The title of Wang Fengjian's report from the Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology is "Nanyang Xiazhuang Cemetery". Xiazhuang Cemetery is located in Nanyang City, Henan Province, Wolong District, Shiqiao Town, Longwo Village, Xiazhuang Natural Village east side, with the main tomb as the center, the funerary tomb according to the status of the tomb owner from the middle to the two sides in turn, arranged in a standardized, neat and orderly manner. According to the tomb shape system, the location of the carriage and horse pit and the combination of excavated artifacts, especially the excavated copper ge and copper plutonium, which are the more distinctive instruments of Chu in the Warring States period, with the characteristics of Chu culture, it is initially speculated that the age of the Xiazhuang cemetery is from the early to the middle of the Warring States period. Comprehensive judgment of the owner of the Tomb of the Owner of the Xiazhuang Cemetery is at least a feudal lord or higher; in the funerary tombs, according to statistics, most of the tombs have unearthed bronze weapons such as swords, gos, and spears, and some of the tomb owners are disabled, and most of the tomb owners are men. The Xiazhuang Cemetery is a high-level aristocratic cemetery during the Warring States period and is a major archaeological discovery. In view of the huge value of the Xiazhuang cemetery, the next step is to prepare a cultural relics protection plan and a display and utilization plan, apply for the construction of an archaeological site park, and promote the integration of tourism in Nanyang.
[The report was published at the "2021 Henan Archaeological Work Achievements Exchange Meeting" held in Nanyang, Henan on the morning of December 18, 2021]
Extended Materials:
Nanyang "No Tsukasa": "Tianzi Driving Six" turned out!
Nanyang Daily 2021-1-18
On January 17, 2021, "No Tomb" Major archaeological discovery: "Tianzi Driving Six" turned out to be a reality.
"Heavenly Son Driving Six"
This major discovery broke the cold winter and was bound to cause shock to the Chinese archaeological community.
Discover the carriage and horse pit of "Tianzi Driving Six", which is the burial pit of the main tomb. The pit itself is a rarity in China: it is about 75 meters long and 9.8 meters wide.
In the passage of time for more than 2,000 years, the wood decayed a little bit, merged with the soil, and became a "dirt cart", but the soil of the "earth cart" and the soil around it are very different in the eyes of archaeologists. Archaeologists use small brushes to peel it off the ground bit by bit, and the scales, car opinions, ruts, and yokes are clearly visible. The length of the cleared car is about 2.5 meters and the width is about 1.2 meters; the rut is 1.95 meters long and 0.1 to 0.13 meters wide; the scale is about 4.5 meters long and about 0.1 meters wide. From the current situation of the funeral car and horse that has been cleaned up, it can be concluded that it is "driving six". The fact that the funeral carriage and horse are so regulated shows that the identity of the owner of the tomb is extremely noble, or "king" level.
Excavated artifacts
The archaeology of "no grave" has always attracted the attention of the Chinese archaeological community and localities. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Provincial and Municipal Bureaus of Cultural Relics have fully gained insight into the great value of the "invisible tomb" tomb group; Song Zhenhao, a Chinese historian and member of the Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chen Xingcan, member of the Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and director of the Institute of Archaeology, Lei Xingshan, former dean of the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University and archaeologist Lei Xingshan, and other domestic archaeologists, historians, as well as provincial and municipal experts and scholars, have paid great attention to them and have successively inspected and guided them.
Zhang Wenshen, secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, Huo Haosheng, mayor of the city, and other relevant leaders of the Municipal Party Committee, the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress, the Municipal Government, and the Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, attached importance to, supported and guided the archaeology of the "Invisible Tomb", and inspected it on the spot.
"Invisible Tomb" is located in Wolong District and Yahe Industrial Zone adjacent to the two districts attach great importance to and support the cultural research and archaeological excavation of "Missing Tomb"; the Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has made great efforts and efforts...
