▲A makeup box excavated from the White Goose Cemetery in the north of Yuanqu
Love of beauty,
Everybody has it,
It has been since ancient times.
With the progress of archaeological excavations and research of the Jin dynasty and Jin culture,
Jinguo women,
especially the social life of aristocratic women,
More and more in front of people:
They love beauty,
Like makeup,
And it has its own unique makeup box and treasure chest.
What is launched in this issue is,
Mr. Tian Jianwen, a researcher at the Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute, wrote:
Makeup Box & Treasure Chest:
Scan of women's social life in Jinguo
▲ Makeup box and copper spoon excavated from the White Goose Cemetery in the north of Yuanqu
In 1952, archaeologists discovered the ruins of the Houma Jinguo in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which has been 70 years since today. With the progress of archaeological excavations and research in the Jin dynasty and the Jin culture, the social life conditions of women in the Jin dynasty, especially aristocratic women, are increasingly displayed in front of people today.
The cemetery of the Marquis of Zhao and Jin in Quwo North is home to 19 large tombs of the nine Marquis Xie of Jin and his wife who were the father of Marquis Xie of Jin to Marquis Wen of Jin. Excavated in 1993, Tomb No. 64 (the tomb of Marquis Mu of Jin, which many scholars believe), runs north-south, single-tomb road, and buries his two wives side by side to the west.
To the east is the tomb of Lady Zheng No. 62, which is also a single tomb road, with a flat rectangular copper square box in the burial items, a tiger button on the top, two small lids that open freely, and four tiger-shaped feet at the bottom of the box, and the tiger's head is facing outwards, which is lifelike. Tomb No. 63 in the west is the second lady, but it is higher than the burial specifications of Lady Zheng, opening the precedent of the "middle" glyph-shaped south and north double tombs, with the burial of 3 pieces of Ding, 4 pieces of Gui and pots, plates, za, Jue, Zun, Fang Yi, Ding-shaped square box a total of 14 pieces of bronze. Click to read the secret of Tomb 63: the demise of a second lady's homeland
▲ Lady Houci of Jinmu's Ding-shaped makeup box
In addition, in the northwest corner of the chamber, a copper square box that has been rusted to the end is buried, and the box is filled with various small jade artifacts such as jade people, bears, cows, eagles, owls, turtles, and silks. Please note that this tomb is buried with two copper square boxes, of which the ding-shaped square box is flattened rectangular, with two small lids that can be opened at the top, one side of the lid is cast with crouching tiger buttons, flat bottom, the four facades of the outer wall of the box are cast symmetrical dragon-shaped ears, the four corners are a cloud-shaped rib, and there are four naked kneeling humanoid feet in the lower part of the two wide faces of the box, each with a deformed animal face pattern painted on the chest, back to the box, Kong Wu is powerful. Box depth 3.6 cm, length 19.2 cm, height 9.3 cm.
▲ The jade in the treasure chest of Lady Muhou of Jin
In 2020, the early spring and autumn cemetery of Bai ge in Qubei, Shanxi, was famous for the discovery of cosmetics in copper boxes excavated from three tombs, of which Tomb No. 6 was accompanied by 5 burial items, but the owner of the tomb was a member of the service of the Eastern Zhou royal master "匽仲", and the Jin Dynasty was a neighbor.
Three female aristocratic tombs unearthed seven miniature rectangles similar to the square shape or car shaped copper box, decorated with different forms of characters, animals, small and exquisite charming and lovely, two pieces of copper box residues have been tested as beauty cosmetics, indicating that the square and car-shaped copper boxes for women in the Zhou Dynasty to hold and store cosmetics containers.
▲Makeup box unearthed from the White Goose Cemetery in the north of Yuanqu
(The lower right corner is car shaped, the rest are square copper boxes)
Then, the reason for the burial of two copper square boxes in the tomb of Lady Muhou of Jin can be explained as follows: the Ding-shaped square box is a makeup box, and the copper square box that "rusts into the end" is a treasure box, which is very clearly divided - Lady Muhou of Jin is rich and can take rare treasures to bury; while other female nobles of the Jin Dynasty can only be combined into one, which is both a makeup box and a treasure box. In order to make a difference, the following are called "makeup boxes" with exceptions.
So far, makeup boxes and treasure chests have been buried in jin women's tombs. According to this, the similar instruments of the Jin Dynasty found in archaeology are collected as follows.
1
Makeup case
Wenxi County Shangguo Ancient City is the location of the second largest capital of the Jin Dynasty "Guquwo", in 1974 Shangguo Cemetery Tomb No. 49 and Tomb No. 374 were excavated makeup boxes.
Tomb No. 49, square-shaped, with two covers on the top and a startable circular latch at each end, inserted into the four-horned beast's head, cast on all four sides with a retractable capuchin reptile, four humanoid feet, and a flat bottom. The four legs are squat humanoid, the arms are carried back to the square, the lid is decorated with double phoenix patterns, the middle of the two fans has a long-tailed beast as a button, and the four facades are also cast with double phoenix patterns, 8.7 cm high, 10 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 3.2 cm deep abdomen.
