Song Ren Phonetic Annotation Research

Guangxi Normal University Sun Jianyuan presided over the completion of the National Social Science Foundation of China project "Song Ren Phonetic Annotation Research" (project approval number: 10BYY047), the final result is the monograph of the same name. The members of the research group are: Wang Yequan, Lu Hua, Li Jun, Yang Xin.

1. The purpose and significance of the study

By examining the evidence of song pronunciation, the sex genus of character sounds, and the characteristics of character sounds, the song people's way of making notes, the Song Dynasty tongyu and the Song Dynasty dialect in the phonetic zhuyin sounds are analyzed, so as to summarize the appearance of the Song Dynasty tong phonetic system, reveal its phonological characteristics and its relationship with modern Chinese dialects, and analyze the main square sound phenomena reflected in the phonetic annotations, and reveal its causes, distribution and relationship with modern Chinese dialects.

The Song Dynasty is an important period of Chinese phonological evolution, many major phonological changes occurred, developed or completed in this period, to clarify the phonetic appearance of this period, is an important task in the study of Chinese phonetic history, but also an important aspect of the historical study of some important dialects of modern Chinese. This period is an important period of deep contact between the minority languages in the north and the Chinese language, and an important node for the study of The phonological consequential rhythm of Chinese. The Song people have a large number of phonetic annotations and clear characters, which is the most important bulk corpus in the study of Song yin.

2. The main content and important viewpoints of the results

(1) Main content

The results systematically investigate and analyze the character sounds in the 31 phonetic annotation literatures of the Song Dynasty, summarize the phonetic system of the Song Dynasty tongyu, reveal some of the main characteristics of this phonology, summarize and sort out the square sound phenomenon in it, and make a preliminary discussion on the historical causes, distribution and relationship between these square sound phenomena and their relationship with modern Chinese dialects.

The song dynasty tong language has 18 vowels, the main characteristics are: light and heavy sound differentiation; full voice vowel Qinghua; Zhizhangzhuang jing four groups of vowel confluence; most of the words of the shadow metaphor mother and the doubtful mother are pronounced zero vowels but the suspected mother is independent, and the micro-mother is independent.

The rhyme mother of the Song Dynasty tong language is 20 parts, the main characteristics are: the first and second grades of the middle two and fourth grades, the third and fourth grades of the Hong xiao two, the two and two merge, forming a new pattern corresponding to the descendants of the four hus, the third class of the mouth lip phonetic characters into the opening of the first class, the first class of the mouth of the mouth, the third class of the tongue and teeth into the first class rhyme; -m, -n the second tail according to the hong fine merger pattern: mountain salt and deep and deep; Zeng Terrier and Jiang, stop the opening of the third class, the crab to shoot the opening of the third and fourth characters, but the fine group of characters rhyme mother independently, the mouth of the mouth and the crab gray rhyme system; into the sound -p The three rhymes of ,-t, and -k disappear, and the pattern of their mixing is not the same as that of yang rhymes.

The tone of the voice is still flat and into the four, the fully turbid upper sound is sent in and out, and the boundary between the yin and yang in the four sounds is revealed.

The dialect characters are mostly Wu yin and Min yin; the dialect sounds of Shi Zhao and Han Alcohol are mostly the same as min yin, and Dong Heng and Xiao Chang in Jiangxi have both character sounds that are the same as Wu yin and Min yin, and also those that are consistent with the present Ke Gan fang yin.

The merger of the four groups of phonologists of Zhizhangzhuang into a group is widely distributed in the Song Dynasty, which can be seen in both the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty, the Northern Region, and the Southern Region, which is a phenomenon that was once widely spread and is still common in the Song Dynasty; correspondingly, the interaction between the rub and the rub sound in these groups of vowels is also the early use of the tongyu in the Song Dynasty. From the perspective of historical distribution and the distribution of modern Chinese, it is also a kind of ancient tongyu, but in the Song Dynasty, it was obviously weakened, and the tongyu was suppressed by the gray-micro confluence.

