Recently, invited by the international academic journal Progress in Lipid Research, the Chinese Agricultural University Rapeseed Team published a review entitled "The functions of phospholipases and their hydrolysis products in plant growth, development and stress responses". This review systematically introduces the protein structure of plant phospholipase families, the specificity of substrates, the conditions of enzyme activation reactions and their mechanisms of action, and discusses the role and significance of phospholipases in plant growth, development and stress response.
Cell membranes are the starting point for biosensitive environmental stimuli, phospholipids are the basic components of cell membranes, and their hydrolysis produces a variety of lipid molecules, such as free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids (PA), diacryl glycerol (DAG), hemolytic phospholipids, and soluble head groups. Numerous studies have shown that these lipid molecules play an important role in plant growth, development, and response to stress. Plant phospholipase can catalyze the hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipids, which can be divided into phospholipase A (PLA), phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD) according to their hydrolysis locations. PLA cleaves glycerol phospholipids at sn-1 and/or sn-2 locations to release free fatty acids and hemolytic phospholipids. PLC hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bonds near the glycerol side to produce DAG and phosphorylated head groups, while the PLD hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bonds near the head group side to produce PA and head groups (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Types of plant phospholipase and their catalytic sites
This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the research progress related to the plant phospholipase family, and is divided into different subfamily according to PLA, PLC and PLD protein sequences, conservative domains, mechanism of action, substrate specificity and enzyme activation reaction requirements, as well as their physiological functions. Arabidopsis PLA is divided into three subfamilies: pPLAӀ, pPLAӀӀ, and pPLAӀӀӀ. PLCs are divided into nonspecific PLCs (NPCs) and phosphatidylositositol-specific PLCs (PI-PLC), which are divided into six subfamily of PLDα, β, γ, δ, ε and ζ. Different phospholipases play a variety of roles in various cellular processes in plants, such as the activation of pPLAs leading to the production of free fatty acids and hemolytic lipids. Under environmental stress conditions (such as drought, etc.), pPLAs can regulate the morphology of plant organs by regulating the content of hemolytic phospholipids in membrane lipids, such as the number of lateral roots, leaf thickness, silique length, seed size, etc. NPC and PI-PLC belong to the PLC family, and their mechanisms and signaling pathways for regulating plants in response to external stresses are different. NPCs mainly respond to plant water deficiency and salt stress by regulating the level of glycolipid metabolism in plants and the content of ABA by regulating the stomata opening of plants through the content of DAG, a post-phospholipid product. PI-PLC regulates plant growth and adaptation to various adversities mainly through the content of IP3, a product of hydrolyzed phosphatidylinositol. PLD is the earliest and most thoroughly studied phospholipase. PLD can be based on a variety of phospholipids as substrates, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerin (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) (Figure 1). Its product, PA, is an important signaling molecule involved in regulating a variety of physiological and biochemical processes in plants. In recent years, studies have shown that ZmPLA1 and ZmPLD3 can induce maize haploid formation and have important use value in breeding, but the molecular mechanism of these two phospholipase-induced haploids is unclear.
The review pointed out that although a large number of studies have shown that phospholipase is involved in regulating plant growth and development and processes related to stress response, there are still serious deficiencies in the interpretation of its mechanism of action. A full understanding of the biochemical characteristics, spatiotemporal expression relationship and transformation relationship between lipid molecules will be conducive to the in-depth analysis of the biological function of plant phospholipase and promote the application of phospholipase genes in crop breeding.
Thesis Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101158
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