"Teacher Qian has a saying called 'crossing the river and demolishing the bridge', he is a bridge, he is an intermediary, he said that you just need to read Lu Xun through my bridge." ——This is the memory of Qian Liqun by sun Xiaozhong and Ni Wenjian, two teachers of the Department of Chinese of East China Normal University.
In the latest series of programs "Students Dare to Talk About Qian Liqun and His Lu Xun" video, Teacher Ni said that Qian Liqun's research can be said to be "whether it is doing modern literature research or Doing Lu Xun research, it is an existence that cannot be bypassed." ”
Teacher Qian Liqun was admitted to Peking University in 1956, and after graduation, he was assigned to teach Chinese at a health school in Anshun, Guizhou, and after 18 years of arduous years, he was admitted to peking university in 1978 as a graduate student of the department of Chinese, and stayed on to teach after graduation. In his 21-year teaching career at Peking University, he paid the most attention to Lu Xun's research, writing and actively promoting educational reform.
The 83-year-old Qian Liqun is a titan figure in the fields of modern literature research and Lu Xun studies in China, and one of the most influential humanities in China. Teacher Qian's student, Sun Xiaozhong, is also a scholar, and his master's degree was read by Chen Zishan, a teacher at East China Normal University, and a doctorate, by Qian Liqun, a teacher of the Department of Chinese of Peking University. He and Mr. Qian are not only teacher-student relations, but also researchers of modern and contemporary literature and culture, lu xun researchers, and are deeply influenced by Qian Liqun in the process of growing up and governing.
Professor Sun Xiaozhong made a statement to readers across the country: I hope that every friend who has received a handwritten letter from Professor Qian Liqun can copy the original and send it back to him.
"Students Dare to Talk About Qian Liqun and His Lu Xun" program is solid and not trivial, and in the dialogue between Sun Xiaozhong and Ni Wenjian, there are students' perspectives and scholars' wisdom to capture details. Today, Movable Type Jun shared the wonderful content of the dialogue with book friends.
Teacher Qian Liqun is a titan figure in modern literature research and Lu Xun research, and Teacher Qian's books and Teacher Qian's research can be said to be a existence that cannot be bypassed, whether it is doing modern literature research or Lu Xun research.
There are several "Lu Xuns" in the Japanese academic circles, the earliest was "Takeuchi Lu Xun" (Takeuchi Hao), later there was "Maruyama Lu Xun" (Maruyama Sheng), and then "Mushan Hero Lu Xun", Teacher Qian kept talking about Lu Xun, from the university to the middle school; from the school to the society, factories, non-governmental organizations, and book clubs; from the mainland to Taiwan; from the domestic to the foreign countries. Enjoy this without tiredness, the more you talk about it, the more energetic it is, and more and more self-conscious. Therefore, Professor Wu Xiaodong of the Department of Chinese of Peking University once proposed a concept called "Qian's Lu Xun".
Why does Lu Xun have such a great attraction to Qian Liqun?
Teacher Qian said that reading Lu Xun needs an opportunity. For example, Lu Xun's "Wax Leaf" is an article he first saw, it was in his childhood and later after he became seriously ill, he felt that he understood, he said: "I read why Lu Xun saw a yellowed wax leaf in the book, 'Those who love me, in order to save me.'" ’”
Teacher Qian also has a saying that when a person is in a good situation, he does not need Lu Xun, so he cannot read Lu Xun. When a person is in adversity, when he is desperate, he will read Lu Xun. Therefore, this is why when Teacher Qian Liqun was beaten into a rightist in Anshun, he began to study and contact Lu Xun.
Anshun's experience prompted him to study. At that time, there were no other books to read, only Lu Xun. Therefore, the two people that Teacher Qian read and studied in Anshun were Lu Xun and Mao Zedong. He believes that first of all, these two people are connected, and the spirit is also connected. Secondly, in terms of his personal experience, he was also the most desperate time at that time. Therefore, he kept reading Lu Xun. In the view of Teacher Sun Xiaozhong, it is not just Qian Liqun who "threw his life into it", but all of their generation.
