Song to wine, geometry of life,
For example, the morning dew, going to the day is more bitter.
Unforgettable,
How to relieve worries? Only Du kang.
China is the birthplace of wine culture, and cereals are made into wine, starting with Yin. Bronze vessels for wine were also prevalent at this time. The bronze wine vessels of the Yin Shang era are rich and diverse, with unique shapes and beautiful shapes. A variety of bronze wine vessels will inevitably amaze future generations by the rich artistic charm imagined by the ancients. The wine culture and bronze culture blend for a long time, leaving a deep accumulation of Chinese national culture.
There are many types of Bronze Age wine vessels, including wine warmers, wine containers, drinking vessels, injectors, honorifiers, etc. Today I will give you an inventory of the typical types of wine vessels and the characteristics of the bronze age.
1. Wine warmer
1. Knight
Jue is a kind of vessel used in ancient China to hold, pour and heat wine, which belongs to the aristocratic class, and the aristocratic class uses this type of wine utensils to drink in alliances, alliances, teachers, triumphs, celebrations, and banquets. Jue is very common in archaeological finds of bronzes from the Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou.
Sir
The designation of "Jue" began with the Song people. The Bronze Lord first appeared in the Erlitou culture, and was the earliest known wine vessel that passed into the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was basically gone. However, the "Zuo Biography" records that the Spring and Autumn Events still speak of the Lord, so that the second year of the Duke Huan: "Whoever acts in the public, sues the Zongmiao Temple, reverses the line, drinks to the Lord, Shejue, Ce Xun Yan, And Li Ye." ”
2. Angle
Horn is a new type of wine vessel that evolved from Jue, which appeared in large numbers in the late Yin Shang or Shang Zhou Dynasty, and was similar in shape to Jue, but without flow and column.
horn
The "Kao Gong Ji Zi Ren" quotes the Han Shi Yun: "One liter yue jue, two liter yue yao, three liter yue yue, four liter yue horn, five liter yue scatter" . Originally, it was used as an ordinary wine pouring vessel for the use of low-ranking nobles. The number of horns unearthed and passed down far less than that of the Knights, developed into elaborate ceremonial vessels during the Shang Zhou Dynasty, popular before the middle of the Zhou Dynasty, and then began to decline.
3、斝(jiǎ)
Jiǎ (斝) is a wine vessel used by ancient Chinese ancestors to warm wine, also used as a ceremonial vessel, usually cast in bronze, three legs, one pàn (pàn) (ear), two pillars, and a flared mouth. After king Shang Tang defeated Xia Jie, he was set as a wine cup for the royal family, and the princes used horns.
斝(jiǎ)
斝 (jiǎ) is a small wine container used by ancient Chinese ancestors to warm wine, used in nude ceremonies, or double as a wine warmer. Derived from homomorphic pottery.
4、 鐎(jiāo)
The bronze ware commonly known as the jiāo (鐎) by modern scholars is characterized by: round abdomen, flat body, small mouth, straight neck, cover, upper abdomen with flow, curved beak, shoulder beam, or connected to the cover by a chain, and three or four hoofed feet under the abdomen. It first appeared in the late Spring and Autumn Period and was mostly seen in the Warring States period.
鐎(jiāo)
The use of jiāo (鐎) has been pointed out by Rong Geng as a vessel for warming wine. According to the texts, jiāo can also be used to cook tulips for chàng sake.
2. Wine container
1. Zun
Zun is a large and medium-sized wine container in Shang and Zhou Dynasty China, with circle feet, round or square abdomen, long neck, open mouth, and large caliber. It flourished from the Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was rare in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The more famous one is the Four Sheep Square Statue.
respect
The shape of the zun can be divided into several categories, such as the shouldered large mouth zun and the yao-shaped zun. There is a large-mouthed vessel shape with a large shoulder, which is initially related to a large-mouthed figure of pottery or primitive celadon porcelain.