▲ Makeup box excavated from Tomb No. 49 of Shangguo Village Cemetery in Wenxi County
Tomb No. 374, car shaped, consists of a car (compartment), a rudder, and a wheel, and a circular horizontal strip is cast on each side of the bottom of the car, and there are movable wheels at both ends, and the four corners of the car are standing back to the capuchin, and there are two covers on the public view, and a circular pin is protruding from each end of the cover, which is inserted into a protruding semicircular hole in the four corners of the car. In the middle of the cover, there are squat monkeys as buttons, and the four facades of the cover and the car are decorated with double phoenixes. The height of the wheel to the surface is 6 cm, the length is 10.3 cm, the width is 7 cm, the depth is 3.6 cm, and the wheel diameter is 4 cm.
▲Makeup box excavated from Tomb No. 374 of Shangguo Village Cemetery in Wenxi County
Through the excavations from the tombs of Lady Muhou of Jin, Shangguo and Beibai Goose, it can be seen that the makeup box has a lid, with people, tigers, monkeys, and birds as buttons, the cover has a phoenix pattern, and there are long-tailed beasts around it, etc., and the decoration is luxurious and simple. In addition, Wenxi Shangguo, Hou Mama and other cemeteries have also unearthed two kinds of makeup boxes, "Za-shaped" and "three-legged urn-shaped", the former is more common.
▲ Wen Xi Shangguo and Hou Ma Ma cemetery excavated
Zag-shaped, three-legged urn-shaped makeup case
2
Treasure Chest
In 1989, Wenxi Shangguo Cemetery Tomb No. 7 excavated a hundred treasure chests of "Jiaoren Shouyuan Car", which is 13.7 cm long, 11.3 cm wide and 9.1 cm high, and is shaped as a six-wheel van with two large wheels and four small wheels. The upper part of the carriage is two roofs that can be opened and closed, the top of the cover is a crouching monkey, the monkey southeast, northeast, southwest, northwest also have a small bird, when the monkey is lifted, the lid of the box is opened, the four birds will also rotate freely; there is a small door on the side of the wall, and there is a small copper man who has been tortured next to the door, with a crippled left foot, holding a crutch in the left hand, standing on the right leg, guarding the car door. The excavator, Mr. Zhang Chongning, pointed out that this is a container containing small ornaments, and the utensils depict the scene of the Western Zhou nobles " raising animals and animals in the domain " , which is consistent with the record of the Zhou Li "Cutting People to Make Guards".
In addition to the cover on the top, this "car" also has a side door, which is definitely not a makeup box, and there is already a makeup box in this tomb with burial items, which can only be a treasure chest.
▲ Wenxi Shangguo No. 7 tomb unearthed a hundred treasure chests of the sword-keeping car
The makeup boxes and treasure chests listed above, except for Lady Muhou of Jin for the late Western Zhou Dynasty, all appeared in the early Spring and Autumn Period. This phenomenon not only reflects the local (Jinguo) women's enthusiasm for beauty at that time, and the level of development of beauty, but also reflects a social trend of thought at that time, that is, no longer strictly abide by the "Zhou Li". As mentioned earlier, the Shangguo Cemetery is part of the ancient city of Shangguo in "Guquwo", and at this time, with "Guquwo" as the base, the three generations of Quwo Huanshu, Quwo Zhuangbo, and Quwo Wugong (Jinwu Gong) completed the mission of "Quwo Daiyi" to win the victory over Shu, and until the Jin Dynasty expanded the territory and expanded the territory, the Jin WenGong dominated the princes, and the Jin state became a "giant", which was a later thing.
Back in the past, the men of the Jin Dynasty fought a war to "counterattack", and the women dressed up to "collect wealth", which was not lively, but the good times were not long, and in the middle and late Spring and Autumn, these two rare objects were rarely seen.
About the Author
Mr. Tian Jianwen, a native of Xiangfen, Shanxi, born in 1965, is a research librarian of the Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute (Shanxi Archaeological Museum).
He received his bachelor's degree in archaeology from Peking University in 1984 and his master's degree from the Department of Archaeology of Jilin University in 1989. He is mainly engaged in the archaeological research of Neolithic, Xia Shang Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties and Song Jinyuan. He has presided over or participated in archaeological excavations such as the ruins of Houma Jinguo, the ruins of Xiyin Village in Xia County, the North Cemetery of Fushan Bridge, the Cemetery of Yangyuan in Xiangning, the Hengshui Cemetery in DaiXian County, and the Cemetery of Wenxi Qiujiazhuang.
Research Achievements: "Xintian Model - Research on the Ruins of the Capital City of Houma and JinGuo", "New Understanding of Neolithic Archaeological Research in Southern Jinnan", "First Understanding of Tang Culture", "Fauna Type Problems of Shanxi Archaeology", "Pre-Tao Neolithic Age" in Shanxi, "Chronology of Tao Temple 200II.M22", "Tomb of the Western Han Xiongnu in Caojiazhuang, Puxian County", etc.
Wenbo Shanxi Tian Jianwen special article
▼
Wen | Tian Jianwen
Originally published in Image Magazine, Issue 3, 2022
Original title| Makeup Box and Treasure Chest: Scan of women's social life in Jinguo
The title of this article is added by the editor
Figure | Tian Jianwen network
The copyright of graphics and texts belongs to the original author or institution
Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
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