Why does Teacher Qian Liqun insist on studying Lu Xun with life experience? Teacher Ni believes that the narration in the "Afterword" of "Qian Liqun Talks about Lu Xun" can be supplemented.
First, it is determined that Lu Xun's thinking is not only aimed at the problems of his time, but also goes deep into the depths of Chinese history and culture, the depths of national nature, and the depths of human nature, and has eternity beyond the times. He is not a writer and thinker of the "past tense", but a "present progressive style", "Lu Xun lives in the current China". This makes it possible to have a dialogue with contemporary readers that span time and space.
Second, it is determined that for classic writers such as Lu Xun, researchers not only have the responsibility of interpretation, but also have the broad world and right to discover, play, and recreate. In the history of scholarship, the process of studying and interpreting classics and classical writers is the process of continuous enrichment and development; the "Confucianism" in the history of classics is no longer entirely the creation of "Kong Qiu" individually, but a collective creation of successive generations of Confucians, and each creative researcher has made his own unique understanding, play and addition to the classic text. The same is true of the rising "Lu Xue". To study Lu Xun, we must not only "talk about Lu Xun", but also "continue to talk about it", and even "do it down", and in this process, construct a personal one, that is, "××× Lu Xun". Such a personal branded "Lu Xun" not only has a unique discovery of the "Lu Xun ontology", but also has a cover, and itself has become an object of study, reference and questioning by future generations: this will enrich and deepen people's understanding of Lu Xun's ontology, which can be continuously approached without being completely exhausted, which is also the charm of Lu Xun.
Third, it is believed that Lu Xun's thought and literature are original and are one of the sources of the Chinese national spirit. Therefore, telling the younger generation about Lu Xun and letting Lu Xun's thought and literature take root in their souls is the basic work of national spiritual construction: The sense of historical mission of "stressing Lu Xun" has thus spontaneously emerged.
Finally, Teacher Qian also has a saying called "'Keep Lu Xun', which is ultimately my academic root and the root of life." He said: "I returned to Lu Xun after I reached the age of 82 and entered the last stage of my life. My next research focus will be to focus on the history of political thought and the history of folk thought from the previous period to the study of Lu Xun. ”
Lu Xun Research in the 1980s: Back to "The Individual"
Teacher Qian Liqun paid the most attention to Lu Xun's research, and his works were equal. Teacher Sun Xiaozhong believes that a book that is more important to Teacher Qian is also his first book, called "The Search of the Heart".
This book was written in the 1980s, and one of the characteristics of his writing at that time was that he grasped a key word and key concept of Lu Xun to do research on the history of ideas. The slogan that Teacher Qian put forward at that time was "Back to Lu Xun". When their generation was Lu Xun in the 1980s, they placed special emphasis on Lu Xun as an individual.
Another more important work is "Speaking of the Zhou Brothers - Peking University Speeches", which represents another type of method of Studying Lu Xun by Qian Liqun, that is, he compared the Zhou Brothers and the two major writers to study.
Study change: "Lu Xun of the individual" to "Lu Xun of class"
The third more important book that shows the changes in Lu Xun's research in The later period of Teacher Qian is the book "Encounter with Lu Xun".
Qian Liqun's early research on Lu Xun, such as "The Search for the Soul", focused on emphasizing the spiritual dialogue between the individual and Lu Xun, emphasizing Lu Xun's personal national and cosmopolitan Lu Xun, and in the later period of "Encounter with Lu Xun", he tried to interpret Lu Xun as a class and a left-wing Lu Xun on this basis.
In fact, the changes and trends in the research from "individual Lu Xun" to "class Lu Xun" were created by Teacher Qian.