(2) Important viewpoints

The results found some important phenomena in the Song ren pronunciation and the Song ren pronunciation annotation, and based on the investigation and analysis of these phenomena, some new views were put forward.

1. About the characteristics of Song people's pronunciation

The phonetic cut in the Song Ren phonetic note includes two major categories: quoting the old note, the rhyme book sound cut into the note, and the self-made sound cut. Citation of old notes, rhyme book sound cut into the note has a clear quotation, leaning on, leaning on and interpreting, the old note new use of four categories, Song Ren phonetic notes due to the rhyme book reverse cut of the atmosphere is strong, engaged in theory is normal: Song Yin phonetic interpretation is mostly for the literature in the strange words, different reading words, the purpose is to seek the right and elegant, this kind of strange words oral language is not commonly used,

The number of different reading words is also difficult to read the spoken language, can only find, refer to the old notes and rhyme of the pronunciation, this one; second, the Southern Song Dynasty pronunciation is mostly dialect area notes, intended to seek the language and go to the square sound, the pronunciation of the language, many commentators may not be familiar, but also must rely on the old notes and rhyme book pronunciation from which the Tong language originated, even if there is a difference, there is still evidence. Because of these two reasons, the proportion of each family's use and music according to the rhyme book is very large. Among them, the category of "leaning on and interpreting", which we call "edge cutting sound", points out that it dissects the structure of the reverse cutting of the rhyme book, and takes the upper and lower words when the sound corresponds to the essence of the cut and the resulting "exceptional" sound variation phenomenon. "Old Note New Use" is also our discovery, pointing out that it does not use the sound of the rhyme book phonology, but the time tone of this cut. The proposal of these views, on the basis of the anti-cut comparison method discussed by shi xian in the academic circles, further proposed the method of anti-cut interpretation, and only by reading the Song Ren yin tange can we effectively analyze the results of the comparison.

2. Research methods on Song ren phonetic annotations

In view of these characteristics of song pronunciation, we point out that the results of the connection and statistics will lead to the tangent of different properties of the tone tangent, and in the face of the separation of various complex aggregation phenomena in between, we must ultimately rely on the specific analysis of these tone cuts to solve the problem, and directly use reverse cut comparison and contrast to analyze the results, with prominent focus, less disturbance, and high efficiency. As for those who use the results of the linkage to treat the tones of different natures as one, and use the quantitative standards of statistics, the sound of the eye cause is the main body of the Song Dynasty tone, and the small number of time notes is individual sporadic tone variations, which is a big fallacy. These seemingly sporadic character sounds, in different texts, in the same region and different notes, we will find that there is a phonology behind it, and the characteristics of these fragmented tones are precisely the structural characteristics of the new phonology behind them. Therefore, we point out that, given that historical corpus reflects the defective nature of speech, the value of the phonological structural properties expressed by word phonology retrieval is greater than the amount of existence of different word sounds. The most important method for the study of historical character sounds is the study of the phonological properties of character sounds, and the key is the phonological structural factors contained in the sound of words.

3. About the Song Dynasty

Based on the overall appearance of the character sounds reflected in the Song Dynasty's Zhuanjia Phonetic Notes, we find that the so-called tongyin includes the old tense sounds of a certain strong dialect of Chinese in the previous period that were transmuted, circulated and widely learned, such as the mixing and merging of the four sets of vowels of Zhizhangzhuang Jing; including the new sounds that have been widely used in the evolution of the phonology at that time, such as the reorganization of stop shooting and crab shooting, and also include the rhyme book and the old readings in the old notes that are related to the special meaning of a word. These "including" are collectively the speech systems used by literati to read books and to disseminate pragmatics through culture and education. This is different from the previous descriptions of the results of a simple phonological transmutation in song-tone studies. Acknowledging the hierarchical nature of the characters in the actual use of the tongyu is more conducive to our analysis of the structural form of the Song Dynasty pronunciation, although those old sounds are at the level of the tongyu, but it does not belong to the phonology generated by the Song Dynasty phonology, which can avoid many disturbances.