The archaeology of "No Tomb" was jointly excavated by the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Civilization is in Wanwan
"Heavenly Son Driving Six" turned out to be a world
"Driving" is an act of etiquette in ancient mainland China, and only the multiplication of the Son of Heaven can "ride with six horses", that is, the famous "Son of Heaven driving six". The Son of Heaven drives six, and the rest of the passenger cars drive four. The Song of the Five Sons of Shangshu XiaShu says: "The Six Horses of the Sorrowful Dragon". However, since the Han Dynasty, due to the lack of physical evidence, the Tianzi of the Xia Shang Dynasty has been debated endlessly about whether the Tianzi of the Xia Shang Dynasty was "driving six" or "driving four", and there is no way to understand.
Chen Xingcan and other experts and scholars inspected the "no grave"
In 2002, Luoyang excavated heavyweight remains from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: more than 1,000 Eastern Zhou tombs, 49 carriage and horse pits, the largest one, 42 meters long and 7.2 meters wide, of which a relic of 6 horses driving a car was unearthed, that is, "Tianzi Driving Six". When the "Son of Heaven Driving Six" carriage and horse pit reappeared in the day, the debate was finally conclusive. After the death of the king, people would be buried with utensils, horses, hounds and even people according to the treatment he enjoyed during his lifetime. Luoyang's "Tianzi Driving Six" carriage pit has 26 carriages, 70 horse bones, and 7 dog bones, which can imagine the grand situation of Zhou Tianzi's mighty travel.
The discovery of the "Tianzi Driving Six" carriage and horse pit, in the form of physical objects, cracked the historical mystery of the ancient Tianzi driving six and driving four, confirming the correctness of the ancient document "Tianzi driving six, princes driving four, and soldier driving two"; it provides new archaeological data for the study of the public opinion system, funeral system and the confirmation of the Wangcheng Mausoleum area in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which has become one of the important discoveries of the archaeology of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the 21st century, and is known as "the treasure of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, unparalleled in the world". To this end, Luoyang built a thematic site museum - the Zhou Wangcheng Tianzi Driving Six Museum, the original site, original protection to display these precious historical treasures.
The scale of "No Tsukasa" and "Tianzi Driving Six" and Luoyang", which are 4.5 meters long, are the same as those of Luoyang!
Nowadays, the main tomb of the "Invisible Tomb" is about 75 meters long and about 9.8 meters wide, and the horse pit of the funerary car is surprised by the "Tianzi Driving Six", which makes people wonder what kind of identity people enjoy such a high-level funeral system?
Not far away, the funerary car and horse pit of a funerary tomb has been cleared out of a car, two horses and two funeral car and horse pit, and more than 2,000 years of history have not worn out these carriages and horses, and the copper components on the car are beautiful and the bones of the horses are clearly visible!
Ōtsuka, funerary tombs, carriage and horse pits, bronze swords, arrows... Such a tomb group, what is the level of the identity of the tomb owner?
We can imagine that the car rut, the horse Xiaoxiao, the guard bow and arrow are each at the waist, slowly coming...
Three years ago
Rescue and protection of "invisible graves"
Lei Xingshan and other experts and scholars inspected the "no grave"
Fast forward three years. The "No Tomb" funerary tomb (also known as the Xiazhuang Cemetery) is located on the northeast side of the Xiazhuang Group in Longwo Village, Shiqiao Town, at the junction of Wolong District and Yahe Gong District. On March 28, 2017, the Municipal Institute of Culture and Research received reports that a theft hole had been found in the woods on the south side of the Tsukagang Temple near Xiazhuang, and sent technicians to investigate the stolen tomb at the first time.
At the scene, it was found that there was a robbery hole on the southeast side of the Tsukagang Temple Gate, the diameter of the robbery cave was about 0.8 meters, the depth was about 15 meters, and the water was seen under the robbery hole. According to the surrounding villagers, the front of the Tsukagang Temple was originally a taller and larger mound, and the original Tsukagang Temple was built on top of the mound. The existing Tsukagang Temple is a later reconstruction, and a Qing Dynasty inscription in front of the temple is vague and unrecognizable.