In the 1980s, in addition to focusing on the existential Lu Xun, lu xun research would also pay attention to how to understand Lu Xun's criticism of national nature. The early emphasis was on Lu Xun as a critique of China's national character and the dark masses. Then, in the later period, after the nineties, it emphasized more of a critique of the relationship between intellectuals and the people. "How intellectuals and the people can penetrate the daily lives of the people", from this perspective to reinterpret many of Lu Xun's works - how Lu Xun invented a narrative form to reflect on the relationship between intellectuals, intellectuals represented by themselves and the people.
For example, the relationship between "I" and Xiang Lin's sister-in-law, such as the intellectuals such as Juan Sheng in "Wounded Death", the relationship with the people, and the neighbors. Behind this kind of research, there is more reflection.
After the 1930s, Lu Xun believed that The problem in China was not in the majority of the people, but precisely in these experts and professors. In this sense, Lu Xun pointed the spearhead more at these university professors and intellectuals represented by himself. There is a very significant change in the spearhead of this kind of criticism, and then there will also be a change in the study of Lu Xun.
Studying Lu Xun is a "basic project of the national spirit"
Teacher Qian's last undergraduate class at Peking University was also about Lu Xun. It was the spring semester of 2002, exactly twenty years ago. The lecture transcript of that course was finally compiled into "Encounter with Lu Xun: Lecture Record of Peking University No. 2" published by Sanlian Bookstore in 2003.
According to Teacher Sun Xiaozhong's recollection, this course was a public elective course of Peking University, and it was opened by Teacher Qian Liqun and Teacher Ge Xiaoyin to the Science and Engineering Department. At that time, the Academic Affairs Office originally arranged the classroom for the opening of the class on the first floor of the Literature and History Building, but because there were too many students listening to the lectures, so many teachers could not go to the church themselves, and the water could not be leaked. Therefore, from the second class, the classroom was changed to the second floor of the Philosophy Building, which was a 500-seat staircase classroom. Despite this, when classes start at nine o'clock in the morning, Teacher Qian still has to open the door before the class starts. And the students, like buying movie tickets, buzzed down the stairs from the second floor to the corridor outside the Philosophy Building, where the queue was long.
Fortunately, the students who graduated through Mr. Qian spontaneously bought audio recording equipment, and the full video of the course was preserved. Teacher Sun Xiaozhong said: "The speeches of each lecture are voluntarily registered and sorted out by the students, and in the afterword there are the names of the people who have arranged them, and some of the names are not recognized. In Qian Liqun's own words, the study of Lu Xun's type of person belongs to the 'basic project of the national spirit'. ”
The changes in life have made Teacher Qian Liqun and Lu Xun more connected
In Teacher Qian's last lecture in 2002, one of the characteristics was that it emphasized "Lu Xun in the new century." Secondly, Teacher Qian fell ill twice in 2000. Such a change in life made him very devastated. However, it was precisely after he became ill that he felt that he and Lu Xun were more in touch. He said, I should start with Lu Xun's death. Therefore, the first chapter of the book "Encounter with Lu Xun: Lecture Notes of Peking University No. 2" is "The Beloved in the World Is Captured by Death".
Teacher Qian has not talked much about Lu Xun in recent years, "burying Lu Xun deep in his heart." In 2021, Teacher Qian edited two books in a row, "Qian Liqun Talks about Lu Xun" and "Qian Liqun's New Selection of Lu Xun's Works".
Teacher Sun recalled that since 2000, Teacher Qian Liqun told him that a book he was going to write was similar to studying Lu Xun from the perspective of today's cultural research, and he asked several questions - how Lu Xun saw China, how to read China, how to talk about China, and how to think about China, how to write. From this, we can see how Lu Xun looked at some of the new cultural phenomena at that time in the thirties at that time, how to look at the media, the new media, reflecting that Lu Xun was walking between the media at that time, using and being used between the media, and in this view pattern, he carried out a kind of "cultural jungle guerrilla warfare".
It seems that Teacher Qian himself said that he wanted to compile a strange book, select some of Lu Xun's classic essay masterpieces, and talk to them one by one. But it seems as if we are commenting on a lot of our current realities.