2. Gōng
Gōng (觥) is an ancient Chinese wine vessel that was popular from the late Shang to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Bronze vessels now commonly known as gōng (觥), which generally take the form of an oval abdomen, circled or quadruped, with a short flow in front and a semi-ring ring (pàn), all with a lid, with a horned head.
觥(gōng)
Some gōng are made into animal shapes, with a head and back as a cover, a belly, and four legs as feet. The gōng cover is made in the shape of the animal's head connecting the back ridge of the beast, and the flow part of the gōng is the neck of the beast, which can be used as a pouring wine.
3. Fang Yi (yí)
Fang Yi (yí) is an ancient Chinese wine vessel that flourished from the late Shang to the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The shape of the Square Yi (yí) is characterized by a rectangular body with a lid, a straight mouth, a straight abdomen, and a circle foot. The lid is large with a small bottom and is made into a sloped roof shape, and there is often a gap on each side of the circle foot.
Fang Yi (yí)
The lid and body of Fang Yi (yí) are often cast with 4 or 8 raised ribs, and the whole instrument is decorated with clouds and thunder patterns, and the animal faces, animals and other patterns are carved on it, giving people a solemn and gorgeous feeling.
4、卣(yǒu)
卣 (yǒu) is used as an instrument name in the Yin Ruins Oracle Bone Bu ci, the Western Zhou Jin wen, and the pre-Qin literature.
卣 (yǒu) is a Chinese pre-Qin period wine vessel that flourished from the Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was used to hold wine. The exterior is mostly round and oval, with feet at the bottom and exquisitely carved craft patterns around it.
卣(yǒu)
Although 卣 (yǒu) is the name of the pre-Qin wine vessel, the bronze vessel does not have the self-titled "卣(yǒu)" in the inscription, and the specific vessel in the bronze vessel is named 卣 (yǒu) from the Song Dynasty.
5、 罍 (léi)
The léi is a large wine vessel and ceremonial vessel in ancient China. It is popular from the late Shang to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The volume is slightly smaller than that of Yi (yí), and there are two kinds of léi, square and round, square léi appeared in the late Shang Dynasty, and round léi existed in the Shang Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty. From Shang to Zhou, the form of léi gradually changed from thin and tall to short and thick, and the elaborate patterns gradually became less and less elegant.
Léi
The name of 罍 (léi) is found in the Book of Poetry, Xiao Ya 蓼 (liǎo) 莪 (é): "缾之ng 矣,惟罍 (léi) shame." And "Zhou Nan Roll Ear": "My aunt is Pi Jinyi (léi). "It can be known that léi is used to hold wine, and the capacity is large.
6、瓿(offset)
"Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts": "瓿 (bù), 甂 (biān) also." "Biān,"like a small bottle, with a big mouth and a lowly mouth, eats." Dialect: "Biān ... From the kan and the west is called biān (甂), and its great one is called ou (ōu). In this way, the so-called 瓿 (bù) resembles a biān and is larger.
瓿(compensation)
There is no one in bronze who calls itself 瓿 (bù) in the inscription. Volume 5 of the Archaeological Map of The Great Song Dynasty contains the dragon pattern 瓿 (bù) and the fine striped beast ring (bù).
7, can (fu)
Ancient vessels for water or wine. Round belly, covered, with ringed ears; also square. It flourished in the Spring and Autumn Warring States.
Can (fu)
Fǒu has two meanings: narrow and broad, narrow is the proper name of a kind of pottery, and the broad sense refers to pottery with common form or not. As a proper name, fǒu is used to hold wine or make musical instruments.
8. Pot
From the literature, it can be seen that the pot is mainly used as a wine container, and the "Shijing Daya HanYi": "Sake Hundred Jugs" explains the use of the pot in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty documents "Ritual Rites" and "Zhou Rites" also record that pots are used as wine containers.
jug
Bronze ware mostly has its own name pot, according to its shape can be summarized as: long neck or long neck, straight mouth or slight extravagance mouth, deep drum belly, under the circle foot. It first appeared in the middle of the Yin Dynasty, popular from the Western Zhou To the Han Dynasty, during which there are many different types, according to the shape of the abdomen can be divided into six categories: oval belly pot, round belly pot, rounded rectangular (or "oval") belly pot, square belly pot, flat drum shaped belly pot.