4. About the rhythm of historical phonological changes in Chinese

On the basis of Shi Xian's research on the replacement of the basic dialects of the Tongyu language in different periods of Chinese, by discussing the fact that the four groups of vowels of Zhizhangzhuangjing in the Song Yin are one, the tongue and tooth sounds are changed to the Hong yin vowels, which do not correspond to the modern Beijing tone, but correspond to the northern dialect and its southern dialect, we propose that the evolution mode of Chinese pronunciation has undergone major changes after the Song Dynasty. Some of the phonological patterns of the Song Dynasty phonetic continuation of the previous generation of tongyu were broken, and new combinations of phonetic categories were produced. The evolution of the Central Plains dialect of the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty and its later northern dialects was not a continuous evolution, but had different evolutionary tendencies. Those dialects that are consistent with the Central Plains dialects of the Song Dynasty are the northern dialects, the southern and northern dialects with the same tone changes, and the same type of phonetic mergers, such as Zhizhangzhuang Jingguiyi (including the later influence of the northern new phonological changes that caused it to be palatialized before the third-class rhyme), the light lip phonetic characters to read the accent lip pinhong vowel, the Fruit Shooting Kaihe Mixture, and the corresponding Zhen Zeng Terrier Tongshan Xianjiang Tang ingested sound characters large mixed pronunciation o() type and other important phonetic forms. When investigating the harmonization of the four groups of vowels of Zhizhangzhuang Jing and their plugging and rubbing, the interaction of the rub sounds, and the evolution of these sounds in the group vowel reading group and the merger of the rhymes of the fish, it was also found that it had a difference in evolution type from the evolution of the song sound: the evolution of the vowel had a strong evolution that was consistent from the ancient to the middle ages, and the rub sounds generated in the Song sound were not assimilated and erased by the i-preposition behind the third-class rhyme, but on the contrary, they swallowed the i-preposition, making the third-class rhyme into a first-class rhyme. The pattern of stop photography and encounter photo reorganization reflected by the micro-entry fish was broken in the Song Dynasty and replaced by a new rhyme structure pattern of stop shooting and crab photography reorganization. There are also rhythmic differences between the two, rather than a coherent evolution.

3. The value of the results

(1) Academic value

The academic value of the results mainly has the following four aspects.

(1) The sorted out Song Dynasty Tongyu character sounds make up for the lack of facts in the construction of Song sounds, especially the serious lack of characters under the jurisdiction of various sound classes and rhymes. Related to this, the pronunciation of many characters in the Song Dynasty dialect was previously unclear, and the result provides song dynasty pronunciation of many Chinese characters.

(2) The revelation of the characteristics of the Song people's pronunciation and the identification of related research methods provide a reference for people to study the phonetic annotations after the study of rhyme books. It also serves as a reminder to correct the deviation of methods in the current reverse tangent study.

(3) The concept of song dynasty general language is not only respectful of the fact of song language use, but also helps the study of the evolution of the Song Dynasty phonology to eliminate the disturbances caused by these habituations and the evolution of the phonology and the use of miscellaneous chen to the study of the evolution of the phonology. More importantly, this view reveals the consistency of pragmatic behaviors such as rhyme books, poetry rhymes, and literati phonetic notes, and reveals the role of these pragmatic behaviors such as rhyme books and literati old notes in the construction of common language in the construction of traditional languages.

(4) The revelation of the concept of syllable rhythm and its related evolutionary forms concretizes the replacement of the basic dialects of tongyu in different periods discussed by Shi Xian in the academic circles and the correspondence in tongyu phonetics, and also finds the reason for the similar dialect characteristics that appear across regions and cross dialects in modern dialects.

(2) Application value

The application value is mainly in the field of academic research, which can provide references for the history of Chinese phonetics and the study of Chinese dialects with historical phonological facts, phonological variation types, and phonological structures. The study of the relevant human geography can provide a basis for linguistic facts.

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