From March 31 to April 20, 2017, the Municipal Institute of Culture and Research conducted cultural relics exploration in the area, determined the distribution range of the tomb, and then actively communicated with relevant experts from the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau and the Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology to do a good job in protection and ensure the safety of cultural relics.
While rapidly carrying out the exploration and investigation of cultural relics, the cultural relics department has set up a coordination group for conservation work to coordinate archaeological investigation, drilling, archaeological excavation and other matters. The Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics also assigned experts from the Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, such as Hu Yongqing and Fan Wenquan, to Nanyang to inspect the progress of cultural relics investigation and exploration.
Funerary tomb cart horse pit
After cultural relics exploration, the cultural relics department preliminarily identified the "Invisible Tomb" tomb as a large "A" shaped vertical pit tomb in the Warring States period, with a total length of about 66 meters, a burial chamber length of 40 meters, a width of 38 meters, and a depth of about 18 meters. The burial chamber is surrounded by stepped steps, 0.8 meters to 1 meter wide, and the tomb passage is located in the middle of the east side, with a width of about 5 meters in the east, and about 10 meters wide and about 26 meters long near the burial chamber. In addition, about 20 meters to the west side of the tomb, there is a chema pit about 75 meters long and 9.8 meters wide from north to south, and a remnant about 50 meters long, 1.5 meters wide and 1.5 meters deep on the south side.
"No mound" archaeology
Many major discoveries
Exploring the footprints of civilization from the dust of history, even if it is a small thing and a small place, will constitute the influence of the Chinese nation. The discovery of the "invisible tomb" and its possible hidden secrets have aroused great concern in the domestic historians and archaeology circles. The study of the "missing tomb" also began, and the relevant sites began a comprehensive investigation...
From February to April 2019, the municipal cultural relics department probed 35 funerary tombs in the northern part of the "No Seeing Tomb" tomb, including six car and horse pits, which are the funerary tombs of the "Missing Tomb" Eastern Zhou Tomb. These cemeteries are well-laid out and of high rank, and are one of the most important high-ranking aristocratic cemeteries of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty found in Nanyang.
Xiazhuang tomb distribution photo
From May to July 2020, the municipal cultural relics department found more than 50 tombs in succession at a distance of 80 meters on the south side of the "Invisible Tomb" tomb.
On September 13, 2020, the Xiang'e-Yuwanchu Cultural Research Association, the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology jointly held an expert consultation meeting on archaeological excavations in The Xiazhuang Cemetery in Nanyang. The summary is as follows: First, the "No Tomb" cemetery is a high-grade cemetery in the Warring States period. The cemetery is well preserved, well-laid out, grand in scale, and distinctive in character, and is a major archaeological discovery; second, we should pay close attention to improving the archaeological work plan, promoting archaeological excavation work, strengthening the protection of archaeological excavations Chinese, and carrying out multidisciplinary research; third, in order to ensure the quality of archaeological excavations and the safety of cultural relics, we should build facilities such as cultural relics protection greenhouses as soon as possible; fourth, in view of the huge value of cemeteries, we should compile cultural relics protection plans and display and utilization plans as soon as possible, build archaeological site parks, and promote the integration of culture and tourism...
Song Yuhui, the person in charge of the construction site, said that it has been proved that the main burial chamber is 41 meters from north to south, 43 meters from east to west, the length of the tomb is 26 meters, the main tomb funerary car and horse pit is 75 meters long and 9.8 meters wide, and through further excavation work this year, it has been found that there are 8 rows of funerary tombs on both sides of the main tomb, 39 funerary tombs on the north side, 5 funerary tombs on the south side, 8 rows of funerary tombs on the south side, 55 funerary tombs, 5 for various reasons have not been excavated, and the remaining 50 have been excavated. In addition, it was found that the bones of the burial tomb on the south side were relatively well preserved, and many weapon wounds and incomplete limbs could be seen from the skeleton.