In the view of teacher Ni Wenjian, the catalog of Qian Liqun's Newly Edited Selected Readings of Lu Xun's Works is very interesting, and even a little strange. For example, there is one of Lu Xun's longest titles in the anthology, called "By the Feet of Chinese Women, It is Presumed that Chinese is not moderate, and it is inferred that Confucius has a stomach disease", and there is also an anecdote, which is also particularly emphasized by Teacher Qian in the preface of the book, that is, "On "Fuck!" ”》。
"Fuck" is China's "national curse", and everyone will scold; even a "big professor" like me, although he will not scold in public, will also scold "fuck" when he encounters annoying people and troubles in private. But no one would have thought of "discussing" and really making a "research" article: "When the fuck" began to become a "national curse"? This "theory" and "proof" "show" two fundamental problems: Chinese the national nature of relying on ancestors, not thinking of rebellion, and deceiving oneself; and China's ever-present hierarchical system. This leads to a thrilling question: Is there still a "hierarchy" today? What are the new performances and new features? Aren't we both dissatisfied and afraid to say, only secretly scolding "fuck"?
——Qian Liqun's "Selected Readings of Lu Xun's New Works edited by Qian Liqun"
Teacher Sun Xiaozhong believes that this also reflects a characteristic of Qian Liqun's research on Lu Xun, that is, to emphasize "Lu Xun who is alive at the moment". Therefore, Teacher Qian will talk about this "On "Fuck! Because today it is precisely this kind of door valve system that has returned to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the hierarchical system.
In his analysis of this article, Teacher Qian particularly emphasized the correlation between Lu Xun's essays and our reality. Meanwhile, readers are influenced by "On "Fuck! In this article, you can read the wisdom of Lu Xun's "looking": he always looks at the "small things" that people are accustomed to and accustomed to, but looks deeply, looks at the big picture, looks carefully, just where there is no problem in the eyes of ordinary people, at a glance, he sees the hidden deep inside, reveals the "big problems" of national nature and society, and finally forces you to put yourself in it, and reflect with you, reflect on society, and reflect on your own humanity.
Actively promote educational reform
At the end of the program, Teacher Ni Wenjian proposed that another important contribution of Teacher Qian was that he had actively promoted education reform. "It can be said that he was the first person to consciously devote himself to secondary language education."
Teacher Qian's two major ideas, in today's view, are both the first to gain the atmosphere, and they must be carried forward today.
First, Teacher Qian particularly emphasized that language is "hitting the foundation of the spirit", and he emphasized the connection between language and students' psychological growth and spiritual growth.
Second, language learning is the common language of our country, and we must fully appreciate the beauty of Chinese. Teacher Qian will read aloud when he lectures, because he emphasizes all kinds of beauty, and he uses the concept of beauty to open up knowledge, open up literacy, and open up to humanities, and such ideas still have its vitality to this day.
Teacher Qian also did a very important organizational work, that is, to engage in this set of "New Language Readers". In fact, this is also the reason why I later wrote the Philological Book. Teacher Ni said.
Teacher Qian Liqun said to primary and secondary school students that "every letter must be restored"
Finally, Teacher Sun Xiaozhong recalled a detail that he will never forget. He talked about his experience as a teacher assistant for Qian. At that time, Teacher Sun Xiaozhong had to go to the Peking University Post Office every month to buy stamps, and he had to buy 100 stamps at a time. Why? Stamps. In that year, after the publication of Teacher Qian's book "Re-reading famous works", middle school students and middle school teachers across the country would write letters to Teacher Qian. Teacher Qian insisted on writing replies to people all over the country. Every letter must be returned, must be returned.
"This email, if there are students who receive the letter, we are very grateful to be able to copy these letters and return them to us." Taking this opportunity, I would like to state to readers and friends all over the country that those readers who have received handwritten letters from Qian Liqun hope that you can leave the letter, make a copy, and send it back to us. If you were to compile a book, it would be very valuable. Teacher Sun Xiaozhong said.