xu Hun. The "Reading Chronicle of Gunzhai", also known as Liu Cang, "is quite clear in poetry, and the syntax is not similar to Zhao Gao." Song Fan Xiwen's "Night Talk to the Bed" Volume III: "Zhao Gao and Liu Cang's seven words, between Xu Hun, but not their full ears." "Canglang Poetry": "Ma Dai was above the people of the late Tang Dynasty, and Liu Cang and Lü Wen were also victorious over everyone." "Sim passed on this. Cangyu Yuan and Ming Shi also received praise. For example, Yuanren Yang Zai's "Poetry And The Number of Scholars" Yun: "Poetry should practice words, and the eyes of the writers are also ... For example, Liu Cangshiyun: "The incense is exhausted by the beauty of the southern country, and there are many grievances into the east wind and herbs." 'Is to practice the words 'elimination' and 'people'. "Empty leaves in front of the Willow Palace, smoke waves on the sunset river." It is to practice the words 'emptiness' and 'hao', which is the most wonderful thing. Yiyuan Jiaoyan Volume IV: "Quan Deyu, Wu Yuanheng, Ma Dai, and Liu Cang's five words are all the ones in the iron." ”
The Yiyuan Ziyan refers to his five-character poems as "the one who is in the iron", but the two poems that exist today are now five laws, and the rest are seven laws, which have been scattered a lot.
In addition to the above, there are many ancient and modern comments on Liu Cang's poems, and only two examples are selected below:
Qing Jin Sheng sighed "Guanhuatang Selects and Approves Tang Caizi Poems" selected and commented on 15 poems by Liu Cang: "Autumn Sunset Mountain Zhai Is a Matter", "Autumn Day Yu Huai", "Autumn Mountain Temple HuaiYouren", "Jinglongmen Abandoned Temple", "Xianyang Huaigu", "Farewell to the Replica Xiugu Ershangren", "Huai Wenyang Brothers", "Jianglou Yue Yue Night Flute", "Spring Festival Gala Travels With Nostalgia", "And Friends Remember the Former Residence of Dongting", "Late Return to the Mountain Residence", "Changzhou Huaigu", "Jing Magu Mountain", "Jing Jiao Emperor's Palace" and so on. Among them, "Title Queen Mother Temple":
Lonely ZhuCui wanted to leave a sound, and the door covered the smoke and the water temple was clear.
Shu Shu Zi Xia Sheng Ancient Wall, He Nian Dai Festival lower level city.
The crane returns to the Liaohai in the spring, and the flowers fall on the idle steps and the rain is sunny.
Emperor Wu was nameless in the Immortal Book, and the jade altar stars and moons were bright in the night sky.
Jin Sheng sighed and commented: "Lonely Pearl Cui", which is called the statue of the Queen Mother; "The Last Voice", which means that all the teachings of the Queen Mother are said... "The door is hidden", writing the truth does not fall; "Smoke Micro", writing clouds is also nothing; saying that I come to see the like sijiao, which means that if I will meet it, how to empty the temple, or even no light or shadow at all. Three or four, but see the morning sun shooting at the wall, and do not see the clouds under the festival. Five, six, sneering, wonderful, wonderful! "The crane returns to the Liaohai Sea", even if the Queen Mother did come again; "Flowers Fall idle steps" said helplessly Han Wu ascended for a long time. Add the word "spring light evening" and laugh at its late arrival; the word "sunset rain and sunny", sad that it has no trace also ...
The "Appreciation Dictionary of Tang Poetry" selects a poem by Liu Cang, "Jing Jiao Emperor's Palace":
This place used to be green, and the floating clouds and flowing water were like.
Fragrant sales of southern beauty exhausted, complaining into the East Wind Herbs more.
Empty leaves in front of the Willow Palace, sunset on the river.
Pedestrians rise from the distance to Guangling Si, and gudu yueming hears the song.
After the analysis of the "Dictionary", the general comment: "The preciousness of this poem lies in the unique style of the poet Yonggu, the writing is fresh and natural, the sound is beautiful, the source is inexhaustible, and the taste of chewing is endless." The whole poem consists of eight sentences, the sentences are immediate scenes, and the sentences contain deep meanings; the scenery is true, the love is long, and the meaning is far away, which constitutes the unique ethereal romantic style of this poem. ”
Regarding Liu Cang's place of origin, in the absence of more evidence, it can only be inferred from existing data. At present, it seems that the theory of Linqu is the most reasonable.
Because the author is limited by the material and level, the improper places implore the Fang family to correct them.
Thank you Higashiyama Nozomi for correcting it.
March 30, 2022