Third, drinking utensils
1. Gū
Gū (觚) is an ancient Chinese vessel used for drinking alcohol and is also used as a ceremonial vessel. The legs are rounded, open, long, and the mouth and bottom are all trumpet-shaped. Gū first appeared in the Erlitou culture and was very rare by the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It flourished in the Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
Gū (gū)
Copper gū (gū) first appeared in the early Shang Erligang upper period, in the tomb is often associated with the copper lord, especially in the Yin Dynasty merchant tombs, gū (gū), jue and other amounts of pairing out, became the core of the combination of ceremonial vessels at that time, this situation also shows that the gū (gū), jue in practical use is related, yao (gū) should also be a wine vessel.
2、 觯(zhì)
觯 (zhì) is a vessel used for drinking alcohol in ancient Han, similar to the respectable and small, some with a lid, is one of the ancient Chinese traditional ceremonial vessels, used for serving wine. It was popular in the late Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty.
觯(zhì)
觯 (zhì) is found in the Eastern Zhou Lishu, such as the "Etiquette Township Drinking Ceremony": "The master is really (dàn) to reward the guests." "The form of 觯 (zhì) can be roughly divided into three categories: flat circle (zhì), circle (zhì), and elliptic square (zhì).
3. Cup
Bronze drinkers are commonly referred to as cup drinkers, and according to the shape of their current appearance, they can be divided into two categories:
(1) Gū-shaped cup
Large mouth, long barrel belly with corset waist, very low circle foot. The body resembles a gū in bold shape, but is thicker and shorter, and does not have the high circle foot of gū .
cup
(2) Oval cup
The abdomen and the cross-section of the mouth are oval, open, shallow abdomen, flat bottom, and the long edge of the mouth is connected with a pair of long curved handles parallel to the mouth, commonly known as the ear, so this type of cup is generally called the ear cup.
4. 挹 (yì) injector
1. Bucket
One of the uses of the bucket is to be used as a vessel for yì sake. This is mostly found in pre-Qin texts, such as the Book of Poetry, Xiao Ya Dadong: "There is a bucket in the north of Weibei, and it is not possible to make (yì) wine syrup." ”
fight
2: Scoop
The characteristics of the spoon are similar to those of the bucket, with the front of the spoon head hollow to hold the object, and the rear handle for the purpose of yì (挹), but the bucket handle is born from the waist (or lower abdomen) of the bucket head, and the spoon handle is connected to the spoon head at the mouth edge.
spoon
According to The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the spoon was used as a yì () wine vessel. For example, "Zhou Li Examiner Record Zi Ren": "Zi Ren is a drinker, spoon a liter".
5. Dignity bearer
1. Prohibited
It is used to honor and other wine vessels, which is equivalent to a wine seat.
The bronze ban is a Western Zhou ritual vessel, the name forbidden, zhou tianzi only granted to the princes and three dukes of the same surname in the Zhou royal family.
prohibit
The prohibition of alcohol in the Shang Shu Jiu Shu basically boils down to:
Drinking: Drinking alcohol and not getting drunk only during sacrifice;
No Yi wine: do not drink alcohol often, usually drink less alcohol to save food;
Drinking in groups: It is forbidden to drink alcohol in groups, and if found, it is arrested and killed;
No indulgence: No drunkenness.
Wine culture
In ancient China, the wine vessel is not only a kind of utensils, but also a ceremonial vessel, there is a "wine to become a ceremony", the corresponding there are all kinds of wine vessels, Chinese wine culture is broad and profound, The bronze wine vessel of the Chinese Bronze Age also has a deep connotation, the so-called "Tibetan ceremony in the vessel" is here.
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