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Russia and Ukraine, the two Vladimirs are about to fight.
They are all East Slavs, in the same vein, why is it too urgent to fry each other?
If we start with the establishment of the first East Slavic state in 882, Russia and Ukraine have been entangled in 1140 years.
Nations and nations
According to the geographical distribution, the Slavs are divided into East Slavs, West Slavs and Yugoslavia, and Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine all belong to the East Slavs.
In the plains of Eastern Europe, the East Slavs were already fighting in tribal times. They felt that it would be not good for everyone to continue to fight in this way, and it was better to lose than to be proud, so they agreed to invite a man of high moral standing to lead the crowd, so they went to Northern Europe to find the leader of the Varyag people, Rurik, and enter Novgorod. The aircraft carrier sold by Ukraine to China is called the Varyag.
Statue of Rurik, the first monarch of the East Slavs, on the "Millennium Russian Monument" (1859).
The Varyag belonged to the Viking tribe and engaged in pirate work. Therefore, some historians believe that Rurik was not a co-owner invited and recommended by the East Slavs, he was either an uninvited invader or a mercenary rebel.
One of the vikings' routines was to first occupy coastal strongholds, usually seaport cities, and then go down the river and go deep into the heart of the continent. The same is true of the Varyags.
The second Grand Duke of Novgorod and the first Grand Duke of Rus' Oleg
After Rurik became the first Grand Duke of Novgorod and the first monarch of the East Slavs, the Varyags continued to penetrate deeper into the interior, controlling some cities along the Dnieper River, including Kiev. They established the Slavic state and began to Slavize themselves. After Rurik's death in 879, his successor Oleg led the Varyags upwards, capturing Kiev in 882 and conquering some of the surrounding areas to establish the Duchy of Rus. The Principality of Rus' was called Kievan Rus' or Ancient Rus' because of its capital, Kiev.
Oleg was not directly related to Rurik, he may have been Rurik's nephew or adopted son, accepted Rurikto's orphan, and became the protector of Rurik's son Igor. Igor was the third monarch explicitly recorded in Russian history books, the third Grand Duke of Novgorod, the second Grand Duke of Rus, and the true founder of the Rurik dynasty. Just as the Western Zhou Dynasty divided the Ji clan as a vassal state, starting from Igor, The descendants of Rurik were divided into cities in the Rus Principality, forming dozens or hundreds of large and small princely states.
Vladimir the Great on Ukrainian banknotes
During the reign of Vladimir I and his son, Kievan Rus' reached its peak, especially Vladimir the Great accepted Orthodoxy and married a Byzantine princess, which made the East Slavs deeply influenced by Byzantine culture and had the confidence to claim to be the heirs of the Eastern Roman Empire. Vladimir has also become a favorite name of the East Slavs, such as the current Russian and Ukrainian presidents Putin and Zelenskiy, who have Vladimir in their names.
Kievan Rus' in the 10th-11th centuries (Image from Baidu Encyclopedia)
From the 13th century onwards, the divided Rus' vassal states were ruled successively by the Golden Horde, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During this period, Ancient Rus' gradually split into three branches: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The Grand Duchy of Kiev grew weaker and weaker, while Moscow in the northeast grew from a small town to a duchy, and relied on the tribute of the Mongol rulers to obtain the title of Grand Duke of All Rus' by flattering the Mongol rulers. In 1327, the Orthodox bishops migrated from Kiev to Moscow, and Kiev was gradually reduced from the central city of Rus' to a frontier, and finally became the next province of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 15th century, meaning "man on the border" for Ukrainians.
Ivan IV, in his later years (1581), accidentally killed his eldest son, Repin painted
The Grand Duchy of Moscow became independent from the Golden Horde and unified Northeast Rus' and in 1547 Ivan IV was crowned Tsar of All Russia, establishing the Russian Tsarist State. Tsarist Russia destroyed several smaller khanates that had split off from the Golden Horde and presented itself as the successor of the Golden Horde and the Eastern Roman Empire. In 1598, the Rurik dynasty was extinct and replaced by the Romanov dynasty, the second and last ruling family in Russian history, until the February Revolution of 1917, when Nicholas II was forced to abdicate.
Merge and detach
Ukraine is located at the geopolitical intersection of Russia and Western Europe, the crossroads of Eurasia, the intersection of Orthodox and Catholicism, the place where Eastern and Western civilizations meet, and has always been the place of four wars. Previously, Ukraine was sandwiched between the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Tsarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and then it was invaded by the Mongols, Germans, and Turks, and after World War I, it was sandwiched between the Soviet Union (CIS) and the Western European powers (the European Union).
During the reign of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the pro-Polish regions of the west were gradually Catholicized, and the eastern majority was Orthodox.
Bogdan Khmelnytsky, revered as the Father of the Nation of Ukraine
In the 17th century, Eastern Ukrainians, who were mainly Orthodox, united against the Catholicization movement of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1654, as with the Varyags in the 9th century, the Ukrainian Cossack leader Bogdan Khmelnytsky, in order to rebel against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, invited the Tsar to rule and signed the Treaty of Pereyaslav with Tsarist Russia, and the eastern Ukrainian region on the left bank of the Dnieper River was formally merged with the Russian Empire.
Paintings by Duchess of Catherine, Georges Christopher Gauss before and after the wedding
By the end of the 18th century, during the reign of Catherine II, Russia, together with Austria and Prussia, partitioned Poland, and Ukraine and Belarus were all incorporated into Russia. She also seized the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and a large number of Russians began to immigrate to the Crimean Peninsula. Before catherine II's death, Russia annexed all of Ukraine except Galicia (which belonged to Austria). However, because of religious beliefs, the western Ukrainian region lacked a recognition of Russia, opposed the Orthodox And Russian language, and campaigns to promote the Ukrainian language and national revival were repeated.
In 1917, Tsarist Russia was overthrown and the German Empire occupied Ukraine. After the surrender of Germany, Soviet Russia established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the eastern Ukraine region. During the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920, western and eastern Ukraine, which was independent from Austria-Hungary, was briefly unified before being occupied by Poland. When the Soviet Union was founded in 1922, Eastern Ukraine became one of the founding members of the Soviet Union, which recognized Polish territorial sovereignty over Western Ukraine.
After the outbreak of World War II, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany partitioned Poland, and Western Ukraine merged with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, all of Ukraine was occupied by Nazi Germany. It was not until November 1943 that the Soviets retook Ukraine.
In 1954, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the union of Russia and Ukraine, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet led by Khrushchev ordered the annexation of Crimea to Ukraine.
During the Gorbachev era, Soviet rule was unsustainable, and the republics accelerated their secession. In 1991, the Ukrainian government issued a declaration of national independence, officially declared independence from the Soviet Union and changed its name to the Republic of Ukraine. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine became one of the founding members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea and Ukraine announced its withdrawal from the CIS. On February 21, 2022, Russia announced the recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine as independent states.
Use of the Russian language in Ukraine in 2001
The conflict between Russia and Ukraine is the result of ethnic, religious, historical and geopolitical factors. It can be said that this incident is also a manifestation of NATO's eastward expansion that makes Russia feel insecure.
Although today's Ukraine is not as powerful as Russia, its ancestors are also broad, and the old land of Ancient Rus and the capital Kiev were once the center of the Rus' Principality, which is now inherited by Ukraine, but Ukraine is deeply influenced by Polish Catholic culture.
The East Slavic state that has truly maintained the purity of the Ancient Rus' language and culture is actually Belarus, and "white" means pure and pure. Belarus has changed its name to Belarus.
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