Up to now, a total of 89 funerary tombs have been excavated, and more than 1,000 cultural relics such as bronzes, pottery and jade rings such as dings, pots, duns, swords, ge, spears, crossbows and so on have been excavated. One of the most attractive is a pair of pottery figurines and still sharp bronze swords, arrows, ge and other artifacts with typical characteristics of the Warring States period. In particular, a bronze vessel has an inscription "Zhou" (Zhou's Tongkan character). Song Yuhui said that judging from the current situation of the funerary tombs that have been excavated so far, these funerary tombs are all in the shape of "A", the layout is regular, and some have carriage and horse pits, indicating that the owners of these funerary tombs have a higher status before they were born.
On the north and south sides of the main tomb, there are ground building foundations, showing a "mountain" shape, and after the inspection of national and provincial and municipal experts, some experts believe that it is "Enjoy Hall", which eventually needs to be confirmed by further archaeological excavations.
"Missing Tsukasa" suspected of "enjoying the hall"
The 43-meter × the 41-meter "Invisible Tomb", the 75-meter-long Carriage and Horse Pit, the "Tianzi Driving Six", or the architectural remains of the "Xiangtang", all indications show that the owner of the "Missing Tomb" tomb is very prominent, or "king" level.
One historical mystery and one cultural code may soon be revealed in the "Invisible Tomb"!
Today, the excavation of the "invisible tomb" is still in progress, and the protection of cultural relics is also carried out simultaneously. Above the main tomb, a giant steel structure greenhouse is being built to protect the tomb and provide support for the next large-scale excavation.
The main tomb of "No Grave" is under construction of a steel structure greenhouse
The pit has been protected by a steel structure greenhouse, archaeologists will take pictures of each layer of rammed earth covered with cultural relics, and archaeologists will spray special agents on the pit to keep the car and horse from weathering. These works are all aimed at better restoring history through the original state of the cultural relics when they were excavated in the later stages of research and conservation. Song Yuhui, head of the archaeological site, said: "Our current protection is only a preliminary protection measure, as archaeology progresses, we can return to the indoor, we will repair the rust removal protection, can not be extracted, we will be protected in situ." ”
For Nanyang Cultural Tourism
Nanyang, "No Tomb", "Tianzi Driving Six" turned out to be a practice of building "archaeology of Chinese style".
The excavation of "Missing the Tomb" and "Tianzi Driving Six" is not only of great value to archaeology, Chinese culture, and the exploration of the source of Chinese civilization, but also an important breakthrough in the integration of Nanyang culture, Nanyang tourism and Nanyang cultural tourism, and it is also an opportunity for the great development and prosperity of Nanyang cultural tourism.
The excavation of Luoyang's "Tianzi Driving Six", based on this Zhou Wangcheng Tianzi Driving Six Museum, has become Luoyang's cultural business card, tourism business card, to Luoyang to see "Tianzi driving six", has become an important choice.
Using culture and cultural relics to drive tourism, support tourism, and become a breakthrough in the development of the cultural tourism industry is the successful experience of Luoyang and the successful experience of many famous historical and cultural cities. It is based on this that we can imagine that the "futuristic style" of "not seeing the tomb" and "driving six heavenly sons" will either be a cultural relics that Nanyang people rush to visit, or it may be a scenic spot, or it will be a brilliant cultural pearl and a dazzling cultural business card in Nanyang, which will become an important breakthrough in the development of Nanyang cultural tourism based on its scarcity, major cultural value and ornamentation.
Discovering, excavating, researching, protecting, utilizing, marketing... Archaeology to promote tourism, with the help of archaeological discoveries and tourism grafting to achieve "win-win", should be expected, perhaps, in the future, there will be a Nanyang "Tianzi Driving Six" museum here...
Source: Nanyang Daily
Source: Nanyang Release